Timeline of Philippine-American War
Encyclopedia
The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic
to gain independence following annexation by the United States. This article presents several lists of dated events leading up to, during, and following that war which are significant in that context. Most of the events listed in this article are linked to other articles containing more detail.
had been suspended by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
. Following on that pact, Emilio Aguinaldo
, who had been leader of the Katipunan
, was in exile in Hong Kong along with other revolutionary leaders. Some revolutionary generals remained in the Philippines and continued the revolution. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. The advent of the Spanish–American War brought about an influx of U.S. forces into the Philippines, Aguinaldo's return to the Philippines, and Aguinaldo's resumption of a leadership role in the revolution. As the Spanish–American War continues, Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence and establishes a series of insurgent governments. On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. In one provision of the treaty, Philippines to the U.S.
1898
1899
proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, and that July 4 date is often mentioned as the ending date of the war. For purposes of this article, the war is considered to have begun on March 4, 1898, and to have ended on July 4, 1902.
1900
nd William Howard Taft
arrived as civil governor of "our little brown brothers" (Governor-General of the Philippines
) (until 1904)
1901
1902
1906
1911
First Philippine Republic
The Philippine Republic , more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was a short-lived insurgent revolutionary government in the Philippines...
to gain independence following annexation by the United States. This article presents several lists of dated events leading up to, during, and following that war which are significant in that context. Most of the events listed in this article are linked to other articles containing more detail.
General
Spanish–American War, the Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution
The Philippine Revolution , called the "Tagalog War" by the Spanish, was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities which resulted in the secession of the Philippine Islands from the Spanish Empire.The Philippine Revolution began in August...
had been suspended by the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution...
. Following on that pact, Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation...
, who had been leader of the Katipunan
Katipunan
The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night...
, was in exile in Hong Kong along with other revolutionary leaders. Some revolutionary generals remained in the Philippines and continued the revolution. One, General Francisco Makabulos, established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created. The advent of the Spanish–American War brought about an influx of U.S. forces into the Philippines, Aguinaldo's return to the Philippines, and Aguinaldo's resumption of a leadership role in the revolution. As the Spanish–American War continues, Aguinaldo proclaims Philippine independence and establishes a series of insurgent governments. On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. In one provision of the treaty, Philippines to the U.S.
1898
- April 21–25 - The Spanish–American War begins. War is officially declared by the United States and by Spain.
- May 1 - Admiral George DeweyGeorge DeweyGeorge Dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War...
destroys the Spanish fleet in the Philippines in the Battle of Manila Bay. - May 3 - In the U.S., a 5,000-man force is recommended to be sent "to occupy the Philippines".
- May 11 - U.S. War Department settles on 12,000 men as the size of the Philippine expedition.
- May 19 - Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation...
returns to the Philippines from exile in Hong Kong where he had been since the failure of the KatipunanKatipunanThe Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night...
revolt of 1892-1896 and the Pact of Biak-na-BatoPact of Biak-na-BatoThe Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution...
. - May 24 - Aguinaldo issues a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and established an insurgent dictatorial government with himself as dictator.
- June 6 - Aguinaldo, with forces besieging Manila, offers Spanish Governor-General Basilo Augistin an opportunity for honorable surrender. Augustin refuses.
- June 12 - The Philippine Declaration of IndependencePhilippine Declaration of IndependenceThe Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo , Cavite, Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of Independence, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the...
is proclaimed by Ambrosio Rizanares Bautista, its author, on behalf of the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines. - June 18 - Aguinaldo issues a decree formally establishing the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.
- June 23 - Aguinaldo issues a decree replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government, with himself as President.
- June 25 - The third of three U.S. expeditions arrives in Manila, bringing. land forces in the country to a total of 10,946 men.
- August 7 and 9 - U.S. commanders issue two surrender ultimatums demanding that Spanish forces surrender Manila.
- August 12 - A Protocol of Peace is signed in Washington D.C. between the U.S. and Spain. U.S. President William McKinleyWilliam McKinleyWilliam McKinley, Jr. was the 25th President of the United States . He is best known for winning fiercely fought elections, while supporting the gold standard and high tariffs; he succeeded in forging a Republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s...
directs that "all operations against the enemy be suspended." Word of this will not reach manila until August 16. - August 13 - In the Battle of ManilaBattle of Manila (1898)The Battle of Manila was a short land engagement between the United States and Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, which occurred a couple of months after the pivotal American victory during the naval Battle of Manila Bay...
, U.S forces take possession of the country's capital. At the conclusion of the battle, U.S. forces control the city and Filipino forces remain in the suburbs. - August 14 - U.S. Major GeneralMajor GeneralMajor general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...
Wesley MerrittWesley MerrittWesley Merritt was a general in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. He is noted for distinguished service in the cavalry.-Early life:...
, at the time commander of U.S. forces in the Philippines, issues a proclamation to the People of the Philippines establishing a government of military occupation by the United States in the Philippines, designating himself as Military Governor. - September 26 - U.S. and Spanish delegations begin negotiations in Paris on a treaty to end the Spanish-American War.
- December 10 - The Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (1898)The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged....
is signed in Paris. In Article III of the treaty, Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands.
1899
- January 20 - Malolos CongressMalolos Congress-Further reading:*Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library...
ratifies Malolos constitution. - January 21 - Emilio Aguinaldo sanctions the Malolos Constitution.
- January 22 - Malolos Constitution is promulgated.
- February 6 - The U.S. Senate approved the Treaty of Paris by a vote of 52 to 27. President McKinley signed it on that day.
- March 19 - Spain ratified the Treaty of Paris when the Queen RegentReagentA reagent is a "substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction, or added to see if a reaction occurs." Although the terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably, a reactant is less specifically a "substance that is consumed in the course of...
María CristinaMaria Christina of AustriaMaria Christina of Austria was Queen consort of Spain as the second wife of King Alfonso XII of Spain...
signed the agreement to break the impasse of the deadlocked Cortes.
Tensions and incidents between U.S. and Philippine forces
1898- August 8 - Eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire. American officers suspected at the time that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements. This was later confirmed by captured insurgent documents.
- August 25 - One American soldier was killed, another mortally wounded and four more slightly wounded in a clash at Cavite between U.S. soldiers and insurgents. Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders.
Start and ending dates
Armed conflict erupted in Manila between U.S. and Filipino forces on February 4, 1898. On that date, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a proclamation ordering, in part, "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war." The ending of the war was not formalized in a treaty by which it can be dated. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces on March 23, 1901, and swore allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, appealing to all Filipinos to accept the "sovereignty of the United States ...". Armed conflict continued, however, until the surrender of the last Filipino general on April 13, 1902. On July 4, 1902, U.S. President Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...
proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, and that July 4 date is often mentioned as the ending date of the war. For purposes of this article, the war is considered to have begun on March 4, 1898, and to have ended on July 4, 1902.
Events
1899- February 4 - General hostilities erupt between U.S. and Filipino forces.
- February 4 - Emilio AguinaldoEmilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation...
proclaims war on U.S. forces. - February 5 - First and largest battle of the Philippine-American War: Battle of ManilaBattle of Manila (1899)The Battle of Manila, the first and largest battle fought during the Philippine–American War, was fought on 4 and February 5, 1899, between 12,000 Americans and 15,000 Filipinos. Armed conflict broke out when American troops, under orders to turn away insurgents from their encampment, fired upon an...
; Americans drive Filipino army out of Manila. - March 29 - American forces capture Malolos, capital of the Philippine Republic on Luzon, driving out Aguinaldo and his government.
- April 9-April 10 - Battle of Santa CruzBattle of Santa Cruz (1899)For the WWII battle of the same name see: Battle of the Santa Cruz IslandsThis Battle of Santa Cruz was a battle fought in the early stages of the Philippine-American War during General Henry W. Lawton's Laguna de Bay Campaign.-Background:...
- U.S. General Henry W. Lawton captures Filipino stronghold of Santa Cruz and pushes into Laguna provinceLaguna provinceLaguna is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is located southeast of Metro Manila, south of the province of Rizal, west of Quezon, north of Batangas and east of Cavite. Laguna almost completely surrounds Laguna de Bay,...
on LuzonLuzonLuzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...
. - April 11 - Battle of PagsanjanBattle of PagsanjanThe Battle of Pagsanjan was a small skirmish between the 1st Battalion of Sharpshooters, under the command of Brigadier General Charles King, and Philippine Nationalists led by Col. Pedro Caballes during the Laguna Campaign of the Philippine-American War....
- American sharpshooters skirmish with Filipinos outside of Pagsanjan, succeeding in driving them out. General Lawton's troops take Pagsanjan in the second action of the Laguna Campaign. - April 12 - Battle of PaeteBattle of PaeteThe Battle of Paete was a small battle fought between American forces, commanded by General Henry W. Lawton, and Philippine nationalists on April 12, 1899, during the Philippine-American War.-Background:...
- General Lawton's forces disperse Filipinos blocking rout to Paete in stiff fight. Paete taken by the Americans. Last action of the Laguna Campaign. - April 23 - Battle of QuinguaBattle of QuinguaThe Battle of Quingua was fought on April 23, 1899, in Quingua — now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines, during the Philippine-American War. The engagement was a two-part battle. The first phase was a brief victory for the young Filipino general Gregorio del Pilar over the American Cavalry led by...
- Philippine General Gregorio del PilarGregorio del PilarGregorio del Pilar y Sempio was one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He is most known for his role and death at the Battle of Tirad Pass...
stops American cavalry scouts on Luzon, but is then routed after an artillery bombardment and infantry ground assault. - June 2 - the Malolos Congress of the First Philippine Republic enacted and ratified a Declaration of WarDeclaration of warA declaration of war is a formal act by which one nation goes to war against another. The declaration is a performative speech act by an authorized party of a national government in order to create a state of war between two or more states.The legality of who is competent to declare war varies...
on the United States, which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno, President of the Assembly. - June 5 - Filipino Generel Antonio LunaAntonio LunaAntonio Luna y Novicio was a Filipino pharmacist and general who fought in the Philippine-American War. He was also the founder of the Philippines's first military academy.- Family background :...
assassinated by Aguinaldo's men. - June 13 - Battle of Zapote BridgeBattle of Zapote BridgeThe Battle of Zapote River, also known as the Battle of Zapote Bridge, was fought on June 13, 1899 between 3,000 Americans and 5,000 Filipinos. It was the second largest battle of the Philippine-American War. Zapote River separates what is now the city of Las Piñas in Metro Manila from Bacoor in...
- On Luzon, Lawton's American forces rout a larger Philippine force under General Maximo Hizon, and inflict heavy casualties on the enemy in 2nd largest battle of the Philippine-American War. - November 11 - Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto (1899)For the battle during the Texas Revolution see: Battle of San JacintoThe Battle of San Jacinto was a battle during the Philippine-American War fought on November 11, 1899, in San Jacinto, Pangasinan, Philippines, between the Filipinos and the United States.-Background:During the fall of 1899,...
- U.S. General Loyd WheatonLoyd WheatonLoyd Wheaton was a United States general who fought in the Philippine-American War and in the Union Army during the American Civil War.-Biography:...
drives Filipinos out of San Jacinto. Luzon. - November 13 - Emilio Aguinaldo decrees that guerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare and refers to conflicts in which a small group of combatants including, but not limited to, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and...
would henceforth be the strategy. - December 2 - Battle of Tirad PassBattle of Tirad PassThe Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the "Philippine Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines, in which a 60-man Filipino rearguard commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar succumbed to 500...
- On Luzon, 60 Filipino patriots under General del Pilar fight off an attack of 500 U.S. Infantry for 5 hours, before nearly all Filipinos are killed, including del Pilar. - December 19 - Battle of PayeBattle of PayeThe Battle of Paye was a battle during the Philippine-American War between the United States and the Philippines. It was fought on December 19, 1899, near San Mateo in Morong between the forces of General Henry Ware Lawton, and 200 Filipino riflemen under General Licerio Gerónimo...
(also known as the Battle of Montalban and the Battle of San Mateo) - For unknown reasons, General Lawton assumed personal command of the expedition, and was struck in the chest and killed when the unit he was with came under fire. The town of Montalban was occupied in the action before Lawton's death, and the town of San Mateo was occupied afterwards. Lawton was the only U.S. fatality in the action.
1900
- April 15 - Siege of CatubigSiege of CatubigThe Siege of Catubig was a long and bloody engagement fought during the Philippine-American War, in which Filipino guerrillas launched a surprise attack against a detachment of U.S. infantry, and then forced them to abandon the town after a four-day siege. It began on April 15, 1900, and lasted...
- Filipino guerrillas launch a surprise attack against a detachment of American soldiers, and, after a four-day siege, force them to evacuate the town of Catubig on Samar. - May - General Arthur MacArthur, Jr.Arthur MacArthur, Jr.Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. , was a United States Army General. He became the military Governor-General of the American-occupied Philippines in 1900 but his term ended a year later due to clashes with the civilian governor, future President William Howard Taft...
replaces General Elwell Stephen Otis as military governor.
nd William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...
arrived as civil governor of "our little brown brothers" (Governor-General of the Philippines
Governor-General of the Philippines
The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935....
) (until 1904)
- June - General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. proclaims 90 day amnesty and offers 30 pesos per rifle. The amnesty pledges "complete immunity for the past and liberty for the future." The results of the amnesty were disappointing. It is suspected that many of the natives surrendering were opportunists collecting bounty for obsolete weapons.
- June 4 - Battle of Macahambus - On Macahambus Gorge in Cagayan de Misamis, Northern Mindanao (present day Cagayan de Oro), Filipinos rout an Americans regiment and inflict heavy casualties, but take less than 5 casualties of their own.
- September 13 - Battle of Pulang LupaBattle of Pulang LupaThe Battle of Pulang Lupa was an engagement fought on September 13, 1900, during the Philippine-American War between the forces of Colonel Maximo Abad and Devereux Shields, in which Abad's men defeated the American force....
- On Makahambus, Filipino resistance fighters under Colonel Maximo Abad ambush 55 American Soldiers, killing, wounding, or capturing all of them. - September 17 - Battle of MabitacBattle of MabitacThe Battle of Mabitac was an engagement in the Philippine-American War, when on September 17, 1900, Filipinos under General Juan Cailles defeated an American force commanded by Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham, Jr....
Filipino forces outmaneuver and route American forces on Luzon. - November 2 - William McKinleyWilliam McKinleyWilliam McKinley, Jr. was the 25th President of the United States . He is best known for winning fiercely fought elections, while supporting the gold standard and high tariffs; he succeeded in forging a Republican coalition that for the most part dominated national politics until the 1930s...
defeats Democrat William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States...
in the presidential electionPresidential electionA presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is president.- United States :The United States has elections on the state and local levels...
. Bryan was hurt by Aguinaldo's endorsement of the Democratic party. Albert Beveridge, the freshman senator from Indiana, emerged during the campaign as the "golden orator" of Republican imperialism, debating Senator George Frisbie HoarGeorge Frisbie HoarGeorge Frisbie Hoar was a prominent United States politician and United States Senator from Massachusetts. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts...
, using his tour of the Philippines to claim direct knowledge of the war, holding out a golden nugget from the islands to prove its potential wealth: "I was there."
1901
- March 23 - Aguinaldo is captured in Palanan, IsabelaPalanan, IsabelaPalanan is a remote 2nd class municipality in the province of Isabela, Philippines. According to the latest census, it has a population of 16,254 people in 2,837 households....
by U.S. forces. - March 5 - Lonoy MassacreLonoy massacreThe Battle of Lonoy in 1901 was a bloody American surprise attack launched on Filipino insurgents that killed over 400 in the Philippine-American War. It was fought in Lonoy on Bohol Island....
- In a reverse ambush, U.S. Infantryman launch a surprise attack on BoholBoholBohol is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of Bohol Island and 75 minor surrounding islands. Its capital is Tagbilaran City. With a land area of and a coastline long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines...
natives and kill over 400. - April 1 - Aguinaldo swears allegiance to the United States.
- April 1 - Aguinaldo appeals to all Filipinos to accept the "sovereignty of the United States ...".
- July 4 - Civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor.
- September 28 - Balangiga MassacreBalangiga massacreThe Balangiga massacre, as it is known in the Philippines, or the Balangiga affair, as it is known in the United States, was an incident in 1901 during the Philippine-American War where more than forty American soldiers were killed in a surprise guerrilla attack in the town of Balangiga on Samar...
- Over 50 Americans are killed in an ambush on SamarSamarSamar, formerly and also known as Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Catbalogan City and covers the western portion of Samar as well as several islands in the Samar Sea located to the west of the mainland...
in the most infamous incident of the war. Gen. Jake "Howling Wilderness" SmithJacob H. SmithGeneral Jacob Hurd Smith was a United States Army officer best known for ordering an indiscriminate retaliatory attack on a group of Filipinos during Philippine-American War after more than forty American soldiers were massacred in a surprise attack on the Island of Samar...
orders retaliation against the Samar civilian population - December 7 - American General J. Franklin BellJ. Franklin BellJames Franklin Bell was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1906 to 1910.Bell was a major-general in the Regular United States Army, commanding the Department of the East, with headquarters at Governors Island, New York at the time of his death in 1919...
begins concentration camp policy in BatangasBatangasBatangas is a first class province of the Philippines located on the southwestern part of Luzon in the CALABARZON region. Its capital is Batangas City and it is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and Laguna to the north and Quezon to the east. Across the Verde Island Passages to the south is the...
on Luzon - everything outside the "dead lines" was systematically destroyed—humans, crops, domestic animals, houses, and boats. A similar policy had been initiated on the island of MarinduqueMarinduqueIn 1945, combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops attacked from the Japanese Troops liberated to the Battle of Marinduque in the Second World War.-Archaeology:...
some months before. The American Anti-imperialist press argues this policy is similar to the reconcentrado policy of Spanish General Valeriano WeylerValeriano WeylerDon Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí and 1st Marquis of Tenerife Don Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí and 1st Marquis of Tenerife Don Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí and 1st Marquis of Tenerife (Seed in Ambos Camarines.-Philippines:In 1888, he was sent out as...
in Cuba and British General Horatio Kitchener in the Second Boer WarSecond Boer WarThe Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State...
in South Africa.
1902
- January 31 - Senator George Frisbie HoarGeorge Frisbie HoarGeorge Frisbie Hoar was a prominent United States politician and United States Senator from Massachusetts. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts...
pushes Congressional investigation by the standing Committee on the Philippines headed by Senator Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot "Slim" Lodge was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. He had the role of Senate Majority leader. He is best known for his positions on Meek policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles...
into alleged cruelties inflicted upon Filipino prisoners by U.S. servicemen. The investigation concluded on June 28, 1902. For two months after this the legal team presenting evidence for the committee compiled its report. This report was released on August 29, 1902. The report is available at Wikisource:Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare. - February 17 - Filipino General Vicente LukbanVicente LukbanVicente Lukbán y Rilles , was a Filipino officer in Emilio Aguinaldo's staff during the Philippine Revolution and the politico-military chief of Samar and Leyte during the Philippine-American War. The Americans credited him as the mastermind of the famous Balangiga massacre, in which more than...
captured on Samar. Resistance continues in the Samar interior. - March 2 - Court-martial of U.S. Marine Major Littleton WallerLittleton WallerLittleton "Tony" Waller Tazewell Waller was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps, who served in the Spanish American War, the Caribbean and Asia. He was court martialled and acquitted for actions during the Philippine-American War where he led a ill-fated expedition across the island...
begins for the January execution of 11 mutinous porters on Samar. Court votes 11-2 for acquittal - April 27 - The last of Samar's guerrillas surrenders.
- Philippine General Miguel MalvarMiguel MalvarMiguel Malvar y Carpio was a Filipino commander who served during the Philippine Revolution and subsequently during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter conflict following the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901...
surrenders in Luzon, followed by 3,000 of his men. Last Filipino general to surrender in the war. - Court-martial of U.S. General Jacob H. SmithJacob H. SmithGeneral Jacob Hurd Smith was a United States Army officer best known for ordering an indiscriminate retaliatory attack on a group of Filipinos during Philippine-American War after more than forty American soldiers were massacred in a surprise attack on the Island of Samar...
for ordering killing of all males over 10 years of age on Samar; convicted; verbally admonished; sent back to U.S; retired from service. - June 16 - U.S. military rule ends; civil government begins.
- July 4 - U.S. President Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltTheodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...
proclaimes a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict
Continuation of conflicts in the post-war period
1904- - Battle of Dolores River - On Samar, 47 Philippine Constabulary Scouts ambushed by 1000 pulajansPulajansThe Pulahan , also known as Dios-Dios, refers to the members of a religious revival of Philippine beliefs that developed in the Visayas prior to the Philippine Revolution. At its peak, it numbered around 10,000–15,000 adherents...
and nearly all killed.
1906
- March 5-March 7 - First Battle of Bud DajoFirst Battle of Bud DajoThe First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Battle of Mt. Dajo, was a counter insurgency action fought by the United States Army against native Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine-American War...
- One-thousand Moros fortify themselves in an extinct volcanic crater on MindanaoMindanaoMindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country, which consists of the island of Mindanao and smaller surrounding islands. The other two are Luzon and the Visayas. The island of Mindanao is called The...
and battle a large number of American soldiers, before virtually all Moros Scouts killed.
1911
- September 1911 - General John J. PershingJohn J. PershingJohn Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB , was a general officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I...
, governor of the Moro province, ordered the complete disarmament of all Moros. - December 1911 - Second Battle of Bud DajoSecond Battle of Bud DajoThe Second Battle of Bud Dajo was a was a counter insurgency action fought by American soldiers against native Moros in December 1911, during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine-American War....
- U.S. forces, in a battle which lasted five days, assaulted and captured a Moro-held defensive position in the Bud Dajao crater.
Postwar governmental evolution
1903- December 23 - William Howard TaftWilliam Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...
, Governor-General of the PhilippinesGovernor-General of the PhilippinesThe Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935....
negotiates with Pope Leo XIIIPope Leo XIIIPope Leo XIII , born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903...
. The United States buys Filipino Dominican friar lands for $7.2 million and resold to Filipinos, mostly to absentee landlords.