The Vane Sisters
Encyclopedia
"The Vane Sisters" is the penultimate short story
by Vladimir Nabokov
, written in March 1951. It is famous for providing one of the most extreme examples of an unreliable narrator
. It was first published in The Hudson Review
and Encounter
in 1959, later in Nabokov's Quartet
(1966), Nabokov's Congeries
(1968; reprinted as The Portable Nabokov, 1971), Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories
(1975), and The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov
(1995).
The short story revolves around two professors, of which one is the narrator, and their respective affairs with two students, the Vane sisters, for whom the story is titled. The narrator recounts his experiences with the two sisters, and ultimately meditates upon the possibility of intervention by ghosts into his reality.
The story then shifts to the narrator's recounting of his initial experiences with Cynthia and her young sister Sybil. Though married, D. had been involved in an affair with the narrator's student Sybil. Cynthia first approaches the narrator in hopes of recruiting him to end the affair, instructing the narrator to tell D. that he should either divorce his wife or else resign from his position with the college. However, while confronting D. about the affair, D. assures the narrator that he and his wife are moving to Albany where he plans to work in his father's firm and that the affair is expected to dissolve shortly thereafter.
The following day, the narrator gives his French literature class, of which Sybil is a part, an examination. But when reading Sybil's poorly constructed work, he finds the message: "Death was not better than D minus, but definitely better than Life minus D." He is too late, and calls Cynthia only to find that Sybil committed suicide at 8 am that morning.
Four to five months following Sybil's death, the narrator begins seeing Cynthia regularly and as a result immersing himself in Cynthia's philosophies of spiritualism and the occult. He attends parties along with Cynthia's circle of believers, and listens keenly to Cynthia's theory that the dead control everything, from extraordinary, course-changing events to minute, impressive incidents. Unconvinced, however, the narrator ridicules Cynthia's searches for acrostic
s, and playfully criticizes Cynthia's party guests in a note, to which Cynthia fiercely reacts by calling him a "prig" and "snob." That incident decisively ends their relationship.
The story returns to the immediate events following the narrator's rendezvous with D. Learning about Cynthia's death, he is suddenly frantic, fearful, and incapable of sleep, too preoccupied with the idea of Cynthia's ghost returning to haunt him as her philosophies suggested. He tries to fight her by evoking preceding literary traditions and searching for acrostics in Shakespeare. Unable to find anything, he slips into sleep and awakens to find everything seemingly in order. He scoffs at the "disappointing" show, and the final paragraph reads:
Towards the middle of the story, on the subject of the unbelievability of Cynthia's ideas, the narrator alludes to a "novel or short story (by some contemporary writer, I believe) in which, unknown to the author, the first letters of the words in its last paragraph formed, as deciphered by Cynthia, a message from his dead mother."
When the final paragraph of the story is subjected to this technique, the result is as follows: Icicles by Cynthia. Meter from me Sybil. The icicles and meter are references to the story's beginning where the narrator, who prides himself on his careful attention to detail, is transfixed by the minute effects of dripping icicles and umbra cast by a parking meter. Thus, this is the Nabokovian twist: at the end of the short story, the reader learns that the narrator is not actually the author of the piece, but rather is being unconsciously and mockingly influenced in both his writing and the events surrounding him by the dead sisters.
The very name of Sybil hints at the trick of the final paragraph, as the word acrostic was first applied to the prophecies of the Erythraean Sibyl
, which were written on leaves and arranged so that the initial letters of the leaves always formed a word. Sybil Vane is also a character in Oscar Wilde's
only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray
. She is an actress who commits suicide when Dorian rejects her, first causing the portrait to change and Dorian to notice the connection between him and the portrait.
rejected the story, and it was only revealed when Nabokov wrote a letter to the chief editor, Katharine A. White, explaining the foundation of the story.
Short story
A short story is a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. This format tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas and novels. Short story definitions based on length differ somewhat, even among professional writers, in part because...
by Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov was a multilingual Russian novelist and short story writer. Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Russian, then rose to international prominence as a master English prose stylist...
, written in March 1951. It is famous for providing one of the most extreme examples of an unreliable narrator
Unreliable narrator
An unreliable narrator is a narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously compromised. The term was coined in 1961 by Wayne C. Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction. This narrative mode is one that can be developed by an author for a number of reasons, usually...
. It was first published in The Hudson Review
The Hudson Review
The Hudson Review is a quarterly journal of literature and the arts. It was founded in 1947 in New York by William Ayers Arrowsmith, Joseph Deericks Bennett, and George Frederick Morgan. The first issue was introduced in the spring of 1948...
and Encounter
Encounter (magazine)
Encounter was a literary magazine, founded in 1953 by poet Stephen Spender and early neoconservative author Irving Kristol. The magazine ceased publication in 1991...
in 1959, later in Nabokov's Quartet
Nabokov's Quartet
Nabokov's Quartet is a collection of four of Vladimir Nabokov's short stories. The collection was first published by Phaedra, New York in 1966. It contains the following short stories:* "An Affair of Honor"* "Lik"* "The Vane Sisters"...
(1966), Nabokov's Congeries
Nabokov's Congeries
Nabokov's Congeries was a collection of work by Vladimir Nabokov published in 1968 and reprinted in 1971 as The Portable Nabokov. Because Nabokov supervised its production less than a decade before he died, it is useful in attempting to identify which works Nabokov considered to be his best,...
(1968; reprinted as The Portable Nabokov, 1971), Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories
Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories
Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories is a collection of thirteen short stories by Vladimir Nabokov. All but the last one were written in Russian by Nabokov between 1924 and 1939 as an expatriate in Berlin, Paris, and Menton, and later translated into English by him and his son, Dmitri Nabokov. These...
(1975), and The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov
The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov
The Stories of Vladimir Nabokov is a posthumous collection of every known short story that Vladimir Nabokov ever wrote, with the exception of "The Enchanter"...
(1995).
The short story revolves around two professors, of which one is the narrator, and their respective affairs with two students, the Vane sisters, for whom the story is titled. The narrator recounts his experiences with the two sisters, and ultimately meditates upon the possibility of intervention by ghosts into his reality.
Plot summary
The story begins on a Sunday night as the narrator, a French literature professor at a girls' college, runs into his former colleague D. whom he has not seen for the past four years. Amidst his usual afternoon stroll, the narrator, who prides himself on his sharp eye, fixes upon icicles dripping from a nearby eave with such intense meditation that he follows their watery trail to Kelly Road, where D. used to live. Fixated and in raw awareness, he continues walking, until his observations lead him towards the edge of town, where he catches the glimpse of reddish shadows cast by a parking meter and restaurant sign. There, he sees D. who is passing through on his way from Albany to Boston, and D. casually informs him that Cynthia Vane, with whom the narrator had formerly had a short relationship with, has dieda fact D. has learned through his lawyer.The story then shifts to the narrator's recounting of his initial experiences with Cynthia and her young sister Sybil. Though married, D. had been involved in an affair with the narrator's student Sybil. Cynthia first approaches the narrator in hopes of recruiting him to end the affair, instructing the narrator to tell D. that he should either divorce his wife or else resign from his position with the college. However, while confronting D. about the affair, D. assures the narrator that he and his wife are moving to Albany where he plans to work in his father's firm and that the affair is expected to dissolve shortly thereafter.
The following day, the narrator gives his French literature class, of which Sybil is a part, an examination. But when reading Sybil's poorly constructed work, he finds the message: "Death was not better than D minus, but definitely better than Life minus D." He is too late, and calls Cynthia only to find that Sybil committed suicide at 8 am that morning.
Four to five months following Sybil's death, the narrator begins seeing Cynthia regularly and as a result immersing himself in Cynthia's philosophies of spiritualism and the occult. He attends parties along with Cynthia's circle of believers, and listens keenly to Cynthia's theory that the dead control everything, from extraordinary, course-changing events to minute, impressive incidents. Unconvinced, however, the narrator ridicules Cynthia's searches for acrostic
Acrostic
An acrostic is a poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message. As a form of constrained writing, an acrostic can be used as a mnemonic device to aid memory retrieval. A famous...
s, and playfully criticizes Cynthia's party guests in a note, to which Cynthia fiercely reacts by calling him a "prig" and "snob." That incident decisively ends their relationship.
The story returns to the immediate events following the narrator's rendezvous with D. Learning about Cynthia's death, he is suddenly frantic, fearful, and incapable of sleep, too preoccupied with the idea of Cynthia's ghost returning to haunt him as her philosophies suggested. He tries to fight her by evoking preceding literary traditions and searching for acrostics in Shakespeare. Unable to find anything, he slips into sleep and awakens to find everything seemingly in order. He scoffs at the "disappointing" show, and the final paragraph reads:
Towards the middle of the story, on the subject of the unbelievability of Cynthia's ideas, the narrator alludes to a "novel or short story (by some contemporary writer, I believe) in which, unknown to the author, the first letters of the words in its last paragraph formed, as deciphered by Cynthia, a message from his dead mother."
When the final paragraph of the story is subjected to this technique, the result is as follows: Icicles by Cynthia. Meter from me Sybil. The icicles and meter are references to the story's beginning where the narrator, who prides himself on his careful attention to detail, is transfixed by the minute effects of dripping icicles and umbra cast by a parking meter. Thus, this is the Nabokovian twist: at the end of the short story, the reader learns that the narrator is not actually the author of the piece, but rather is being unconsciously and mockingly influenced in both his writing and the events surrounding him by the dead sisters.
The very name of Sybil hints at the trick of the final paragraph, as the word acrostic was first applied to the prophecies of the Erythraean Sibyl
Erythraean Sibyl
The Erythraean Sibyl was the prophetess of classical antiquity presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Erythrae, a town in Ionia opposite Chios, which was built by Neleus, the son of Codrus....
, which were written on leaves and arranged so that the initial letters of the leaves always formed a word. Sybil Vane is also a character in Oscar Wilde's
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish writer and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London's most popular playwrights in the early 1890s...
only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray
The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published novel by Oscar Wilde, appearing as the lead story in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine on 20 June 1890, printed as the July 1890 issue of this magazine...
. She is an actress who commits suicide when Dorian rejects her, first causing the portrait to change and Dorian to notice the connection between him and the portrait.
Literary significance
The apparent uniqueness of this narrative approach has created fame for this story, and Nabokov himself described this device as something that 'can only be tried once in a thousand years of fiction'. The trick ending of "The Vane Sisters" originally went unnoticed when the New YorkerThe New Yorker
The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons and poetry published by Condé Nast...
rejected the story, and it was only revealed when Nabokov wrote a letter to the chief editor, Katharine A. White, explaining the foundation of the story.