Third Carlist War
Encyclopedia
The Third Carlist War (1872-1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain
. It is very often referred to as the Second Carlist War, as the 'second' (1847-9) had been small in scale and almost trivial in political consequence.
During this conflict, Carlist
forces managed to occupy several towns in the interior of Spain, the most important ones being La Seu d'Urgell
and Estella
in Navarre
. Isabel II
was in exile, and King Amadeo I of Spain
, crowned in 1871, was not very popular.
The Carlist pretender, "Carlos VII"
, grandson of Carlos V
tried to earn the support of those areas with more region-specific customs and former laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of Catalonia
n, Valencian
and Aragonese
fueros (charters), abolished at the beginning of the 18th century by Philip V
by means of the New Planning
unilateral Royal decrees.
However, the call for rebellion made by the Carlists got an echo in Catalonia and especially the Basque region
(Gipuzkoa, Álava, Biscay and Navarre), where the Carlists managed to design a temporary state. The Carlists managed to lay siege to Bilbao and San Sebastián, but failed to seize them. After four years of war, on 27 February 1876, the Carlist pretender went into exile in France
. On the same day, King Alfonso XII of Spain
landed in Pamplona
.
The capitulation of the Carlists was represented by the hug of the generals Espartero and Maroto
(the Bergara Hug), deemed by many Carlists to be a treason. After the end of the war, the Basque charts (fueros/foruak) were abolished, so shifting the border customs from the Ebro river to the coast and establishing the compulsory conscription in the Spanish army for the youth of the chartered territories.
The war caused between 7,000 and 50,000 casualties.
, explores the relationship of self and world through the familiarity with death. It is based on his experiences as a child during the Carlist siege of Bilbao
in the Third Carlist War.
Part of the film Vacas
(1992) is set during the Third Carlist War.
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. It is very often referred to as the Second Carlist War, as the 'second' (1847-9) had been small in scale and almost trivial in political consequence.
During this conflict, Carlist
Carlism
Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina , and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread...
forces managed to occupy several towns in the interior of Spain, the most important ones being La Seu d'Urgell
La Seu d'Urgell
La Seu d'Urgell is a town located in the Catalan Pyrenees in Spain. La Seu d'Urgell is also the capital of the comarca Alt Urgell, head of the judicial district of la Seu d'Urgell and the seat of Bishop of Urgell, one of the Andorra co-princes...
and Estella
Estella - Lizarra
Estella or Lizarra is a town located in the autonomous community of Navarre, in northern Spain. It lies south west of Pamplona, close to the border with La Rioja and Álava....
in Navarre
Navarre
Navarre , officially the Chartered Community of Navarre is an autonomous community in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Country, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Aquitaine in France...
. Isabel II
Isabella II of Spain
Isabella II was the only female monarch of Spain in modern times. She came to the throne as an infant, but her succession was disputed by the Carlists, who refused to recognise a female sovereign, leading to the Carlist Wars. After a troubled reign, she was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of...
was in exile, and King Amadeo I of Spain
Amadeo I of Spain
Amadeo I was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy...
, crowned in 1871, was not very popular.
The Carlist pretender, "Carlos VII"
Carlos, Duke of Madrid
Infante Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirin Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael de Borbón y Austria-Este, Duke of Madrid was the senior member of the House of Bourbon from 1887 until his death...
, grandson of Carlos V
Infante Carlos, Count of Molina
The Infante Carlos of Spain was the second surviving son of King Charles IV of Spain and of his wife, Maria Luisa of Parma. As Carlos V he was the first of the Carlist claimants to the throne of Spain...
tried to earn the support of those areas with more region-specific customs and former laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of Catalonia
Catalonia
Catalonia is an autonomous community in northeastern Spain, with the official status of a "nationality" of Spain. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an...
n, Valencian
Kingdom of Valencia
The Kingdom of Valencia , located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. When the Crown of Aragon merged by dynastic union with the Crown of Castile to form the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Valencia became a component realm of the...
and Aragonese
Aragon
Aragon is a modern autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. Located in northeastern Spain, the Aragonese autonomous community comprises three provinces : Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza...
fueros (charters), abolished at the beginning of the 18th century by Philip V
Philip V of Spain
Philip V was King of Spain from 15 November 1700 to 15 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son Louis, and from 6 September 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son's death, to his death.Before his reign, Philip occupied an exalted place in the royal family of France as a...
by means of the New Planning
Nueva Planta decrees
The Nueva Planta decrees were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V—the first Bourbon king of Spain—during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession which he won....
unilateral Royal decrees.
However, the call for rebellion made by the Carlists got an echo in Catalonia and especially the Basque region
Southern Basque Country
The Southern Basque Country is a term used to refer to the Basque territories within Spain as a unified whole.It does not exist as a political unit but includes the three provinces and two enclaves of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to...
(Gipuzkoa, Álava, Biscay and Navarre), where the Carlists managed to design a temporary state. The Carlists managed to lay siege to Bilbao and San Sebastián, but failed to seize them. After four years of war, on 27 February 1876, the Carlist pretender went into exile in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. On the same day, King Alfonso XII of Spain
Alfonso XII of Spain
Alfonso XII was king of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d'état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.-Early life and paternity:Alfonso was the son of Queen Isabella II of Spain, and...
landed in Pamplona
Pamplona
Pamplona is the historial capital city of Navarre, in Spain, and of the former kingdom of Navarre.The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions...
.
The capitulation of the Carlists was represented by the hug of the generals Espartero and Maroto
Maroto
Maroto is a surname which may refer to:*Esteban Maroto, Spanish comic book artist*Mariano González Maroto, Spanish footballer*Rafael Maroto, 19th century Spanish general*Fray Diego Maroto, 17th century architect...
(the Bergara Hug), deemed by many Carlists to be a treason. After the end of the war, the Basque charts (fueros/foruak) were abolished, so shifting the border customs from the Ebro river to the coast and establishing the compulsory conscription in the Spanish army for the youth of the chartered territories.
The war caused between 7,000 and 50,000 casualties.
Popular culture
Paz en la guerra (Peace in War) (1895), a novel by Miguel de UnamunoMiguel de Unamuno
Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo was a Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright and philosopher.-Biography:...
, explores the relationship of self and world through the familiarity with death. It is based on his experiences as a child during the Carlist siege of Bilbao
Bilbao
Bilbao ) is a Spanish municipality, capital of the province of Biscay, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. With a population of 353,187 , it is the largest city of its autonomous community and the tenth largest in Spain...
in the Third Carlist War.
Part of the film Vacas
Vacas
Vacas is a 1992 Spanish film, written and directed by Julio Médem. The film stars Carmelo Gómez, Emma Suárez, Ana Torrent, and Karra Elejade. An eerie family saga set in rural Basque Country, the cryptic film follows the intertwined story of three generations of two families from 1875 to 1936...
(1992) is set during the Third Carlist War.