The Necromancer; or, The Tale of the Black Forest
Encyclopedia
The Necromancer; or, The Tale of the Black Forest is a gothic novel by Ludwig Flammenberg (which is a pseudonym for Carl Friedrich Kahlert) first published in 1794. It is one of the seven 'horrid novels'
lampooned by Jane Austen
in Northanger Abbey
, once thought not to exist except in the text of Northanger Abbey
.
The novel consists of a series of lurid tales of hauntings, violence, killings and the supernatural featuring the adventures of Hermann and Helfried and the mysterious wizard Volkert the Necromancer, who has seemingly come back from the dead, set in the Black Forest
in Germany
.
It has recently been republished in a modern edition by Valancourt Books which confirms the identity of the book's German author. Originally said to have been "Translated from the German of Lawrence Flammenberg by Peter Teuthold," a number of its readers, including scholarly readers, assumed this to be a way of adding to the authenticity of a Gothic text by claiming a German genealogy, a common British publishing practice in its day. However, this novel was originally written in German by Karl Friedrich Kahlert and then translated by Peter Teuthold.
Teuthold's translated version of the novel differs from Kahlert's original German version substantially, most noticeably in the conscious addition of a plagiarized portion of the tale forming the robber Christian Wolf's confession from Friedrich Schiller
's Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre, written in 1786. Though very little is known about Teuthold, his translation, written unfaithfully to the original German text, reveals him to be "a conservative Englishman with anti-Jacobin
sympathies who deliberately designed his translation to discredit German literature." Furthermore, the disorganization of the narrative (i.e., its confusing structure of frame narratives) was a result of Teuthold's poor management of his translation sources. "What might have been an anthology of separate legends and supernatural tales about the Black Forest was hastily amalgamated into a nearly incomprehensible Germanic Gothic meant to allure the [publishing company's] readers." One English contemporary review, published in 1794, comments on the poor quality of Teuthold's translation: "This work calls itself a translation from the German: out of respect to such of our countrymen as are authors, we heartily wish it may be a translation. We should be sorry to see an English original so full of absurdities."
Contemporary English reviews of the novel mostly provide commentary on the superstitious beliefs (e.g., the existence of necromancy
, curses, etc.) of the characters of the novel, which most reviewers generalize to the German people in their reviews: "In Germany, no doubt, such [superstitions] have made a wider impression and progress than in our country: since raising ghosts is an operation of frequent recurrence in The Necromancer." Another article says of the novel that "It exposes the arts which have been practiced in a particular part of Germany, for carrying on a series of nocturnal depredations in the neighbourhood, and infusing into the credulous multitude a firm belief in the existence of sorcery." Another review expounds on the usefulness of the book in disarming superstitious beliefs via entertainment: "To those who are fond of reading stories of ghosts, this book may be entertaining, and also instructive, as it may tend to [show] how easily superstition may be worked upon without any foundation in reality."
In 1944, Michael Sadleir
noted that "For magniloquent descriptions of 'horrid' episodes, for sheer stylistic fervour in the handling of the supernatural, the work can rank high among its contemporaries." In 1987, Frederick Frank wrote that the novel is a "splendid instance of the Schauerroman at a point of no rational return."
, and the two begin to relate a series of wondrous adventures. Hellfried begins the narrative with a story about a mysterious English lord who is lodging in the same inn as him. During his stay there, Hellfried is plagued by nightmares and apparitions, and loses several valuables and all of his money. The lord inexplicably returns several of his belongings and provides a loan. Hellfried, seeking an explanation to the series of events that have befallen him, meets an unknown figure in a late night rendezvous that claims to have the answers he seeks. The meeting ends in disaster, as Hellfried somehow fractures his leg and is bedridden for months. The story concludes with Hellfried returning to the inn and continuing on his travels.
After a night of rest, Herrman continues the exchange of tales with an account of his travels with a ‘Baron de R–,’ for whom he was a governor. While the two traveled through Germany, they came upon a village in the titular Black Forest. Herrman and the Baron soon discover that the vacant castle in the village is haunted by its former lord, “a very wicked and irreligious man who found great delight in tormenting the poor pesants.”
After joining forces with a Danish lieutenant, the group encounters a slew of supernatural and horrific events, culminating in a dark ritual in a dungeon involving an old sorcerer who is revealed as the Necromancer. They eventually escape, and arrive to their destination safely, thus concluding the story. Following several more days of conversation, Herrman and Hellfried part ways. Before Herrrman leaves Hellfried’s estate, he gives him a manuscript of further adventures that comprise Part II of the novel.
Having lost one of his favorite servants during the adventure in the Black Forest, the Lieutenant begins a search for new comrades and “hasten[s] to return to the skirts of the Black Forest” (54). He becomes acquainted with an old Austrian officer who also shares tales of the supernatural. The Austrian relays the story of Volkert, a sergeant in his former garrison who “was reported to perform many strange and wonderful exploits” (56). Volkert often dabbled in mysticism as a service to his fellow servicemen and the people of the village in which he was stationed. Volkert channels the husband of a recently widowed woman so that she can learn why he forbade their daughter from marrying her fiancée. The ghost of the father reveals that the fiancée is in fact her brother, and the girl dies of grief soon thereafter. As a result, Volkert ceases to experiment with the occult. At the behest of several soldiers, however, Volkert returns to magic by summoning another foreign Baron who is feuding with an officer in his cohort. The Austrian and his comrades are “chilled with horror” following the incident (66). This foreign Baron later writes to the officer, accusing him of “infernal torrents by supernatural means,”(70) and hastens his arrival to the town to proceed with the duel. Volkert leaves the town knowing that he is at risk of being implicated in the conflict, but not before he informs the town authorities of the duel the morning before it happens. The duel occurs, and the officer from the village is injured while the foreign Baron is arrested. Here the Austrian concludes his story. When the soldiers ask what happened to Volkert, the Austrian says, “he is dead” (76). The Austrian and the Lieutenant depart together and return to the Black Forest in an attempt to try and get to the bottom of the mystery. When they return to the Haunted Castle, they find a secret passage and overhear a conversation between a band of thieves. They learn that the Lieutenant’s servant is still alive. The thieves manage to escape before the heroes can confront them. After another series of minor supernatural events, the heroes decide to confront the Haunted Castle one more time, knowing that the Necromancer is still somehow tied to the myriad supernatural misfortunes that have befallen them. Part II and Volume I ends with the preparations for this endeavor.
by characters who tell their own stories to enhance realism. By the time of the novel's publication these sequences had been absorbed by the Gothic genre and had become signposts for contemporary readers confirming the work as fiction, or at least of suspect origin. This tradition gains its peak recognition within the Gothic novel in Mary Shelley's most famous work, Frankenstien.
The out-most frame of the story is told by a semi-omniscient narrator, who we learn at the end of book 1 is Hellfried looking back on his visit at Herman's home. Within this, we are presented with the first stories from Hellfried and Herman respectively, told from the viewpoint of each. Often, multiple smaller narratives are presented to the reader by a single narrator within his story, who offers these first-hand accounts as more qualified to explain details than he himself could. This results in a series of encapsulating events; where a story told by one character can contain multiple stories by others, who each in turn have another outside story to tell. The tales break down, then, as follows (with each name signifying a new narrator who refers to themself as an "I", and indentations representing the depth of narrative relative to the un-indented narrator above it):
The first portrait of women that the narrator gives the reader is the dying mother of Hellfried. Despite having a maiden sister, Hellfried leaves University to take on the sole responsibility of caring for his aging parents. After his father passes away, the narrator tells sarcastically that "Hellfried now enjoyed twelve years longer the bliss of soothing the sorrows of his mother, and of supporting her under the heavy load of ever increasing infirmities, before she went over to the sacred abode of peace" (5). For twelve long years, Hellfried played nursemaid to his dying mother, a role that the narrator sarcastically calls "blissful," while his maiden sister is not even mentioned, indicating her lack of sense of filial duty or even affection for her dying mother.
The narrator also sarcastically portrays Hellfried's aversion to marriage as a lesson that he gained from the experience of his friends: "The apprehension of drawing a blank in the great lottery of matrimony, strengthened by some terrifying examples within the circle of his friends, made him hesitate so long to choose a partner in his joys and cares, 'till he felt himself too infirm for the toils inflicted on the beasts of burthen, yoked to the cart of matrimony," (6). In this passage, marriage, a "lottery" in which knowledge of one's partner has no impact on the happiness of the union, is portrayed in an ultimately negative light, as a "terrifying experience," and a "cart" that "beasts of burthen," meaning husband and wife, must be "yoked to" for life. The narrator next gives the reader an example of Herrman's successful marriage, which is still unfulfilling to Herrman, due to the loss of Hellfried's friendship, despite their lack of correspondence for thirty years. Upon reuniting with Hellfried, Herrman says, "Thou art alive--thou art alive, now I have nothing else to wish, than that my end may be as happy as this hour of bliss," (7). Herrman's joy upon reuniting with a friend that he had believed to be dead for many years reveals that he is less than fulfilled with the companionship of his wife, even to the point of saying that he could die happy in that moment of reuniting. Herrman has more fulfillment and satisfaction in the homosocial bond that he shares with Hellfried than the bond that he shares with his wife in matrimony, which is also exhibited in the slight mention that she receives of one or two sentences in the novel.
Another example of marriage that the novel gives is that of an innkeeper's daughter, Helen, with her lover, Henry the secretary, a union aided by Volkert's pretended necromancy. Helen is portrayed as a very silly, superstitious, and promiscuous girl when she asks for Volkert's aid in removing her father's opposition to her marriage with Henry. Her foolishness is emphasized when she speaks of the spirit haunting her house: "My heart was thrilled with terror at first, and several nights elapsed in unspeakable horror, before I knew that my Henry was the spectre that visited me every night, and made my blood run chill with awful dread. At length he undeceived me, but alas! it was then too late; my virgin honor was gone for ever: I feel the dreadful consequences of my guilty connexion with the unhappy man, and disgrace and ruin will seize me with merciless fangs, if you do not save me," (147). Again, Helen's account is relayed with the narrator's sarcasm: she was so foolish as to not recognize the ghostly being as her lover Henry, and to give up her virginity to this ghost! Her heart, "thrilled with terror," must have been thrilled with desire as well, to have made love to a being that she thought was immaterial and ghostly in nature. Furthermore, when Helen says that "disgrace and ruin will seize her with merciless fangs," she reveals that she is pregnant by that "ghostly" encounter. In Helen and Henry's case, marriage is the only honorable way out of public humiliation for Helen, and their marriage is only possible through Volkert's deception. Helen and Henry's marriage is thus shown to be a product of irresponsibility, foolishness (if not stupidity), and deception. Helen further disgraces her union with Henry by making love to Volkert immediately after begging his help to convince her father to let her marry Henry. Volkert enlists the aid of a male friend to play the ghost who convinces Helen's father to support her union with Henry, in a scene that encapsulates the pessimistic attitude of the novel towards women. When Volkert asks the "ghost" why he is disturbing the household of Helen's father, "he answered, in a tremulous hollow accent, 'Out of resentment against the female sex,'" (150). Throughout the novel, no woman is shown in a wholly positive light, even if the only trait lacking is the inability to satisfy men's urges for companionship; this denotes the overall attitude of resentment towards the female sex that the novel advocates. Furthermore, Volkert, who has every reason to resent Helen because of her inconstancy, uses a male friend to play the ghost and declare his resentment. It is significant that Volkert's male friend states this glaring attitude about women that Volkert and the narrator share, in that the narrator uses a homosocial bond to expose the reason behind the novel's disparagement of women.
Northanger Horrid Novels
The Northanger Horrid Novels are seven early works of Gothic fiction recommended by Isabella Thorpe to Catherine Morland in Jane Austen's novel Northanger Abbey :*Clermont, a Tale by Regina Maria Roche. London: Minerva Press....
lampooned by Jane Austen
Jane Austen
Jane Austen was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature, her realism and biting social commentary cementing her historical importance among scholars and critics.Austen lived...
in Northanger Abbey
Northanger Abbey
Northanger Abbey was the first of Jane Austen's novels to be completed for publication, though she had previously made a start on Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. According to Cassandra Austen's Memorandum, Susan was written approximately during 1798–99...
, once thought not to exist except in the text of Northanger Abbey
Northanger Abbey
Northanger Abbey was the first of Jane Austen's novels to be completed for publication, though she had previously made a start on Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice. According to Cassandra Austen's Memorandum, Susan was written approximately during 1798–99...
.
The novel consists of a series of lurid tales of hauntings, violence, killings and the supernatural featuring the adventures of Hermann and Helfried and the mysterious wizard Volkert the Necromancer, who has seemingly come back from the dead, set in the Black Forest
Black Forest
The Black Forest is a wooded mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany. It is bordered by the Rhine valley to the west and south. The highest peak is the Feldberg with an elevation of 1,493 metres ....
in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
.
It has recently been republished in a modern edition by Valancourt Books which confirms the identity of the book's German author. Originally said to have been "Translated from the German of Lawrence Flammenberg by Peter Teuthold," a number of its readers, including scholarly readers, assumed this to be a way of adding to the authenticity of a Gothic text by claiming a German genealogy, a common British publishing practice in its day. However, this novel was originally written in German by Karl Friedrich Kahlert and then translated by Peter Teuthold.
Teuthold's translated version of the novel differs from Kahlert's original German version substantially, most noticeably in the conscious addition of a plagiarized portion of the tale forming the robber Christian Wolf's confession from Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich Schiller
Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and playwright. During the last seventeen years of his life , Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe...
's Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre, written in 1786. Though very little is known about Teuthold, his translation, written unfaithfully to the original German text, reveals him to be "a conservative Englishman with anti-Jacobin
Jacobin
Jacobin may refer to:* Jacobin , a member of the Jacobin club, or political radical, generally* The Jacobin Club, a political club during the French Revolution* Jacobin , an American leftist political magazine....
sympathies who deliberately designed his translation to discredit German literature." Furthermore, the disorganization of the narrative (i.e., its confusing structure of frame narratives) was a result of Teuthold's poor management of his translation sources. "What might have been an anthology of separate legends and supernatural tales about the Black Forest was hastily amalgamated into a nearly incomprehensible Germanic Gothic meant to allure the [publishing company's] readers." One English contemporary review, published in 1794, comments on the poor quality of Teuthold's translation: "This work calls itself a translation from the German: out of respect to such of our countrymen as are authors, we heartily wish it may be a translation. We should be sorry to see an English original so full of absurdities."
Contemporary English reviews of the novel mostly provide commentary on the superstitious beliefs (e.g., the existence of necromancy
Necromancy
Necromancy is a claimed form of magic that involves communication with the deceased, either by summoning their spirit in the form of an apparition or raising them bodily, for the purpose of divination, imparting the ability to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge...
, curses, etc.) of the characters of the novel, which most reviewers generalize to the German people in their reviews: "In Germany, no doubt, such [superstitions] have made a wider impression and progress than in our country: since raising ghosts is an operation of frequent recurrence in The Necromancer." Another article says of the novel that "It exposes the arts which have been practiced in a particular part of Germany, for carrying on a series of nocturnal depredations in the neighbourhood, and infusing into the credulous multitude a firm belief in the existence of sorcery." Another review expounds on the usefulness of the book in disarming superstitious beliefs via entertainment: "To those who are fond of reading stories of ghosts, this book may be entertaining, and also instructive, as it may tend to [show] how easily superstition may be worked upon without any foundation in reality."
In 1944, Michael Sadleir
Michael Sadleir
Michael Sadleir was a British novelist and book collector.-Biography:He was born Michael Sadler, though upon beginning to publish novels he altered the spelling of his name to differentiate himself from his father, Michael Ernest Sadler, a historian and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Leeds...
noted that "For magniloquent descriptions of 'horrid' episodes, for sheer stylistic fervour in the handling of the supernatural, the work can rank high among its contemporaries." In 1987, Frederick Frank wrote that the novel is a "splendid instance of the Schauerroman at a point of no rational return."
Part 1
Herman and Hellfried, two former university classmates and friends, reunite on a stormy night after thirty years of separation due to employment that forced them to travel. While recounting their past travels, the conversation quickly turns to the supernaturalSupernatural
The supernatural or is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature...
, and the two begin to relate a series of wondrous adventures. Hellfried begins the narrative with a story about a mysterious English lord who is lodging in the same inn as him. During his stay there, Hellfried is plagued by nightmares and apparitions, and loses several valuables and all of his money. The lord inexplicably returns several of his belongings and provides a loan. Hellfried, seeking an explanation to the series of events that have befallen him, meets an unknown figure in a late night rendezvous that claims to have the answers he seeks. The meeting ends in disaster, as Hellfried somehow fractures his leg and is bedridden for months. The story concludes with Hellfried returning to the inn and continuing on his travels.
After a night of rest, Herrman continues the exchange of tales with an account of his travels with a ‘Baron de R–,’ for whom he was a governor. While the two traveled through Germany, they came upon a village in the titular Black Forest. Herrman and the Baron soon discover that the vacant castle in the village is haunted by its former lord, “a very wicked and irreligious man who found great delight in tormenting the poor pesants.”
After joining forces with a Danish lieutenant, the group encounters a slew of supernatural and horrific events, culminating in a dark ritual in a dungeon involving an old sorcerer who is revealed as the Necromancer. They eventually escape, and arrive to their destination safely, thus concluding the story. Following several more days of conversation, Herrman and Hellfried part ways. Before Herrrman leaves Hellfried’s estate, he gives him a manuscript of further adventures that comprise Part II of the novel.
Part 2
Part Two continues the novel in epistolary form, with a series of letters from various sources (50). The first is from the Baron to Herrman, describing the former’s unexpected reunion with the Lieutenant 20 years after their original adventure in the Black Forest. During this time, The Lieutenant gives the Baron a written account of his adventures.Having lost one of his favorite servants during the adventure in the Black Forest, the Lieutenant begins a search for new comrades and “hasten[s] to return to the skirts of the Black Forest” (54). He becomes acquainted with an old Austrian officer who also shares tales of the supernatural. The Austrian relays the story of Volkert, a sergeant in his former garrison who “was reported to perform many strange and wonderful exploits” (56). Volkert often dabbled in mysticism as a service to his fellow servicemen and the people of the village in which he was stationed. Volkert channels the husband of a recently widowed woman so that she can learn why he forbade their daughter from marrying her fiancée. The ghost of the father reveals that the fiancée is in fact her brother, and the girl dies of grief soon thereafter. As a result, Volkert ceases to experiment with the occult. At the behest of several soldiers, however, Volkert returns to magic by summoning another foreign Baron who is feuding with an officer in his cohort. The Austrian and his comrades are “chilled with horror” following the incident (66). This foreign Baron later writes to the officer, accusing him of “infernal torrents by supernatural means,”(70) and hastens his arrival to the town to proceed with the duel. Volkert leaves the town knowing that he is at risk of being implicated in the conflict, but not before he informs the town authorities of the duel the morning before it happens. The duel occurs, and the officer from the village is injured while the foreign Baron is arrested. Here the Austrian concludes his story. When the soldiers ask what happened to Volkert, the Austrian says, “he is dead” (76). The Austrian and the Lieutenant depart together and return to the Black Forest in an attempt to try and get to the bottom of the mystery. When they return to the Haunted Castle, they find a secret passage and overhear a conversation between a band of thieves. They learn that the Lieutenant’s servant is still alive. The thieves manage to escape before the heroes can confront them. After another series of minor supernatural events, the heroes decide to confront the Haunted Castle one more time, knowing that the Necromancer is still somehow tied to the myriad supernatural misfortunes that have befallen them. Part II and Volume I ends with the preparations for this endeavor.
Part 3
The third part of The Necromancer continues the story of the Lieutenant, as he prepares for his adventure with the Austrian and a miscellany of other officers. They manage to surround the Necromancer in a village inn near the Haunted Castle. After they witness a séance in which the Necromancer summons a phantom, the heroes assault the room. The Austrian realizes that the Necromancer and Volkert are the same person. After a round of brutal interrogation, the officers decide to leave the now enfeebled Necromancer to his own devices. While traveling, the Lieutenant seeks lodging at a suspicious woodman’s cabin and is ambushed in the night by “three fellows of a gigantic size” (116). These men capture him and bring him before an assembly of criminals. Among them is Volkert. The Lieutenant is freed from capture thanks to his leniency with Volkert back in the village. As the Lieutenant continues his travels, he is reunited with his lost servant. The servant describes how he was captured and forced to join the same band of thieves that now pervaded the narrative of the novel. With this knowledge, the Lieutenant is able to assist in the capturing of the band and their subsequent trial. Among the imprisoned is Volkert, who explains his origins to the Lieutenant. It was during his work as a servant to a German nobleman that he began to experiment with the occult. He admits the dubious nature of his craft, admitting that he “did everything in [his] power to drain the purses of the weak and credulous” (142). The Necromancer starts to recount all of his deceptions and supposed sorceries, including the story of the fiancée and the village and the duel, which was staged. He admits his devious machinations shamefully: “[I] suffice to say, that a complete account of my frauds would swell many volumes…I had, for the space of six years, carried on my juggling tricks with so much secrecy, that few of my criminal deeds were known…I always suffered myself to be blinded by the two powerful charms of gold and false ambition” (151). The narrative then commences with the trial of the bandits, including the testimony of an innkeeper named Wolf who often led the criminals (“the captain of the robbers”) and who made a majority of the deceptions possible (190). After naming his accomplices and their locations, Wolf is eventually sentenced to life imprisonment in the Black Forest “where he will have ample scope to reflect on his life past” (196).Frame Narrative
The Necromancer is notable in that it is told by way of multiple nested frame narratives; either verbal or epistolary sequencesEpistolary novel
An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used. Recently, electronic "documents" such as recordings and radio, blogs, and e-mails have also come into use...
by characters who tell their own stories to enhance realism. By the time of the novel's publication these sequences had been absorbed by the Gothic genre and had become signposts for contemporary readers confirming the work as fiction, or at least of suspect origin. This tradition gains its peak recognition within the Gothic novel in Mary Shelley's most famous work, Frankenstien.
The out-most frame of the story is told by a semi-omniscient narrator, who we learn at the end of book 1 is Hellfried looking back on his visit at Herman's home. Within this, we are presented with the first stories from Hellfried and Herman respectively, told from the viewpoint of each. Often, multiple smaller narratives are presented to the reader by a single narrator within his story, who offers these first-hand accounts as more qualified to explain details than he himself could. This results in a series of encapsulating events; where a story told by one character can contain multiple stories by others, who each in turn have another outside story to tell. The tales break down, then, as follows (with each name signifying a new narrator who refers to themself as an "I", and indentations representing the depth of narrative relative to the un-indented narrator above it):
Part 1
Hellfried's written account- Hellfried's verbal account of his stay at the inn.
- Herman's verbal account of his adventure at the castle.
Part 2
Baron R----'s Letter to Herman- Lieutenant B-----'s Letter to Baron R----
- Austrian Lieutenant's Verbal account of Volkert's ability
- Old Widow's Account of her deceased husband's seance
- Baron T----'s Letter account of Volkert's summoning of him to the duel.
- Austrian Lieutenant's Verbal account of Volkert's ability
- Lieutenant N----'s verbal account of his encounter with the phantom of the inn.
- John the Servant's verbal account of his escape from the bandits
- Volkert's verbal account revealing his illusions.
- Helen's verbal account of her trouble with her desired suitor
- Wolf's verbal account of becoming a robber
Role of Women in the Text
As the reader becomes acquainted with the motives of women and the institution of marriage through the tales of the men narrating the novel, their natures are continually disparaged and blamed as the root of the conflicts that arise throughout the novel. Even happy connections with women don't fulfill and satisfy the men in the novel like homosocial relationships do; through its disparaging depictions of the nature of women and the flaws of marriage, the novel promotes close friendship between men, showing these homosocial relationships to be the most satisfying to men.The first portrait of women that the narrator gives the reader is the dying mother of Hellfried. Despite having a maiden sister, Hellfried leaves University to take on the sole responsibility of caring for his aging parents. After his father passes away, the narrator tells sarcastically that "Hellfried now enjoyed twelve years longer the bliss of soothing the sorrows of his mother, and of supporting her under the heavy load of ever increasing infirmities, before she went over to the sacred abode of peace" (5). For twelve long years, Hellfried played nursemaid to his dying mother, a role that the narrator sarcastically calls "blissful," while his maiden sister is not even mentioned, indicating her lack of sense of filial duty or even affection for her dying mother.
The narrator also sarcastically portrays Hellfried's aversion to marriage as a lesson that he gained from the experience of his friends: "The apprehension of drawing a blank in the great lottery of matrimony, strengthened by some terrifying examples within the circle of his friends, made him hesitate so long to choose a partner in his joys and cares, 'till he felt himself too infirm for the toils inflicted on the beasts of burthen, yoked to the cart of matrimony," (6). In this passage, marriage, a "lottery" in which knowledge of one's partner has no impact on the happiness of the union, is portrayed in an ultimately negative light, as a "terrifying experience," and a "cart" that "beasts of burthen," meaning husband and wife, must be "yoked to" for life. The narrator next gives the reader an example of Herrman's successful marriage, which is still unfulfilling to Herrman, due to the loss of Hellfried's friendship, despite their lack of correspondence for thirty years. Upon reuniting with Hellfried, Herrman says, "Thou art alive--thou art alive, now I have nothing else to wish, than that my end may be as happy as this hour of bliss," (7). Herrman's joy upon reuniting with a friend that he had believed to be dead for many years reveals that he is less than fulfilled with the companionship of his wife, even to the point of saying that he could die happy in that moment of reuniting. Herrman has more fulfillment and satisfaction in the homosocial bond that he shares with Hellfried than the bond that he shares with his wife in matrimony, which is also exhibited in the slight mention that she receives of one or two sentences in the novel.
Another example of marriage that the novel gives is that of an innkeeper's daughter, Helen, with her lover, Henry the secretary, a union aided by Volkert's pretended necromancy. Helen is portrayed as a very silly, superstitious, and promiscuous girl when she asks for Volkert's aid in removing her father's opposition to her marriage with Henry. Her foolishness is emphasized when she speaks of the spirit haunting her house: "My heart was thrilled with terror at first, and several nights elapsed in unspeakable horror, before I knew that my Henry was the spectre that visited me every night, and made my blood run chill with awful dread. At length he undeceived me, but alas! it was then too late; my virgin honor was gone for ever: I feel the dreadful consequences of my guilty connexion with the unhappy man, and disgrace and ruin will seize me with merciless fangs, if you do not save me," (147). Again, Helen's account is relayed with the narrator's sarcasm: she was so foolish as to not recognize the ghostly being as her lover Henry, and to give up her virginity to this ghost! Her heart, "thrilled with terror," must have been thrilled with desire as well, to have made love to a being that she thought was immaterial and ghostly in nature. Furthermore, when Helen says that "disgrace and ruin will seize her with merciless fangs," she reveals that she is pregnant by that "ghostly" encounter. In Helen and Henry's case, marriage is the only honorable way out of public humiliation for Helen, and their marriage is only possible through Volkert's deception. Helen and Henry's marriage is thus shown to be a product of irresponsibility, foolishness (if not stupidity), and deception. Helen further disgraces her union with Henry by making love to Volkert immediately after begging his help to convince her father to let her marry Henry. Volkert enlists the aid of a male friend to play the ghost who convinces Helen's father to support her union with Henry, in a scene that encapsulates the pessimistic attitude of the novel towards women. When Volkert asks the "ghost" why he is disturbing the household of Helen's father, "he answered, in a tremulous hollow accent, 'Out of resentment against the female sex,'" (150). Throughout the novel, no woman is shown in a wholly positive light, even if the only trait lacking is the inability to satisfy men's urges for companionship; this denotes the overall attitude of resentment towards the female sex that the novel advocates. Furthermore, Volkert, who has every reason to resent Helen because of her inconstancy, uses a male friend to play the ghost and declare his resentment. It is significant that Volkert's male friend states this glaring attitude about women that Volkert and the narrator share, in that the narrator uses a homosocial bond to expose the reason behind the novel's disparagement of women.
Editions
- 1927, London: Robert Holden
- 1968, Folio Press
- 1989, Skoob Books ISBN 1-871438-20-9
- 2007, Valancourt Books ISBN 978-0979233227