The Death Match
Encyclopedia
The Death Match was the Soviet propaganda name for a non-official association football match in 1942 between the local workers of a bakery factory — former professional footballers from Dynamo Kyiv and Lokomotyv Kyiv — and soldiers of the Nazi German Wehrmacht
. The Kievan footballers defeated the Germans
, and according to Soviet sources, many of the players were later arrested and sent to a labor camp.
In 2005, the Prosecution Office of the city of Hamburg
closed the case file about the "legendary" Death Match after over 30 years. The verdict indicated there was no evidence that the Kievan footballers were shot for being victorious over their German opponents.
and force the footballers of Dynamo Kiev to play against the Luftwaffe team under the condition of loss or death. The Dynamo players did not heed the ultimatum, went on to win the match, and paid for their victory with their lives. They were all arrested and later executed by firing squad. Later sources only mentioned four deaths.
Football had become very popular in the Soviet Union
in the 1930s, particularly in the Ukraine
. Ukraine's strongest team at time was Dynamo Kyiv, which was part of the Dynamo sports society and funded by the police (including the NKVD
). In 1938, Dynamo Kyiv came in fourth in the national league, but performed poorly in 1939 and 1940.
The 1941 season was never completed, as Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Several Dynamo Kyiv players joined the military and went off to fight. As the Germans approached Kiev, the others who had stayed behind helped out with civil defence in the city. The initial success of the Wehrmacht allowed it to capture the city from the Red Army. Several of the Dynamo Kyiv players who had survived the onslaught found themselves in prisoner-of-war camps.
Many were prisoners in the Darnitsa Camp. The Darnitsa Camp was a makeshift camp for prisoners of war. In taking Kiev the Germans captured over 600,000 Soviet soldiers. The Germans "categorized" and "processed" the captured soldiers; many were executed, others were sent to Germany as slave labor, and others were sent to death camps. Those prisoners categorized as most harmless were released into the general population of occupied Kiev. It is was in this group that Kolya Trusevich, Alexei Klimenko, Ivan Kuzmenko, Nikolai Makhinya, Pavel Komarov, Makar Goncharenko, Fyodor Tyutchev, Mikhail Sviridovsky and Mikhail Putsin found themselves, homeless and starving.
Over the next few weeks, FC Start (Football Club Start) was formed, comprising eight players from Dynamo (Mykola Trusevych, Mikhail Svyridovskiy, Mykola Korotkykh, Oleksiy Klimenko, Fedir Tyutchev, Mikhail Putistin, Ivan Kuzmenko, Makar Goncharenko) and three players from Lokomotiv Kiev (Vladimir Balakin, Vasil Sukharev and Mikhail Melnyk).
The inaugural game of the season took place on June 7, 1942. That day, FC Start played its first game in the local league against Rukh, a team made up of other Ukrainian players. The league itself was run by Georgi Shvetsov, a former footballer and sports instructor, and Rukh was Shvetsov's team. Start won 7-2.
The decision to play in the league was not easy for the Start players. There were those among the players that believed participating in Shvetsov’s league was tantamount to collaboration with the Nazis, because they were supporting the league as a way to introduce “normality” into the city, pacifying it by winning over the populace. Other players believed, however, that playing would help raise the morale of the citizens of Kiev.
In the end, the decision was made to play. To emphasize the fact that the players were playing for the city, they wore red football jerseys that Trusevich and Putsin found in an abandoned warehouse. “We do not have weapons,” Trusevich told them, “but we can fight with our victories on the football pitch...for a while the members of Dynamo and Zheldor (Locomotive) will be playing in one color, the color of our flag. The Fascists should know that this color cannot be defeated.” Start were never defeated.
In 1942, FC Start played several matches with teams of soldiers of various occupying garrisons, and won them all:
The German administration soon became aware that the FC Start victories might inspire the Ukrainians and decrease the morale of the Axis
troops.
After their defeat on 6 August 1942, The German Luftwaffe team, Flakelf, asked for a rematch, which took place on 9 August 1942 at Zenit Stadium. Unlike other games, this game had a heavy presence of police and German troops, who were guarding the event. An SS officer was appointed as referee. Before the game the referee visited FC Start in their locker room. “I am the referee of today’s game,” he said, “I know you are a very good team. Please follow all the rules, do not break any of the rules, and before the game greet your opponents in our fashion.” “Our fashion” being the Nazi salute.
Although the Start players realized that a victory in this game might have grave consequences, they decided to play the game, and play it well. Upon entering the pitch, the team also refused to give the Nazi salute to the German soldiers and high ranking officials gathered at the game.
As anticipated by FC Start, the Nazi referee ignored Flakelf fouls. The German team quickly pressured the goalkeeper, Trusevych who, after repeated physical challenges, was kicked in the head by a Flakelf forward and left groggy. While Trusevych was recovering, Flakelf went one goal up.
The referee continued to ignore FC Start appeals against their opponents' violence. The Flakelf team reputedly continued to attempt to intimidate FC Start, allegedly going for the man not with the ball, shirt-holding, and tackling from behind, as well as going over the ball. Despite this FC Start scored with a long shot from a free kick by Kuzmenko. FC Start's Goncharenko, against the run of play, is said to have dribbled the ball around almost the entire Flakelf defence, finishing by placing the ball into in the German net to make the score 2-1. At the half, FC Start were up 3-1.
During the half-time break, FC Start once again had visitors in their locker room. The first was Shvetsov, who asked the players to throw the match. He was followed by an SS officer, who told the Start players that the Germans were very impressed with their skill but they should understand that they cannot expect to win, and should consider the consequences should they do so.
During the second half, each side scored twice. Towards the end of the match, with FC Start in an up 5-3, Klimenko, a defender, got the ball, beat the entire German rearguard and walked around the German goalkeeper. Then, instead of letting it cross the goal line, he turned around and kicked the ball back towards the centre circle. The SS referee blew the final whistle before the ninety minutes were up.
, allegedly for being NKVD
members. One of the arrested players, Mykola Korotkykh, died under torture. The rest were sent to the Syrets labour camp
, where Ivan Kuzmenko, Oleksey Klimenko, and Mykola Trusevich were executed in February 1943. The few survivors included Fedir Tyutchev, Mikhail Sviridovskiy and Makar Honcharenko, who were responsible for the popularisation of this story in Soviet popular culture.
The "Death Match" came to public attention in 1958, after Petro Severov published the article "The Last Duel" in the Evening Kiev newspaper. The following year Severov, together with Naum Khalemsky, published a book with the same name that told the story of FC Start and its struggle against the Nazi occupiers. Memoirs by Makar Honcharenko followed.
The story became romanticized and widely popular in the Soviet Union, especially in the Ukraine area. Two movies based on the story - Third Time (Mosfilm, 1964) and The Match of Death - were released. The story also inspired two non-Soviet films: the 1961 Hungarian film Két félidő a pokolban and the 1981 American film Escape to Victory
.
The 2003 novel Match of Death by James Riordan
retells the story.
In 1981 Zenit Stadium was renamed Start Stadium.
Prematch
The German magazine Der Spiegel
stated: "When the footballers of "Start" were still in the dressing room, they were visited by a young German in black uniform and in a good Russian introduced himself as a referee. He was a member of the Schutzstaffel
(SS) and requested that the Ukrainians would greet their opponents "in our manner". On the field the players of "Flakelf" raised their right hand and yelled "Heil Hitler!" Ukrainians answered: "Da zdravstvuyet sport!" (Hail sport!).
...During the intermission between periods the Schutzstaffel officer appeared in the Start's dressing room. "You must not win!" - he declared. "I am asking you think about the consequences".
According to Vladlen Putistin, a son of one of the match participants: "Father never mentioned about that somebody would enter into their dressing room and furthermore threatening to shoot" ("Bulvar", August 7, 2002). A Greek documentary on the event featured a former player of "Flakelf" named Willie Endelbardt, who stated that prior to the match, an officer entered their dressing room and announced roughly the following: "It is a special game and you have to win it to prove the superiority of the Aryan race
". Endelbardt stated that the Germans played normally and respected the other sportsmen.
Journalist Nikolai Dolgopolov wrote: "Referees were in the way. Judged only Germans".
Makar Gonacharenko stated that the German players "Thrashed us so that the bones rattled. The referee liked it. The German referee did not allow us near the goalpost".
Other witnesses indicated that the matches involving "Start" were usually refereed by Romanians, who, as Hungarians, were less loyal to Hitler. They also claimed that most of the games were refereed by an ober-lieutenant Erwin who at the slightest violation would send the player off the field.
Myth - Red T-shirts as a symbol of resistance
At one point in time, much was written about the players of "Start" donning red shirts to underline their affiliation with the USSR
. In actuality they played in "Spartak
" red shirts they found.
Nikolai Dolgopolov: "Misha Sviridovsky brought the uniform: white shorts, red shirts, red gaiters
".
Myth - Arrest after the game
Nikolai Dolgopolov: "After the game, they understood - the last, quietly dispersed to their homes... In the morning they were arrested".
The son of Mikhail Pustinin, Vladlen, tells that after the match on August 9, his father, Tyutchev, and himself were stopped by a patrol of Gendarmerie on the Saksahansky Street (vulytsia Saksahanskoho)late in the evening during a commandant hour
. When the Germans recognized who they had stopped, they immediately let go with an approving "Gut!".
As the myth states, immediately after the match, Nikolai Korotkikh was arrested and perished after several days in the torture chambers of the Gestapo
, while the other footballers were sent to a camp.
In actuality, Nikolai Korotkikh was arrested on August 6, before the game took place, because he was a member of the Communist party
, and the Germans had found a picture of him in an NKVD uniform. Later, he indeed perished in Gestapo hands.
On 18 August 1942, Trusevich, Klimenko, and Putistin were arrested at the bakery, and were interrogated by the Gestapo on Korolenko Street (vulytsia Korolenka) for 23 days, after which they were sent to the camp at Syrets.
". February 16.]
Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...
. The Kievan footballers defeated the Germans
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, and according to Soviet sources, many of the players were later arrested and sent to a labor camp.
In 2005, the Prosecution Office of the city of Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
closed the case file about the "legendary" Death Match after over 30 years. The verdict indicated there was no evidence that the Kievan footballers were shot for being victorious over their German opponents.
Soviet propaganda
According to Soviet propaganda, the match was conducted in order to portray the best qualities of the Aryan raceAryan race
The Aryan race is a concept historically influential in Western culture in the period of the late 19th century and early 20th century. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or...
and force the footballers of Dynamo Kiev to play against the Luftwaffe team under the condition of loss or death. The Dynamo players did not heed the ultimatum, went on to win the match, and paid for their victory with their lives. They were all arrested and later executed by firing squad. Later sources only mentioned four deaths.
Background
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
in the 1930s, particularly in the Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. Ukraine's strongest team at time was Dynamo Kyiv, which was part of the Dynamo sports society and funded by the police (including the NKVD
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
). In 1938, Dynamo Kyiv came in fourth in the national league, but performed poorly in 1939 and 1940.
The 1941 season was never completed, as Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Several Dynamo Kyiv players joined the military and went off to fight. As the Germans approached Kiev, the others who had stayed behind helped out with civil defence in the city. The initial success of the Wehrmacht allowed it to capture the city from the Red Army. Several of the Dynamo Kyiv players who had survived the onslaught found themselves in prisoner-of-war camps.
Many were prisoners in the Darnitsa Camp. The Darnitsa Camp was a makeshift camp for prisoners of war. In taking Kiev the Germans captured over 600,000 Soviet soldiers. The Germans "categorized" and "processed" the captured soldiers; many were executed, others were sent to Germany as slave labor, and others were sent to death camps. Those prisoners categorized as most harmless were released into the general population of occupied Kiev. It is was in this group that Kolya Trusevich, Alexei Klimenko, Ivan Kuzmenko, Nikolai Makhinya, Pavel Komarov, Makar Goncharenko, Fyodor Tyutchev, Mikhail Sviridovsky and Mikhail Putsin found themselves, homeless and starving.
FC Start
It was at Kiev's Bakery Number 3 that the players eventually gathered to work. This began when Mykola Trusevych, Dynamo's goalkeeper returned to the city after being released from the Darnitsa camp. Trusevych was given a job as a sweeper in the bakery by Iosif Kordik, a Dynamo fan. Kordik was the bakery's new manager, who held his privileged position there because of his German origins. Kordik then hit on the idea of setting up a bakery football team and in the spring of 1942, Trusevych began a search of Kiev, looking for his former teammates. His first find was winger Makar Goncharenko. Goncharenko remembers the invitation:
Kolya came to me at Kreschatick Street where I was living illegally at my former mother-in-law's house. He came to me to have a chat about this idea and to find some of the other boys. We got in touch with Kuzmenko and Svyridovskiy and they contacted some of the others.
Over the next few weeks, FC Start (Football Club Start) was formed, comprising eight players from Dynamo (Mykola Trusevych, Mikhail Svyridovskiy, Mykola Korotkykh, Oleksiy Klimenko, Fedir Tyutchev, Mikhail Putistin, Ivan Kuzmenko, Makar Goncharenko) and three players from Lokomotiv Kiev (Vladimir Balakin, Vasil Sukharev and Mikhail Melnyk).
The inaugural game of the season took place on June 7, 1942. That day, FC Start played its first game in the local league against Rukh, a team made up of other Ukrainian players. The league itself was run by Georgi Shvetsov, a former footballer and sports instructor, and Rukh was Shvetsov's team. Start won 7-2.
The decision to play in the league was not easy for the Start players. There were those among the players that believed participating in Shvetsov’s league was tantamount to collaboration with the Nazis, because they were supporting the league as a way to introduce “normality” into the city, pacifying it by winning over the populace. Other players believed, however, that playing would help raise the morale of the citizens of Kiev.
In the end, the decision was made to play. To emphasize the fact that the players were playing for the city, they wore red football jerseys that Trusevich and Putsin found in an abandoned warehouse. “We do not have weapons,” Trusevich told them, “but we can fight with our victories on the football pitch...for a while the members of Dynamo and Zheldor (Locomotive) will be playing in one color, the color of our flag. The Fascists should know that this color cannot be defeated.” Start were never defeated.
In 1942, FC Start played several matches with teams of soldiers of various occupying garrisons, and won them all:
| Date | Opponent | Score (FC Start in bold) |
|---|---|---|
| June 21 | Hungarian garrison | 6-2 |
| July 5 | Romanian garrison | 11-0 |
| July 12 | Military railroad workers team | 9-1 |
| July 17 | PGS (Germany) | 6-0 |
| July 19 | MSG.Wal (Hungary) | 5-1 |
| July 21 | MSG.Wal (Hungary) | 3-2 |
| August 6 | Flakelf (Germany) | 5-1 |
The German administration soon became aware that the FC Start victories might inspire the Ukrainians and decrease the morale of the Axis
Axis Powers
The Axis powers , also known as the Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries, or just the Axis, was an alignment of great powers during the mid-20th century that fought World War II against the Allies. It began in 1936 with treaties of friendship between Germany and Italy and between Germany and...
troops.
The match
Although the Start players realized that a victory in this game might have grave consequences, they decided to play the game, and play it well. Upon entering the pitch, the team also refused to give the Nazi salute to the German soldiers and high ranking officials gathered at the game.
As anticipated by FC Start, the Nazi referee ignored Flakelf fouls. The German team quickly pressured the goalkeeper, Trusevych who, after repeated physical challenges, was kicked in the head by a Flakelf forward and left groggy. While Trusevych was recovering, Flakelf went one goal up.
The referee continued to ignore FC Start appeals against their opponents' violence. The Flakelf team reputedly continued to attempt to intimidate FC Start, allegedly going for the man not with the ball, shirt-holding, and tackling from behind, as well as going over the ball. Despite this FC Start scored with a long shot from a free kick by Kuzmenko. FC Start's Goncharenko, against the run of play, is said to have dribbled the ball around almost the entire Flakelf defence, finishing by placing the ball into in the German net to make the score 2-1. At the half, FC Start were up 3-1.
During the half-time break, FC Start once again had visitors in their locker room. The first was Shvetsov, who asked the players to throw the match. He was followed by an SS officer, who told the Start players that the Germans were very impressed with their skill but they should understand that they cannot expect to win, and should consider the consequences should they do so.
During the second half, each side scored twice. Towards the end of the match, with FC Start in an up 5-3, Klimenko, a defender, got the ball, beat the entire German rearguard and walked around the German goalkeeper. Then, instead of letting it cross the goal line, he turned around and kicked the ball back towards the centre circle. The SS referee blew the final whistle before the ninety minutes were up.
Aftermath
A week later on 16 August, Start defeated Rukh again, this time 8-0. Soon after that, the FC Start players were arrested and tortured by the GestapoGestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police...
, allegedly for being NKVD
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
members. One of the arrested players, Mykola Korotkykh, died under torture. The rest were sent to the Syrets labour camp
Syrets concentration camp
Syrets was the name of a Nazi concentration camp that was erected in 1942 near Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, which was then a part of the Soviet Union.- Establishment and location :...
, where Ivan Kuzmenko, Oleksey Klimenko, and Mykola Trusevich were executed in February 1943. The few survivors included Fedir Tyutchev, Mikhail Sviridovskiy and Makar Honcharenko, who were responsible for the popularisation of this story in Soviet popular culture.
Popularisation
On 16 November 1943, Izvestiya was the first newspaper to report the execution of the sportsmen by the Germans, though the match itself was not mentioned.The "Death Match" came to public attention in 1958, after Petro Severov published the article "The Last Duel" in the Evening Kiev newspaper. The following year Severov, together with Naum Khalemsky, published a book with the same name that told the story of FC Start and its struggle against the Nazi occupiers. Memoirs by Makar Honcharenko followed.
The story became romanticized and widely popular in the Soviet Union, especially in the Ukraine area. Two movies based on the story - Third Time (Mosfilm, 1964) and The Match of Death - were released. The story also inspired two non-Soviet films: the 1961 Hungarian film Két félidő a pokolban and the 1981 American film Escape to Victory
Escape to Victory
Escape to Victory, known simply as Victory in North America, is a 1981 film about Allied prisoners of war who are interned in a German prison camp during World War II...
.
The 2003 novel Match of Death by James Riordan
James Riordan
James Riordan is a retired English novelist, broadcaster, association football player and Russian scholar.Well known for his work Sport in Soviet Society, the first academic look at sport in the Soviet Union, and for his children's novels.He claims to have been the first Briton to play football in...
retells the story.
Monuments
In 1971 a sculptural monument to the perished footballers was unveiled at the Zenit Stadium in Kiev by the sculptor Ivan Horovyi. On the monument are the words of Stepan Oliynyk in Ukrainian:In 1981 Zenit Stadium was renamed Start Stadium.
Disclosing the myth
Numerous other interviews were held with the participants of the match and related events, and as time has passed, their stories have changed from extremely revolutionary into a more realistic story.Prematch
The German magazine Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg. It is one of Europe's largest publications of its kind, with a weekly circulation of more than one million.-Overview:...
stated: "When the footballers of "Start" were still in the dressing room, they were visited by a young German in black uniform and in a good Russian introduced himself as a referee. He was a member of the Schutzstaffel
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel |Sig runes]]) was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Built upon the Nazi ideology, the SS under Heinrich Himmler's command was responsible for many of the crimes against humanity during World War II...
(SS) and requested that the Ukrainians would greet their opponents "in our manner". On the field the players of "Flakelf" raised their right hand and yelled "Heil Hitler!" Ukrainians answered: "Da zdravstvuyet sport!" (Hail sport!).
...During the intermission between periods the Schutzstaffel officer appeared in the Start's dressing room. "You must not win!" - he declared. "I am asking you think about the consequences".
According to Vladlen Putistin, a son of one of the match participants: "Father never mentioned about that somebody would enter into their dressing room and furthermore threatening to shoot" ("Bulvar", August 7, 2002). A Greek documentary on the event featured a former player of "Flakelf" named Willie Endelbardt, who stated that prior to the match, an officer entered their dressing room and announced roughly the following: "It is a special game and you have to win it to prove the superiority of the Aryan race
Aryan race
The Aryan race is a concept historically influential in Western culture in the period of the late 19th century and early 20th century. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or...
". Endelbardt stated that the Germans played normally and respected the other sportsmen.
Journalist Nikolai Dolgopolov wrote: "Referees were in the way. Judged only Germans".
Makar Gonacharenko stated that the German players "Thrashed us so that the bones rattled. The referee liked it. The German referee did not allow us near the goalpost".
Other witnesses indicated that the matches involving "Start" were usually refereed by Romanians, who, as Hungarians, were less loyal to Hitler. They also claimed that most of the games were refereed by an ober-lieutenant Erwin who at the slightest violation would send the player off the field.
Myth - Red T-shirts as a symbol of resistance
At one point in time, much was written about the players of "Start" donning red shirts to underline their affiliation with the USSR
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. In actuality they played in "Spartak
Spartak (sports society)
Spartak is the International Fitness and Sports Society of Nikolai Starostin.-Overview:Spartak was the first and the largest All-Union Voluntary Sports Society of workers of state trade, producers' cooperation, light industry, civil aviation, education, culture, health service etc...
" red shirts they found.
Nikolai Dolgopolov: "Misha Sviridovsky brought the uniform: white shorts, red shirts, red gaiters
Gaiters
Gaiters are garments worn over the shoe and lower pant leg, and used primarily as personal protective equipment; similar garments used primarily for display are spats....
".
Myth - Arrest after the game
Nikolai Dolgopolov: "After the game, they understood - the last, quietly dispersed to their homes... In the morning they were arrested".
The son of Mikhail Pustinin, Vladlen, tells that after the match on August 9, his father, Tyutchev, and himself were stopped by a patrol of Gendarmerie on the Saksahansky Street (vulytsia Saksahanskoho)late in the evening during a commandant hour
Curfew
A curfew is an order specifying a time after which certain regulations apply. Examples:# An order by a government for certain persons to return home daily before a certain time...
. When the Germans recognized who they had stopped, they immediately let go with an approving "Gut!".
As the myth states, immediately after the match, Nikolai Korotkikh was arrested and perished after several days in the torture chambers of the Gestapo
Gestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police...
, while the other footballers were sent to a camp.
In actuality, Nikolai Korotkikh was arrested on August 6, before the game took place, because he was a member of the Communist party
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world...
, and the Germans had found a picture of him in an NKVD uniform. Later, he indeed perished in Gestapo hands.
On 18 August 1942, Trusevich, Klimenko, and Putistin were arrested at the bakery, and were interrogated by the Gestapo on Korolenko Street (vulytsia Korolenka) for 23 days, after which they were sent to the camp at Syrets.
Further reading
- Andy Dougan 2002, Dynamo: Defending the Honour of Kiev, Fourth Estate, London
- Sheila Fitzpatrick 1999, Everyday Stalinism, OUP, Oxford
- Eduardo Galeano 1997, Football in Sun and in Shadow, Fourth Estate, London
- John Keegan 1989, The Second World War, Pimlico, London
- Aino Kuusinen 1974, Before and After Stalin, Joseph, London
- Richard Overy 1997, Russia's War, Allen Lane, London
External links
http://old.dynamo.kiev.ua/Press/Other2/se0219.htmChronicles of Aksel Vartanyan: Myth of the Death match. "Sport-ExpressSport-Express
Sport-Express is a Russian daily sports newspaper founded by Vladimir Kuchmiy. Printed in 31 cities of Russia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the United States, it is the biggest-selling sports newspaper in Russia, with the daily audience of over 700,000 people.Sport-Express was founded...
". February 16.]