Timeline of programming languages - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This is a timeline
Timeline
A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in chronological order, sometimes described as a project artifact . It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labeled with dates alongside itself and events labeled on points where they would have happened.-Uses of timelines:Timelines...

of historically important programming language
Programming language
A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely....

s.

Legend

( Entry ) means a non-universal programming language

* means a unique language (no direct predecessor)

Pre-1950

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
~ Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date... 1837	Analytical Engine order code Analytical engine The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical calculator...	Charles Babbage Charles Babbage Charles Babbage, FRS was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer... and Ada Lovelace Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace , born Augusta Ada Byron, was an English writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine...	*
1943–45	Plankalkül Plankalkül Plankalkül is a computer language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. It was the first high-level non-von Neumann programming language to be designed for a computer. Also, notes survive with scribblings about such a plan calculation dating back to 1941... (concept)	Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941....	*
1943–46	ENIAC coding system	John von Neumann John von Neumann John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,... , John Mauchly John Mauchly John William Mauchly was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.Together they started the first computer company,... , J. Presper Eckert J. Presper Eckert John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr. was an American electrical engineer and computer pioneer. With John Mauchly he invented the first general-purpose electronic digital computer , presented the first course in computing topics , founded the first commercial computer company , and... , Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS , was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a...	*
1946	ENIAC Short Code	Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann John von Neumann John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,... after Alan Turing Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS , was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a...	ENIAC coding system
1946	Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation)	John von Neumann John von Neumann John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath who made major contributions to a vast number of fields, including set theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics, ergodic theory, geometry, fluid dynamics, economics and game theory, computer science, numerical analysis,... and Herman Goldstine	ENIAC coding system
1947	ARC Assembly	Kathleen Booth Kathleen Booth Kathleen Booth is sometimes credited with writing the first assembly language and the design of the assembler and autocode for the Birkbeck College computers, University of London....	ENIAC coding system
1948	CPC Coding scheme	Howard H. Aiken	Analytical Engine order code
1948	Curry notation system	Haskell Curry Haskell Curry Haskell Brooks Curry was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic; while the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel, much of the development was done by Curry. Curry is also known for Curry's...	ENIAC coding system
1948	Plankalkül Plankalkül Plankalkül is a computer language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. It was the first high-level non-von Neumann programming language to be designed for a computer. Also, notes survive with scribblings about such a plan calculation dating back to 1941... (concept published)	Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941....	*
1949	Brief Code Short Code (Computer language) Short Code was one of the first higher-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematic expressions rather than a machine instruction.-History:...	John Mauchly John Mauchly John William Mauchly was an American physicist who, along with J. Presper Eckert, designed ENIAC, the first general purpose electronic digital computer, as well as EDVAC, BINAC and UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer made in the United States.Together they started the first computer company,... and William F. Schmitt	ENIAC Short Code
1949	C-10	Betty Holberton Betty Holberton Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.-Early life and education:...	ENIAC Short Code
1949	Seeber coding scheme (concept)	Robert Seeber	CPC Coding scheme
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

1950s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
1950	Short Code Short Code (Computer language) Short Code was one of the first higher-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematic expressions rather than a machine instruction.-History:...	William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan	Brief Code
1950	Birkbeck Assembler	Kathleen Booth Kathleen Booth Kathleen Booth is sometimes credited with writing the first assembly language and the design of the assembler and autocode for the Birkbeck College computers, University of London....	ARC
1951	Superplan	Heinz Rutishauser Heinz Rutishauser Heinz Rutishauser was a Swiss mathematician and a pioneer of modern numerical mathematics and computer science.- Life :...	Plankalkül
1951	ALGAE Algae Algae are a large and diverse group of simple, typically autotrophic organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelps that grow to 65 meters in length. They are photosynthetic like plants, and "simple" because their tissues are not organized into the many...	Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke	*
1951	Intermediate Programming Language	Arthur Burks Arthur Burks Arthur Walter Burks was an American mathematician who in the 1940s as a senior engineer on the project contributed to the design of the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. Decades later, Burks and his wife Alice Burks outlined their case for the subject matter of the...	Short Code
1951	Regional Assembly Language	Maurice Wilkes	EDSAC
1951	Boehm unnamed coding system	Corrado Böhm Corrado Böhm Corrado Böhm , Professor Emeritus at the University of Rome "La Sapienza", is a computer scientist known especially for his contributions to the theory of structured programming, constructive mathematics, combinatory logic, lambda-calculus, and the semantics and implementation of functional...	CPC Coding scheme
1951	Klammerausdrücke	Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, which became operational in May 1941....	Plankalkül
1951	OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler	Charles Katz	Short Code
1951	Stanislaus (Notation)	Fritz Bauer Friedrich L. Bauer Friedrich Ludwig Bauer is a German computer scientist and professor emeritus at Technical University of Munich.-Life:...	*
1951	Whirlwind assembler	Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in... Project Whirlwind Whirlwind (computer) The Whirlwind computer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is the first computer that operated in real time, used video displays for output, and the first that was not simply an electronic replacement of older mechanical systems...	EDSAC
1951	Rochester assembler	Nat Rochester	EDSAC
1951	Sort Merge Generator Sort Merge Generator The Sort Merge Generator was an application developed by Betty Holberton in 1951 for the Univac I and is one of the first examples of using a computer to create a computer program. The input to the application was a specification of files and the kind of sort and merge operations to use and the...	Betty Holberton Betty Holberton Frances Elizabeth "Betty" Holberton was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.-Early life and education:...	*
1952	A-0	Grace Hopper Grace Hopper Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language...	C-10 and Short Code
1952	Autocode Autocode Autocode is the name of a family of "simplified coding systems", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of digital computers at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge...	Alick Glennie Alick Glennie Alick Edwards Glennie was a British computer scientist, most famous for having developed Autocode, which many people regard as the first ever computer compiler. Glennie worked with Alan Turing on several projects, including the Manchester Mark 1... after Alan Turing Alan Turing Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS , was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a...	CPC Coding scheme
1952	Editing Generator	Milly Koss	SORT/MERGE
1952	COMPOOL	RAND/SDC	*
1953	Speedcoding Speedcoding Speedcoding or Speedcode was the first higher-level language created for an IBM computer. The language was developed by John Backus in 1953 for the IBM 701 to support computation with floating point numbers....	John W. Backus John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax.He also did research in...	*
1953	READ/PRINT	Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman	*
1954	Laning and Zierler system Laning and Zierler system The Laning and Zierler system was one of the first operating algebraic compilers, that is, a system capable of accepting mathematical formulae in algebraic notation and producing equivalent machine code. It was implemented in 1954 for the MIT WHIRLWIND by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zierler...	Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in... Project Whirlwind Whirlwind (computer) The Whirlwind computer was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is the first computer that operated in real time, used video displays for output, and the first that was not simply an electronic replacement of older mechanical systems...	*
1954	Mark I Autocode Autocode Autocode is the name of a family of "simplified coding systems", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of digital computers at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge...	Tony Brooker Tony Brooker Tony Brooker graduated in Mathematics from Imperial College in 1945 and returned there in 1947 as Assistant Lecturer. His first computer project was the construction of a fast multiplier unit from electro-mechanical relays. This was taken over by Professor K D Tocher and incorporated into ICCE, the...	Glennie Autocode
1954–55	Fortran Fortran Fortran is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing... (concept)	Team led by John W. Backus John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax.He also did research in... at IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	Speedcoding
1954	ARITH-MATIC ARITH-MATIC ARITH-MATIC is an extension of Grace Hopper's A-2 programming language, developed around 1955. ARITH-MATIC was originally known as A-3, but was renamed by the marketing department of Remington Rand UNIVAC.-External links:*...	Team led by Grace Hopper Grace Hopper Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language... at UNIVAC	A-0
1954	MATH-MATIC MATH-MATIC MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 compiler. Early programming language for UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. Intended as an improvement over FORTRAN. Created by a group led by Charles Katz in 1957....	Team led by Charles Katz	A-0
1954	MATRIX MATH	H G Kahrimanian	*
1954	IPL I Information Processing Language Information Processing Language is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956... (concept)	Allen Newell Allen Newell Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology... , Cliff Shaw Cliff Shaw J.C. Shaw was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation. He is a coauthor of the first artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist, and was one of the developers of Information Processing Language, a programming language of the 1950s. It is considered the true "father" of the JOSS... , Herbert Simon Herbert Simon Herbert Alexander Simon was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics,...	*
1955	FLOW-MATIC FLOW-MATIC FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 , was the first English-like data processing language. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand under Grace Hopper.-Development:...	Team led by Grace Hopper Grace Hopper Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, and developed the first compiler for a computer programming language... at UNIVAC	A-0
1955	BACAIC	M. Grems and R. Porter
1955	PACT I	SHARE SHARE (computing) SHARE Inc. is a volunteer-run user group for IBM mainframe computers that was founded in 1955 by Los Angeles-area IBM 701 users. It evolved into a forum for exchanging technical information about programming languages, operating systems, database systems, and user experiences for enterprise users...	FORTRAN, A-2
1955–56	Sequentielle Formelübersetzung	Fritz Bauer Friedrich L. Bauer Friedrich Ludwig Bauer is a German computer scientist and professor emeritus at Technical University of Munich.-Life:... and Karl Samelson	Boehm
1955–56	IT	Team led by Alan Perlis Alan Perlis Alan Jay Perlis was an American computer scientist known for his pioneering work in programming languages and the first recipient of the Turing Award.-Biography:...	Laning and Zierler
1955	PRINT	IBM
1958	IPL II Information Processing Language Information Processing Language is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956... (implementation)	Allen Newell Allen Newell Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology... , Cliff Shaw Cliff Shaw J.C. Shaw was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation. He is a coauthor of the first artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist, and was one of the developers of Information Processing Language, a programming language of the 1950s. It is considered the true "father" of the JOSS... , Herbert Simon Herbert Simon Herbert Alexander Simon was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics,...	IPL I
1956–58	LISP (concept)	John McCarthy John McCarthy (computer scientist) John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He coined the term "artificial intelligence" , invented the Lisp programming language and was highly influential in the early development of AI.McCarthy also influenced other areas of computing such as time sharing systems...	IPL
1957	COMTRAN COMTRAN COMTRAN is an early programming language developed at IBM. It was intended as the business programming equivalent of the scientific programming language FORTRAN . It served as one of the forerunners to the COBOL language...	Bob Bemer Bob Bemer Robert William Bemer was a computer scientist best known for his work at IBM during the late 1950s and early 1960s.-Biography:...	FLOW-MATIC
1957	Fortran I (implementation)	John W. Backus John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax.He also did research in... at IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	FORTRAN
1957–58	UNICODE	Remington Rand UNIVAC	MATH-MATIC
1957	COMIT COMIT COMIT was the first string processing language , developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957-1965. Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine... (concept)		*
1958	Fortran II	Team led by John W. Backus John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax.He also did research in... at IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	FORTRAN I
1958	ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60... (IAL)	ACM/GAMM	FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelübersetzung
1958	IPL V Information Processing Language Information Processing Language is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956...	Allen Newell Allen Newell Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology... , Cliff Shaw Cliff Shaw J.C. Shaw was a systems programmer at the RAND Corporation. He is a coauthor of the first artificial intelligence program, the Logic Theorist, and was one of the developers of Information Processing Language, a programming language of the 1950s. It is considered the true "father" of the JOSS... , Herbert Simon Herbert Simon Herbert Alexander Simon was an American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist, and professor—most notably at Carnegie Mellon University—whose research ranged across the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science, computer science, public administration, economics,...	IPL II
1959	FACT FACT computer language FACT was an early computer programming language, created by the Datamatic Division of Minneapolis Honeywell for its model 800 series business computers in 1959. FACT was an acronym for "Fully Automated Compiling Technique"...	Fletcher R. Jones Fletcher R. Jones Fletcher Roseberry Jones was an American businessman, computer pioneer and thoroughbred racehorse owner.Born in Bryan, Texas, he was the third of three children of an impoverished Depression era family. He graduated from Allen Military Academy in 1949, then studied at university for two years but... , Roy Nutt Roy Nutt Roy Nutt was an American businessman and computer pioneer who co-founded Computer Sciences Corporation and was a co-creator of FORTRAN.... , Robert L. Patrick	*
1959	COBOL COBOL COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments.... (concept)	The CODASYL CODASYL CODASYL is an acronym for "Conference on Data Systems Languages". This was a consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers... Committee	FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT
1959	JOVIAL JOVIAL JOVIAL is a high-order computer programming language similar to ALGOL, but specialized for the development of embedded systems .JOVIAL is an acronym for "Jules Own Version of the International...	Jules Schwartz at SDC System Development Corporation System Development Corporation , based in Santa Monica, California, was considered the world's first computer software company.SDC started in 1955 as the systems engineering group for the SAGE air defense ground system at the RAND Corporation...	ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60...
1959	LISP (implementation)	John McCarthy John McCarthy (computer scientist) John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He coined the term "artificial intelligence" , invented the Lisp programming language and was highly influential in the early development of AI.McCarthy also influenced other areas of computing such as time sharing systems...	IPL
1959	MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder	Arden Bruce Arden Bruce W. Arden is an American computer scientist.He graduated from Purdue University with a BS in 1949 and started his computing career in 1950 with the wiring and programming of IBM's hybrid at the Allison Division of General Motors... , Galler Bernard Galler Bernard A. Galler was an American mathematician and computer scientist at the University of Michigan who was involved in the development of large-scale operating systems and computer languages including the MAD programming language and the Michigan Terminal System operating system.He attended the... , and Graham Robert M. Graham Robert M. Graham is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts. He was born to a Scottish emigrant....	ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58 ALGOL 58, originally known as IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60...
1959	TRAC (concept)	Mooers Calvin Mooers Calvin Northrup Mooers , was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC....
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

1960s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
1960	ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It gave rise to many other programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula, C, and many others. ALGOL 58 introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them...		ALGOL 58
1960	COBOL 61 COBOL COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments.... (implementation)	The CODASYL CODASYL CODASYL is an acronym for "Conference on Data Systems Languages". This was a consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers... Committee	FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
1961	COMIT COMIT COMIT was the first string processing language , developed on the IBM 700/7000 series computers by Dr. Victor Yngve and collaborators at MIT from 1957-1965. Yngve created the language for supporting computerized research in the field of linguistics, and more specifically, the area of machine... (implementation)		*
1962	Fortran IV		FORTRAN II
1962	APL (concept)	Iverson Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth Eugene Iverson was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the APL programming language in 1962. He was honored with the Turing Award in 1979 for his contributions to mathematical notation and programming language theory...	*
1962	Simula Simula Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard... (concept)		ALGOL 60
1962	SNOBOL SNOBOL SNOBOL is a generic name for the computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4...	Griswold Ralph Griswold Ralph E. Griswold was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an... , et al.	FORTRAN II, COMIT
1963	CPL Combined Programming Language CPL was a multi-paradigm programming language, that was developed in the early 1960s.- Design :...	Barron, Strachey Christopher Strachey Christopher Strachey was a British computer scientist. He was one of the founders of denotational semantics, and a pioneer in programming language design... , et al.	ALGOL 60
1963	SNOBOL SNOBOL SNOBOL is a generic name for the computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4... 3	Griswold Ralph Griswold Ralph E. Griswold was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an... , et al.	SNOBOL
1963	ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 isan imperative computerprogramming language that was conceived as a successor to theALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a... (concept)	van Wijngaarden Adriaan van Wijngaarden Adriaan van Wijngaarden was an important mathematician and computer scientist who is considered by many to have been the founding father of informatica in the Netherlands... , et al.	ALGOL 60
1963	JOSS I JOSS JOSS was one of the very first interactive, time sharing programming languages.JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963...	Cliff Shaw, RAND RAND RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States armed forces by Douglas Aircraft Company. It is currently financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations including the healthcare industry, universities...	ALGOL 58
1964	MIMIC MIMIC This article is about the programming language. For the vaccine development tool, see MIMIC .MIMIC, known in capitalized form only, is a former simulation computer language developed 1964 by H. E. Petersen, F. J. Sansom and L. M. Warshawsky of Systems Engineering Group within the Air Force...	H. E. Petersen, et al.	MIDAS
1964	COWSEL COWSEL COWSEL is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on a RPN form of Lisp combined with some ideas from CPL....	Burstall Rod Burstall Rodney Martineau Burstall is one of four founders of the Edinburgh Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science.He was an early and influential proponent of functional programming, pattern matching, and list comprehension, and is known for his work with Robin Popplestone on POP, an innovative... , Popplestone Robin Popplestone Robin John Popplestone was a pioneer in the fields of machine intelligence and robotics. He developed the POP programming languages....	CPL, LISP
1964	PL/I PL/I PL/I is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications... (concept)	IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
1964	BASIC BASIC BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....	Kemeny John George Kemeny John George Kemeny was a Hungarian American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in... and Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz is an American computer scientist who co-developed the BASIC programming language during 1963 to 1964, together with John G. Kemeny....	FORTRAN II, JOSS
1964	IBM RPG	IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	FARGO
1964	Mark-IV	Informatics Sterling Software Sterling Software was an American software company founded in Dallas, Texas in 1981 by Sterling Williams and brothers Sam and Charles Wyly. The company was acquired by Computer Associates International in 2000 in a stock-for-stock transaction worth $3.3 billion.Computer Associates sold Sterling...
1964	Speakeasy-2 Speakeasy (computational environment) Speakeasy is a numerical computing interactive environment also featuring an interpreted programming language. It was initially developed for internal use at the Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory by the theoretical physicist Stanley Cohen...	Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory is the first science and engineering research national laboratory in the United States, receiving this designation on July 1, 1946. It is the largest national laboratory by size and scope in the Midwest...	Speakeasy
1964	TRAC (implementation)	Mooers Calvin Mooers Calvin Northrup Mooers , was an American computer scientist known for his work in information retrieval and for the programming language TRAC....
1964?	IITRAN IITRAN IITRAN was a programming language created in the mid 1960s. It was designed as a first language for students, and its syntax resembled that of PL/I. The name derives from Illinois Institute of Technology, where it was developed....
1965	MAD/I (concept)	University of Michigan University of Michigan The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...	MAD, ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages. It gave rise to many other programming languages, including BCPL, B, Pascal, Simula, C, and many others. ALGOL 58 introduced code blocks and the begin and end pairs for delimiting them... , PL/I PL/I PL/I is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications...
1965	TELCOMP TELCOMP TELCOMP was a programming language developed at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in about 1965 and in use until at least 1974.It was an interactive, conversational language based on JOSS, developed by BBN after Cliff Shaw from RAND visited the labs in 1964 as part of the NIH survey...	BBN BBN Technologies BBN Technologies is a high-technology company which provides research and development services. BBN is based next to Fresh Pond in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA...	JOSS
1966	JOSS II JOSS JOSS was one of the very first interactive, time sharing programming languages.JOSS I, developed by J. Clifford Shaw at RAND was first implemented, in beta form, on the JOHNNIAC computer in May 1963...	Chuck Baker, RAND RAND RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States armed forces by Douglas Aircraft Company. It is currently financed by the U.S. government and private endowment, corporations including the healthcare industry, universities...	JOSS I
1966	ALGOL W ALGOL W ALGOL W is a programming language. It was based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and C. A. R. Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60 in IFIP Working Group 2.1. When the committee decided that the proposal was not a sufficient advance over ALGOL 60, the proposal was published as A contribution...	Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth... , C. A. R. Hoare C. A. R. Hoare Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare , commonly known as Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, is a British computer scientist best known for the development of Quicksort, one of the world's most widely used sorting algorithms...	ALGOL 60
1966	Fortran 66		FORTRAN IV
1966	ISWIM ISWIM ISWIM is an abstract computer programming language devised by Peter J. Landin and first described in his article, The Next 700 Programming Languages, published in the Communications of the ACM in 1966... (Concept)	Landin Peter J. Landin Peter John Landin was a British computer scientist. He was one of the first to realize that the lambda calculus could be used to model a programming language, an insight that is essential to development of both functional programming and denotational semantics.- Academic :Landin was born in...	LISP
1966	CORAL66		ALGOL 60
1967	BCPL BCPL BCPL is a procedural, imperative, and structured computer programming language designed by Martin Richards of the University of Cambridge in 1966.- Design :...	Richards	CPL
1967	MUMPS MUMPS MUMPS , or alternatively M, is a programming language created in the late 1960s, originally for use in the healthcare industry. It was designed for the production of multi-user database-driven applications...	Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital is a teaching hospital and biomedical research facility in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts...	FORTRAN, TELCOMP
1967	APL (implementation)	Iverson Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth Eugene Iverson was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the APL programming language in 1962. He was honored with the Turing Award in 1979 for his contributions to mathematical notation and programming language theory...	*
1967	Simula 67 Simula Simula is a name for two programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard... (implementation)	Dahl Ole-Johan Dahl Ole-Johan Dahl was a Norwegian computer scientist and is considered to be one of the fathers of Simula and object-oriented programming along with Kristen Nygaard.- Career :... , Myhrhaug, Nygaard Kristen Nygaard Kristen Nygaard was a Norwegian computer scientist, programming language pioneer and politician. He was born in Oslo and died of a heart attack in 2002.-Object-oriented programming:... at Norsk Regnesentral Norwegian Computing Center Norwegian Computing Center is a private, independent, non-profit research foundation founded in 1952. NR carries out contract research and development in the areas of computing and quantitative methods for a broad range of industrial, commercial and public service organisations in the national...	ALGOL 60
1967	InterLisp Interlisp Interlisp was a programming environment built around a version of the Lisp programming language. Interlisp development began in 1967 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman in Cambridge, Massachusetts as BBN LISP, which ran on PDP-10 machines running the TENEX operating system...	D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy	Lisp
1967	SNOBOL SNOBOL SNOBOL is a generic name for the computer programming languages developed between 1962 and 1967 at AT&T Bell Laboratories by David J. Farber, Ralph E. Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky, culminating in SNOBOL4... 4	Griswold Ralph Griswold Ralph E. Griswold was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an... , et al.	SNOBOL3
1967	XPL XPL XPL is a dialect of the PL/I programming language, developed in 1967, used for the development of compilers for computer languages. It was designed and implemented by a team with , James J. Horning, and at Stanford University and the University of California, Santa Cruz...	W. M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California University of California The University of California is a public university system in the U.S. state of California. Under the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public higher education system, which also includes the California State University... Santa Cruz, California Santa Cruz, California Santa Cruz is the county seat and largest city of Santa Cruz County, California in the US. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Santa Cruz had a total population of 59,946... J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University Stanford University The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...	PL/I
1968	ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 isan imperative computerprogramming language that was conceived as a successor to theALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a... (UNESCO UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations... /IFIP International Federation for Information Processing The International Federation for Information Processing is an umbrella organization for national societies working in the field of information technology. It is a non-governmental, non-profit organization with offices in Laxenburg, Austria... standard)	A. van Wijngaarden Adriaan van Wijngaarden Adriaan van Wijngaarden was an important mathematician and computer scientist who is considered by many to have been the founding father of informatica in the Netherlands... , B.J. Mailloux Barry J. Mailloux Barry James Mailloux obtained his M.Sc in Numerical Analysis in 1963.From 1966 he studied at Amsterdam's Mathematisch Centrum under Adriaan van Wijngaarden.... , J.E.L. Peck John E. L. Peck John E. L. Peck was the first permanent Head of Department of Computer Science at the University of British Columbia. He remained the Head of Department from 1969 to 1977.... and Cornelis H. A. Koster Cornelis H. A. Koster Cornelis Hermanus Antonius "Kees" Koster is a professor in the Department of Informatics of the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands.... , et al.	ALGOL 60
1968	POP-1 COWSEL COWSEL is a programming language designed between 1964 and 1966 by Robin Popplestone. It was based on a RPN form of Lisp combined with some ideas from CPL....	Burstall Rod Burstall Rodney Martineau Burstall is one of four founders of the Edinburgh Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science.He was an early and influential proponent of functional programming, pattern matching, and list comprehension, and is known for his work with Robin Popplestone on POP, an innovative... , Popplestone Robin Popplestone Robin John Popplestone was a pioneer in the fields of machine intelligence and robotics. He developed the POP programming languages....	COWSEL
1968	DIBOL-8 DIBOL DiBOL or Digital's Business Oriented Language is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language, which is well-suited for Management Information Systems software development. It has a syntax similar to FORTRAN and BASIC, along with BCD arithmetic...	DEC Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation was a major American company in the computer industry and a leading vendor of computer systems, software and peripherals from the 1960s to the 1990s...	DIBOL
1968	Forth (concept)	Moore Charles H. Moore Charles H. Moore is the inventor of the Forth programming language.- Biography :In 1968, while employed at the United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Moore invented the initial version of the Forth language to help control radio telescopes...
1968	LOGO Logo (programming language) Logo is a multi-paradigm computer programming language used in education. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language; some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. It was originally conceived and written as functional programming language, and drove a mechanical turtle as an output...	Papert Seymour Papert Seymour Papert is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and educator. He is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, as well as an inventor of the Logo programming language....	LISP
1968	MAPPER MAPPER MAPPER is a database management and reporting system that includes the world's first 4GL. Developed in-house by the UNIVAC Division of Sperry Corporation, MAPPER's heritage dates back to the 1960s when Louis Schlueter conceived the CRT RPS as a means to help Sperry/Univac manage...	Unisys Unisys Unisys Corporation , headquartered in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware, is a long established business whose core products now involves computing and networking.-History:...	CRT RPS
1968	REFAL Refal Refal "is a functional programming language oriented toward symbol manipulation", including "string processing, translation, [and] artificial intelligence". It is one of the oldest members of this family, first conceived in 1966 as a theoretical tool with the first implementation appearing in 1968... (implementation)	Valentin Turchin Valentin Turchin Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin was a Soviet and American cybernetician and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation...	*
1969	PL/I PL/I PL/I is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and systems programming applications... (implementation)	IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
1969	B	Ken Thompson Ken Thompson Kenneth Lane Thompson , commonly referred to as ken in hacker circles, is an American pioneer of computer science... , with contributions from Dennis Ritchie Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie , was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era." He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system...	BCPL
1969	PPL Polymorphic Programming Language The Polymorphic Programming Language was developed in 1969 at Harvard University by Thomas A. Standish. It is an interactive, extensible language with a base language similar to APL....	Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
1969	SETL SETL SETL is a very-high level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets. It was originally developed by Jack Schwartz at the NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s....	Jack Schwartz Jack Schwartz Jacob Theodore "Jack" Schwartz was an American mathematician, computer scientist, and professor of computer science at the New York University Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. He was the designer of the SETL programming language and the NYU Ultracomputer... at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences The Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences is an independent division of New York University under the Faculty of Arts & Science that serves as a center for research and advanced training in computer science and mathematics...
1969	TUTOR	Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is a large public research-intensive university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system...
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

1970s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
1970?	Forth (implementation)	Moore Charles H. Moore Charles H. Moore is the inventor of the Forth programming language.- Biography :In 1968, while employed at the United States National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Moore invented the initial version of the Forth language to help control radio telescopes...
1970	POP-2 POP-2 POP-2, often referred to as POP2 was a programming language developed around 1970 from the earlier language POP-1 by Robin Popplestone and Rod Burstall at the University of Edinburgh. It drew roots from many sources: the languages LISP and ALGOL 60, and theoretical ideas from Landin...		POP-1
1970	Pascal Pascal (programming language) Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.A derivative known as Object Pascal...	Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth... , Jensen	ALGOL 60, ALGOL W
1971	KRL	Daniel G. Bobrow Daniel G. Bobrow Daniel Gureasko Bobrow is a Research Fellow in the Intelligent Systems Laboratory of the Palo Alto Research Center, and is amongst other things known for creating an oft-cited artificial intelligence program STUDENT, with which he earned his PhD.... at Xerox PARC Xerox PARC PARC , formerly Xerox PARC, is a research and co-development company in Palo Alto, California, with a distinguished reputation for its contributions to information technology and hardware systems.... , Terry Winograd Terry Winograd Terry Allen Winograd is an American professor of computer science at Stanford University, and co-director of the Stanford Human-Computer Interaction Group... at Stanford University Stanford University The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...	KM KM programming language KM, the Knowledge Machine, is a frame-based language used for knowledge representation work.It has first-order logic semantics, and includes machinery for reasoning, including selection by description, unification, classification, and reasoning about actions... , FRL (MIT)
1971	Sue	Holt Ric Holt Richard C. "Ric" Holt is a computer science professor.Ric Holt was one of the original developers of the Turing programming language, , Euclid programming language, SP/k, and of the S/SL programming language... et al. at University of Toronto University of Toronto The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada...	Pascal, XPL
1972	Smalltalk Smalltalk Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist...	Xerox PARC	Simula 67
1972	PL/M PL/M The PL/M programming languageis a high-level language developed byGary Kildall in 1972 for Intel for its microprocessors....	Kildall Gary Kildall Gary Arlen Kildall was an American computer scientist and microcomputer entrepreneur who created the CP/M operating system and founded Digital Research, Inc.... at Digital Research Digital Research Digital Research, Inc. was the company created by Dr. Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related products. It was the first large software company in the microcomputer world...	PL/I, ALGOL, XPL
1972	C C (programming language) C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system....	Dennis Ritchie Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie , was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era." He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system...	B, BCPL, ALGOL 68
1972	INTERCAL INTERCAL INTERCAL, a programming language parody, is an esoteric programming language that was created by Don Woods and James M. Lyon, two Princeton University students, in 1972. It satirizes aspects of the various programming languages at the time, as well as the proliferation of proposed language...	Don Woods and James M. Lyon James M. Lyon James M. Lyon is an American perennial hacker and computer programmer. Jim teamed with Don Woods while both were attending Princeton in 1972 to produce the unprecedented, excursive INTERCAL programming language...	*
1972	Prolog Prolog Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of...	Colmerauer Alain Colmerauer Alain Colmerauer is a French computer scientist.After completing his Ph.D. at the University of Grenoble, he spent 1967–1970 as Assistant Professor at the University of Montreal, where he created Q-Systems, one of the earliest linguistic formalisms used in the development of the TAUM-METEO machine...	2-level W-Grammar
1972	SQL SQL SQL is a programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems .... aka structured query language	IBM IBM International Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...	Ingres
1973	COMAL COMAL COMAL is a computer programming language developed in Denmark by Benedict Løfstedt and Børge R. Christensen in 1973.The "COMAL 80 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE REPORT" contains the formal definition of the language.- Design :...	Christensen, Løfstedt	Pascal, BASIC
1973	ML	Robin Milner Robin Milner Arthur John Robin Gorell Milner FRS FRSE was a prominent British computer scientist.-Life, education and career:...
1973	LIS LIS (programming language) LIS was a system implementation programming language designed by Jean Ichbiah, who later designed Ada....	Ichbiah Jean Ichbiah Jean David Ichbiah was a French-born computer scientist and the chief designer of Ada, a general-purpose, strongly typed programming language with certified validated compilers.... et al. at CII Honeywell Bull Groupe Bull -External links:* * — Friends, co-workers and former employees of Bull and Honeywell* *...	Pascal, Sue
1973	Speakeasy-3 Speakeasy (computational environment) Speakeasy is a numerical computing interactive environment also featuring an interpreted programming language. It was initially developed for internal use at the Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory by the theoretical physicist Stanley Cohen...	Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory is the first science and engineering research national laboratory in the United States, receiving this designation on July 1, 1946. It is the largest national laboratory by size and scope in the Midwest...	Speakeasy-2
1974	GRASS	DeFanti Thomas A. DeFanti Tom DeFanti is a computer graphics researcher and pioneer. His work has ranged from early computer animation, to scientific visualization, virtual reality, and grid computing...	BASIC
1974	BASIC FOUR MAI Basic Four MAI Basic Four refers to a variety of Business Basic, the computers that ran it, and the company that sold them .Basic/Four Corporation was created as a subsidiary of Management Assistance, Inc. in Irvine, California...	MAI BASIC Four Inc.	Business BASIC
1975	ABC	Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens Lambert Meertens Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore Meertens is a Dutch computer scientist and professor.While still a student at the Ignatius Gymnasium in Amsterdam, Meertens designed a computer, together with his classmate Kees Koster....	SETL SETL SETL is a very-high level programming language based on the mathematical theory of sets. It was originally developed by Jack Schwartz at the NYU Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in the late 1960s....
1975	Scheme	Sussman Gerald Jay Sussman Gerald Jay Sussman is the Panasonic Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He received his S.B. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from MIT in 1968 and 1973 respectively. He has been involved in artificial intelligence research at MIT since 1964... , Steele Guy L. Steele, Jr. Guy Lewis Steele Jr. , also known as "The Great Quux", and GLS , is an American computer scientist who has played an important role in designing and documenting several computer programming languages.-Biography:...	LISP
1975	Altair BASIC Altair BASIC Altair BASIC was an interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the MITS Altair 8800 and subsequent S-100 bus computers. It was Microsoft's first product , distributed by MITS under a contract...	Gates Bill Gates William Henry "Bill" Gates III is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen... , Allen Paul Allen Paul Gardner Allen is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. Allen co-founded Microsoft with Bill Gates...	BASIC
1975	CS-4	Miller, Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics Intermetrics Intermetrics, Inc. was a software company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1969 by several veterans of M.I.T.'s Instrumentation Laboratory who had worked on the software for NASA's Apollo Program including the Apollo Guidance Computer....	ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL
1975	Modula Modula The Modula programming language is a descendent of the Pascal programming language. It was developed in Switzerland in the late 1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person who designed Pascal...	Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth...	Pascal
1976	Plus Plus (programming language) Plus is a "Pascal-like" system implementation language from the University of British Columbia , Canada, based on the SUE system language developed at the University of Toronto, circa 1971.- Description :...	Allan Ballard, Paul Whaley at the University of British Columbia University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia is a public research university. UBC’s two main campuses are situated in Vancouver and in Kelowna in the Okanagan Valley...	Pascal, Sue
1976	Smalltalk Smalltalk Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist... -76	Xerox PARC	Smalltalk-72
1976	SAM76 SAM76 SAM76 is a macro programming language used from the late 1970s to the present 2007 initially ran on CP/M.The SAM76 language is a list and string processor designed for interactive and user-directed applications, including artificial intelligence programming, and permits high portability from...	Claude A.R. Kagan	LISP, TRAC
1976	Ratfor Ratfor Ratfor is a programming language implemented as a preprocessor for Fortran 66. It provided modern control structures, unavailable in Fortran 66, to replace GOTOs and statement numbers.- Features :...	Kernighan Brian Kernighan Brian Wilson Kernighan is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix. He is also coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. The 'K' of K&R C and the 'K' in AWK both stand for...	C, FORTRAN
1976	S	John Chambers John Chambers (programmer) John M. Chambers is the creator of the S programming language, and core member of the R programming language project. He was awarded the 1998 ACM Software System Award for developing S... at Bell Labs Bell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research and development subsidiary of the French-owned Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company , half-owned through its Western Electric manufacturing subsidiary.Bell Laboratories operates its...	APL, PPL, Scheme
1977	FP FP (programming language) FP is a programming language created by John Backus to support the function-level programming paradigm...	John Backus John Backus John Warner Backus was an American computer scientist. He directed the team that invented the first widely used high-level programming language and was the inventor of the Backus-Naur form , the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax.He also did research in...	*
1977	Bourne Shell Bourne shell The Bourne shell, or sh, was the default Unix shell of Unix Version 7 and most Unix-like systems continue to have /bin/sh - which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell - even when more modern shells are used by most users.Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T... (sh)	Bourne Stephen R. Bourne Steve Bourne is a computer scientist, originally from the United Kingdom and based in the US for most of his career. He is most famous as the author of the Bourne shell , which is the foundation for the standard command line interfaces to Unix....	*
1977	Commodore BASIC Commodore BASIC Commodore BASIC, also known as PET BASIC, is the dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computer line, stretching from the PET of 1977 to the C128 of 1985...	Jack Tramiel Jack Tramiel Jack Tramiel is an American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International - manufacturer of the Commodore PET, Commodore 64, Commodore 128, Commodore Amiga, and other Commodore models of home computers.-Biography:...	Licenced from Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...
1977	IDL	David Stern of Research Systems Inc	Fortran
1977	Standard MUMPS MUMPS MUMPS , or alternatively M, is a programming language created in the late 1960s, originally for use in the healthcare industry. It was designed for the production of multi-user database-driven applications...		MUMPS
1977	Icon (concept)	Griswold Ralph Griswold Ralph E. Griswold was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an...	SNOBOL
1977	Green Green (programming language) Green is a statically-typed object-oriented programming language which supports garbage collection, assertions, methods with variable number of parameters, parameterized classes, metaobjects, introspective reflection, and classes as first-class objects...	Ichbiah Jean Ichbiah Jean David Ichbiah was a French-born computer scientist and the chief designer of Ada, a general-purpose, strongly typed programming language with certified validated compilers.... et al. at CII Honeywell Bull Groupe Bull -External links:* * — Friends, co-workers and former employees of Bull and Honeywell* *... for US Dept of Defense United States Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense is the U.S...	ALGOL 68, LIS
1977	Red	Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics Intermetrics Intermetrics, Inc. was a software company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1969 by several veterans of M.I.T.'s Instrumentation Laboratory who had worked on the software for NASA's Apollo Program including the Apollo Guidance Computer.... for US Dept of Defense United States Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense is the U.S...	ALGOL 68, CS-4
1977	Blue	Goodenough John B. Goodenough John Bannister Goodenough is an American professor and prominent solid-state physicist. He is currently a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at the University of Texas at Austin... et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense United States Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense is the U.S...	ALGOL 68
1977	Yellow	Spitzen et al. at SRI International SRI International SRI International , founded as Stanford Research Institute, is one of the world's largest contract research institutes. Based in Menlo Park, California, the trustees of Stanford University established it in 1946 as a center of innovation to support economic development in the region. It was later... for US Dept of Defense United States Department of Defense The United States Department of Defense is the U.S...	ALGOL 68
1978?	MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages,...	Moler Cleve Moler Cleve Barry Moler is a mathematician and computer programmer specializing in numerical analysis. In the mid to late 1970s, he was one of the authors of LINPACK and EISPACK, Fortran libraries for numerical computing. He invented MATLAB, a numerical computing package, to give his students at the... at the University of New Mexico University of New Mexico The University of New Mexico at Albuquerque is a public research university located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the United States. It is the state's flagship research institution...	*
1978?	SMALL SMALL SMALL, Small Machine Algol Like Language, is a programming language developed by Dr. Nevil Brownlee of Auckland University.-History:The aim of the language was to enable people to write ALGOL-like code that ran on a small machine...	Brownlee at the University of Auckland University of Auckland The University of Auckland is a university located in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest university in the country and the highest ranked in the 2011 QS World University Rankings, having been ranked worldwide...	Algol60
1978	VisiCalc VisiCalc VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. It is often considered the application that turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a serious business tool...	Bricklin, Frankston Bob Frankston Robert M. Frankston is the co-creator with Dan Bricklin of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program and the co-founder of Software Arts, the company that developed it.... marketed by VisiCorp VisiCorp VisiCorp was an early personal computer software publisher. Its most famous products are VisiOn and VisiCalc.It was founded in 1976 by Dan Fylstra and Peter R. Jennings as Personal Software, and first published Jennings' Microchess program for the MOS Technology KIM-1 computer, and later Commodore...	*
1979	Modula-2 Modula-2 Modula-2 is a computer programming language designed and developed between 1977 and 1980 by Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zurich as a revision of Pascal to serve as the sole programming language for the operating system and application software for the personal workstation Lilith...	Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth...	Modula
1979	REXX REXX REXX is an interpreted programming language that was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language that was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read...	Cowlishaw Mike Cowlishaw Mike Cowlishaw is a retired IBM Fellow, a Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering , the Institute of Engineering and Technology , and the British Computer Society.- Career at IBM :Cowlishaw joined IBM...	PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2
1979	AWK	Aho Alfred Aho Alfred Vaino Aho is a Canadian computer scientist.-Career:Aho received a B.A.Sc. in Engineering Physics from the University of Toronto and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering/Computer Science from Princeton University... , Weinberger Peter J. Weinberger Peter Jay Weinberger is a computer scientist best known for his early work at Bell Labs. He now works at Google.Weinberger was an undergraduate at Swarthmore College, graduating in 1964... , Kernighan Brian Kernighan Brian Wilson Kernighan is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix. He is also coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. The 'K' of K&R C and the 'K' in AWK both stand for...	C, SNOBOL
1979	Icon (implementation)	Griswold Ralph Griswold Ralph E. Griswold was a computer scientist known for his research into high-level programming languages and symbolic computation. His language credits include the string processing language SNOBOL, SL5, and Icon.He attended Stanford University, receiving a bachelor's degree in physics, then an...	SNOBOL
1979	Vulcan dBase-II DBASE dBase II was the first widely used database management system for microcomputers. It was originally published by Ashton-Tate for CP/M, and later on ported to the Apple II and IBM PC under DOS...	Ratliff Ratliff Ratliff is a surname of English origin, though the family migrated to England from France after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Variations include Ratcliff, Radcliff, Ratcliffe, Radcliffe, and others...	*
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

1980s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
1980	Ada 80 Ada (programming language) Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages... (MIL-STD-1815)	Ichbiah Jean Ichbiah Jean David Ichbiah was a French-born computer scientist and the chief designer of Ada, a general-purpose, strongly typed programming language with certified validated compilers.... at CII Honeywell Bull Groupe Bull -External links:* * — Friends, co-workers and former employees of Bull and Honeywell* *...	Green
1980	C with classes C++ C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...	Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup ; born December 30, 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is a Danish computer scientist, most notable for the creation and the development of the widely used C++ programming language...	C, Simula 67
1980–81	CBASIC CBASIC CBASIC is a compiled version of the BASIC programming language written for the CP/M operating system by Gordon Eubanks in 1976–77. It is an enhanced version of BASIC-E, his master's thesis project.-History:...	Gordon Eubanks Gordon Eubanks Gordon Eubanks is a microcomputer industry pioneer who worked with Gary Kildall in the early days of Digital Research. Eubanks attended Oklahoma State University. Dr. Kildall was his graduate thesis advisor at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California...	BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research
1981	IBM BASICA	Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	BASIC
1982?	Speakeasy-IV Speakeasy (computational environment) Speakeasy is a numerical computing interactive environment also featuring an interpreted programming language. It was initially developed for internal use at the Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory by the theoretical physicist Stanley Cohen...	Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation	Speakeasy-3
1982?	Draco Draco (programming language) Draco was a shareware programming language for CP/M and the Amiga, created by Chris Gray in the early 1980s, and discontinued sometime around 1990....	Chris Gray	Pascal Pascal (programming language) Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed in 1968/9 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring.A derivative known as Object Pascal... , C C (programming language) C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.... , ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 isan imperative computerprogramming language that was conceived as a successor to theALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a...
1982	PostScript PostScript PostScript is a dynamically typed concatenative programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982. It is best known for its use as a page description language in the electronic and desktop publishing areas. Adobe PostScript 3 is also the worldwide printing and imaging...	Warnock John Warnock John Edward Warnock is an American computer scientist best known as the co-founder with Charles Geschke of Adobe Systems Inc., the graphics and publishing software company. Dr. Warnock was President of Adobe for his first two years and Chairman and CEO for his remaining sixteen years at the company...	InterPress InterPress InterPress is a page description language developed at Xerox PARC, based on the Forth programming language and an earlier graphics language called JaM...
1983	GW-BASIC GW-BASIC GW-BASIC was a dialect of the programming language BASIC developed by Microsoft from BASICA, originally for Compaq. It is compatible with Microsoft/IBM BASICA, but was disk based and did not need the ROM BASIC. It was bundled with MS-DOS operating systems on IBM PC compatibles by Microsoft...	Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	IBM BASICA
1983	Ada 83 Ada (programming language) Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages... (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A)	Ichbiah Jean Ichbiah Jean David Ichbiah was a French-born computer scientist and the chief designer of Ada, a general-purpose, strongly typed programming language with certified validated compilers.... at Alsys Alsys The company Alsys, SA. was a software development company created to support initial work on the Ada programming language.In July 1995, Alsys merged to become Thomson Software Products ,, which merged into Aonix in 1996....	Ada 80, Green
1983	C++ C++ C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...	Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup Bjarne Stroustrup ; born December 30, 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is a Danish computer scientist, most notable for the creation and the development of the widely used C++ programming language...	C with Classes
1983	True BASIC True BASIC True BASIC is a variant of the BASIC programming language descended from Dartmouth BASIC — the original BASIC — invented by college professors John G. Kemeny and Thomas E...	Kemeny John George Kemeny John George Kemeny was a Hungarian American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator best known for co-developing the BASIC programming language in 1964 with Thomas E. Kurtz. Kemeny served as the 13th President of Dartmouth College from 1970 to 1981 and pioneered the use of computers in... , Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz Thomas Eugene Kurtz is an American computer scientist who co-developed the BASIC programming language during 1963 to 1964, together with John G. Kemeny.... at Dartmouth College Dartmouth College Dartmouth College is a private, Ivy League university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. The institution comprises a liberal arts college, Dartmouth Medical School, Thayer School of Engineering, and the Tuck School of Business, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences...	BASIC
1983	occam Occam (programming language) occam is a concurrent programming language that builds on the Communicating Sequential Processes process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame....	David May David May (computer scientist) Michael David May, born February 24, 1951, is a British computer scientist. He is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bristol and founder and Chief Technology Officer of XMOS Semiconductor.May was lead architect for the transputer...	EPL
1983?	ABAP ABAP ABAP , is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP...	SAP AG SAP AG SAP AG is a German software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. Headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg, with regional offices around the world, SAP is the market leader in enterprise application software...	COBOL COBOL COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments....
1984	CLIPPER	Nantucket Nantucket, Massachusetts Nantucket is an island south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the United States. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the town of Nantucket, Massachusetts, and the coterminous Nantucket County, which are consolidated. Part of the town is designated the Nantucket...	dBase
1984	Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers...	Guy L. Steele, Jr. Guy L. Steele, Jr. Guy Lewis Steele Jr. , also known as "The Great Quux", and GLS , is an American computer scientist who has played an important role in designing and documenting several computer programming languages.-Biography:... and many others	LISP
1984?	GOM – Good Old Mad	Don Boettner, University of Michigan University of Michigan The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...	MAD
1984?	Korn Shell Korn shell The Korn shell is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983. Other early contributors were AT&T Bell Labs developers Mike Veach, who wrote the emacs code, and Pat Sullivan, who wrote the vi code... (ksh)	David Korn	sh
1984	RPL	Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard Hewlett-Packard Company or HP is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA that provides products, technologies, softwares, solutions and services to consumers, small- and medium-sized businesses and large enterprises, including...	Forth, Lisp
1984	Standard ML Standard ML Standard ML is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.SML is a modern descendant of the ML...		ML
1984	Redcode Core War Core War is a programming game in which two or more battle programs compete for the control of the "Memory Array Redcode Simulator" virtual computer . These battle programs are written in an abstract assembly language called Redcode...	Alexander Dewdney Alexander Dewdney Alexander Keewatin Dewdney is a Canadian mathematician, computer scientist and philosopher who has written a number of books on the future and implications of modern computing. He has also written one work of fiction, The Planiverse... and D.G. Jones D. G. Jones Douglas Gordon Jones is a Canadian poet, translator and educator.Born in Bancroft, Ontario, Jones was educated at a private school in Quebec's Eastern Townships, at McGill University and at Queen's University. He received his M.A. from Queen's University in 1954. Jones then taught English...
1985	PARADOX Paradox (database) Paradox is a relational database management system currently published by Corel Corporation. It was originally released for DOS by Ansa Software, and then by Borland after it bought the company...	Borland Borland Borland Software Corporation is a software company first headquartered in Scotts Valley, California, Cupertino, California and finally Austin, Texas. It is now a Micro Focus subsidiary. It was founded in 1983 by Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, Mogens Glad and Philippe Kahn.-The 1980s:...	dBase
1985	QuickBASIC QuickBASIC Microsoft QuickBASIC is an Integrated Development Environment and compiler for the BASIC programming language that was developed by Microsoft. QuickBASIC runs mainly on DOS, though there was a short-lived version for Mac OS...	Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	BASIC BASIC BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....
1986	CorVision CorVision CorVision is a fourth generation programming tool currently owned by Attunity, Inc. CorVision was developed by Cortex Corporation for the VAX/VMS ISAM environment. Although Cortex beta tested CorVision-10 which generated for PCs but CorVision itself stayed anchored on VMS...	Cortex	INFORM
1986	Eiffel Eiffel (programming language) Eiffel is an ISO-standardized, object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer and Eiffel Software. The design of the language is closely connected with the Eiffel programming method...	Meyer Bertrand Meyer Bertrand Meyer is an academic, author, and consultant in the field of computer languages. He created the Eiffel programming language.-Education and academic career:...	Simula 67, Ada
1986	GFA BASIC GFA BASIC GFA BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language, by Frank Ostrowski. The first version was finished in 1986. In the mid and late 80s, it became very popular for the Atari ST homecomputer range . Later, ports for the Commodore Amiga, DOS and Windows were marketed...	Frank Ostrowski Frank Ostrowski Frank Ostrowski is a German programmer.After his time with the German Federal Armed Forces, Frank Ostrowski was unemployed for three years. During this time, he developed Turbo-Basic XL for the Atari 8-bit family. It was published in the German language Happy Computer Magazine in December 1985...	BASIC BASIC BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....
1986	Informix-4GL	Informix
1986	LabVIEW LabVIEW LabVIEW is a system design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. LabVIEW provides engineers and scientists with the tools needed to create and deploy measurement and control systems.The graphical language is named "G"...	National Instruments National Instruments National Instruments Corporation, or NI , is an American company with over 5,000 employees and direct operations in 41 countries. Headquartered in Austin, Texas, it is a producer of automated test equipment and virtual instrumentation software...
1986	Miranda	David Turner David Turner (computer scientist) Professor David Turner is a British computer scientist.He has a D.Phil. from the University of Oxford. He has held professorships at Queen Mary College, London, University of Texas at Austin and the University of Kent at Canterbury, where he now retains the post of Emeritus Professor.He is... at University of Kent University of Kent The University of Kent, previously the University of Kent at Canterbury, is a public research university based in Kent, United Kingdom...
1986	Objective-C Objective-C Objective-C is a reflective, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.Today, it is used primarily on Apple's Mac OS X and iOS: two environments derived from the OpenStep standard, though not compliant with it...	Brad Cox Brad Cox Brad Cox is a computer scientist and Ph.D. of mathematical biology known mostly for his work in software engineering , software componentry, and the Objective-C programming language....	Smalltalk, C
1986	Object Pascal Object Pascal Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Embarcadero Delphi.-Early history at Apple:...	Apple Computer Inc.	Pascal
1986	PROMAL PROMAL PROMAL is a C-like programming language from Systems Management Associates for MS-DOS, Commodore 64, and Apple II. PROMAL featured simple syntax, no line numbers, long variable names, functions and procedures with argument passing, real number type, arrays, strings, pointer, and a built-in I/O...		C
1987	Ada ISO 8652:1987 Ada (programming language) Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...	ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged	Ada 83
1987	Self (concept)	Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. was a company that sold :computers, computer components, :computer software, and :information technology services. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982... Inc.	Smalltalk
1987	occam 2 Occam (programming language) occam is a concurrent programming language that builds on the Communicating Sequential Processes process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame....	David May David May (computer scientist) Michael David May, born February 24, 1951, is a British computer scientist. He is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Bristol and founder and Chief Technology Officer of XMOS Semiconductor.May was lead architect for the transputer... and INMOS INMOS Inmos Limited was a British semiconductor company, founded by Iann Barron, with both the head office and the design office at Aztec West in Bristol, it was incorporated in November 1978.- Products :...	occam Occam (programming language) occam is a concurrent programming language that builds on the Communicating Sequential Processes process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after William of Ockham of Occam's Razor fame....
1987	HyperTalk HyperTalk HyperTalk is a high-level, procedural programming language created in 1987 by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer's HyperCard hypermedia program by Bill Atkinson. The main target audience of HyperTalk was beginning programmers, hence HyperTalk programmers were usually called...	Apple Computer Inc.	*
1987	Perl Perl Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular...	Wall Larry Wall Larry Wall is a programmer and author, most widely known for his creation of the Perl programming language in 1987.-Education:Wall earned his bachelor's degree from Seattle Pacific University in 1976....	C, sed, awk, sh
1987	Oberon Oberon (programming language) Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...	Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth...	Modula-2
1987	Erlang	Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson , one of Sweden's largest companies, is a provider of telecommunication and data communication systems, and related services, covering a range of technologies, including especially mobile networks...	Prolog
1987	Mathematica Mathematica Mathematica is a computational software program used in scientific, engineering, and mathematical fields and other areas of technical computing...	Wolfram Research	*
1987	Turbo Basic Turbo BASIC Turbo Basic is a BASIC compiler and dialect originally created by Robert "Bob" Zale and bought from him by Borland. When Borland decided to stop publishing it, Zale bought it back from them, renamed it to PowerBASIC and set up PowerBASIC Inc...	Robert 'Bob' Zale	BASIC/Z
1988	Octave GNU Octave GNU Octave is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command-line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with MATLAB...		MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages,...
1988	Tcl Tcl Tcl is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. Originally "born out of frustration", according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages intended to be embedded into applications, Tcl gained acceptance on its own...	Ousterhout John Ousterhout John Kenneth Ousterhout is the chairman of Electric Cloud, Inc. and a professor of computer science at Stanford University. He founded Electric Cloud with John Graham-Cumming. Ousterhout previously was a professor of computer science at University of California, Berkeley where he created the Tcl...	Awk, Lisp
1988	STOS BASIC STOS BASIC STOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Atari ST computer. STOS BASIC was originally developed by Jawx by François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Mandarin Software ....	François Lionet François Lionet François Lionet is a French programmer, best known for having written AMOS BASIC on the Amiga and STOS BASIC on the Atari ST . He has also written several games on these platforms.... and Constantin Sotiropoulos Constantin Sotiropoulos Constantin Sotiropoulos is most famous for being the co-creator of AMOS BASIC, a popular beginners programming language for the Commodore Amiga home computer, and STOS BASIC on the Atari ST....	BASIC BASIC BASIC is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use - the name is an acronym from Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code....
1988	Object REXX Object REXX The Object REXX programming language is an object-oriented scripting language initially produced by IBM for OS/2. It is a follow-on to and a significant extension of the "Classic Rexx" language originally created for the CMS component of VM/SP and later ported to MVS, OS/2 and PC DOS.On October 12,...	Simon C. Nash	REXX
1988	SPARK	Bernard A. Carré	Ada
1988	A+ A+ (programming language) A+ is an array programming language descendent from the programming language A, which in turn was created to replace APL in 1988. Arthur Whitney developed the "A" portion of A+, while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features...	Arthur Whitney	APL
1989	Turbo Pascal OOP	Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools... at Borland Borland Borland Software Corporation is a software company first headquartered in Scotts Valley, California, Cupertino, California and finally Austin, Texas. It is now a Micro Focus subsidiary. It was founded in 1983 by Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, Mogens Glad and Philippe Kahn.-The 1980s:...	Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal
1989	Modula-3 Modula-3 In computer science, Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles it has not been adopted widely in industry...	Cardeli, et al. DEC Digital Equipment Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation was a major American company in the computer industry and a leading vendor of computer systems, software and peripherals from the 1960s to the 1990s... and Olivetti Olivetti Olivetti S.p.A. is an Italian manufacturer of computers, printers and other business machines.- Founding :The company was founded as a typewriter manufacturer in 1908 in Ivrea, near Turin, by Camillo Olivetti. The firm was mainly developed by his son Adriano Olivetti...	Modula-2
1989	PowerBASIC PowerBASIC PowerBASIC is the brand of several commercial compilers by Venice, Florida-based PowerBASIC Inc. that compile a dialect of the BASIC programming language. The DOS versions have a syntax similar to that of QBasic and QuickBASIC, while the Windows versions utilize a standard BASIC syntax that can be...	Robert 'Bob' Zale	Turbo Basic
1989	VisSim VisSim VisSim is a visual block diagram language for simulation of dynamical systems and model based design of embedded systems. It is developed by Visual Solutions of Westford, Massachusetts....	Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

1990s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
1990	AMOS BASIC	François Lionet François Lionet François Lionet is a French programmer, best known for having written AMOS BASIC on the Amiga and STOS BASIC on the Atari ST . He has also written several games on these platforms.... and Constantin Sotiropoulos Constantin Sotiropoulos Constantin Sotiropoulos is most famous for being the co-creator of AMOS BASIC, a popular beginners programming language for the Commodore Amiga home computer, and STOS BASIC on the Atari ST....	STOS BASIC STOS BASIC STOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language implemented on the Atari ST computer. STOS BASIC was originally developed by Jawx by François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Mandarin Software ....
1990	AMPL AMPL AMPL, an acronym for "A Mathematical Programming Language", is an algebraic modeling language for describing and solving high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computation AMPL, an acronym for "A Mathematical Programming Language", is an algebraic modeling language for describing and...	Robert Fourer Robert Fourer Robert Fourer is a prominent scientist working in the area of operational research and management science. He is currently a professor at Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences Department of Northwestern University. Robert Fourer is recognized as being the designer of the popular modeling... , David Gay and Brian Kernighan Brian Kernighan Brian Wilson Kernighan is a Canadian computer scientist who worked at Bell Labs alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and contributed to the development of Unix. He is also coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. The 'K' of K&R C and the 'K' in AWK both stand for... at Bell Laboratories
1990	Object Oberon Object Oberon Object Oberon is a programming language which is based on the Oberon programming language with features for object-oriented programming. Oberon-2 was essentially a redesign of Object Oberon.-References:...	H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer	Oberon
1990	J J (programming language) The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus....	Iverson Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth Eugene Iverson was a Canadian computer scientist noted for the development of the APL programming language in 1962. He was honored with the Turing Award in 1979 for his contributions to mathematical notation and programming language theory... , R. Hui Roger Hui Roger Hui is a computer scientist and co-developer of the J Programming Language.He was born in Hong Kong and he immigrated to Canada with his entire family in 1966.-Education and career:In 1973, Hui entered the University of Alberta... at Iverson Software	APL, FP
1990	Haskell Haskell (programming language) Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry. In Haskell, "a function is a first-class citizen" of the programming language. As a functional programming language, the...		Miranda
1990	EuLisp EuLisp EuLisp is a statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers from around Europe. The standardizers intended to create a new Lisp "less encumbered by the past" , and not so minimalistic as Scheme...		Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers... , Scheme
1991	GNU E GNU E GNU E is an extension of C++ designed for writing software systems tosupport persistent applications, it was designed as part of the.- External links :* [ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/exodus/E/ GNU E software and papers]*...	David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey	C++ C++ C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...
1991	Oberon-2	Hanspeter Mössenböck, Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth...	Object Oberon
1991	Python Python (programming language) Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...	Van Rossum Guido van Rossum Guido van Rossum is a Dutch computer programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. In the Python community, Van Rossum is known as a "Benevolent Dictator For Life" , meaning that he continues to oversee the Python development process, making decisions where necessary...	ABC, ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68 isan imperative computerprogramming language that was conceived as a successor to theALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a... , Icon, Modula-3 Modula-3 In computer science, Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+. While it has been influential in research circles it has not been adopted widely in industry...
1991	Oz Oz (programming language) Oz is a multiparadigm programming language, developed in the Programming Systems Lab at Université catholique de Louvain, for programming language education. It has a canonical textbook: Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming....	Gert Smolka and his students	Prolog
1991	Q	Albert Gräf
1991	Visual Basic Visual Basic Visual Basic is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model...	Alan Cooper Alan Cooper Alan Cooper is known for his role in humanizing technology through his groundbreaking work in software design. Widely recognized as the “Father of Visual Basic," Cooper is the author of the books, About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design and The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why... , sold to Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	QuickBASIC
1992	Borland Pascal Turbo Pascal Turbo Pascal is a software development system that includes a compiler and an integrated development environment for the Pascal programming language running on CP/M, CP/M-86, and DOS, developed by Borland under Philippe Kahn's leadership...		Turbo Pascal OOP
1992	Dylan	many people at Apple Computer Inc.	Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers... , Scheme
1993?	Z Shell Z shell The Z shell is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting... (zsh)		ksh
1993?	Self (implementation)	Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. was a company that sold :computers, computer components, :computer software, and :information technology services. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982... Inc.	Smalltalk
1993	Brainfuck Brainfuck The brainfuck programming language is an esoteric programming language noted for its extreme minimalism. It is a Turing tarpit, designed to challenge and amuse programmers, and is not suitable for practical use...	Urban Müller	P′′
1993	FALSE FALSE FALSE is an esoteric programming language designed by Wouter van Oortmerssen in 1993, named after his favorite Boolean value. It is a small Forth-like stack-oriented language, with syntax designed to make the code inherently obfuscated, confusing, and unreadable. It is also noteworthy for having a...	Wouter van Oortmerssen Wouter van Oortmerssen Wouter van Oortmerssen, also known as Aardappel , is a Dutch computer programmer notable for his work in game programming as well as having designed several programming languages...	Forth
1993	Revolution Transcript		HyperTalk
1993	AppleScript AppleScript AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. and built into Macintosh operating systems since System 7. The term "AppleScript" may refer to the scripting system itself, or to particular scripts that are written in the AppleScript language....	Apple Computer Inc.	HyperTalk
1993	K K (programming language) K is a proprietary array processing language developed by Arthur Whitney and commercialized by Kx Systems. The language serves as the foundation for kdb, an in-memory, column-based database, and other related financial products. The language, originally developed in 1993, is a variant of APL and...	Arthur Whitney	APL, Lisp
1993	Lua	Roberto Ierusalimschy Roberto Ierusalimschy Roberto Ierusalimschy is an associate professor of informatics at PUC-Rio . He is the leading architect of the Lua programming language and the author of Programming in Lua and Programming in Lua, Second Edition... et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio	Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++
1993	R R (programming language) R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians for developing statistical software, and R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis....	Robert Gentleman Robert Gentleman (statistician) Robert C. Gentleman is a Canadian statistician and bioinformatician currently working for Genentech. He is recognized, along with Ross Ihaka, as one of the originators of the R programming language and associated software packages like Bioconductor. He got his Ph.D... and Ross Ihaka Ross Ihaka Ross Ihaka is an Associate Professor of Statistics at the University of Auckland, who is recognized, along with Robert Gentleman, as one of the originators of the R programming language...	S
1993	ZPL	Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington University of Washington University of Washington is a public research university, founded in 1861 in Seattle, Washington, United States. The UW is the largest university in the Northwest and the oldest public university on the West Coast. The university has three campuses, with its largest campus in the University...	C
1993	NewtonScript NewtonScript NewtonScript is a prototype based programming language created to write programs for the Newton platform. It is heavily influenced by the Self computer language, but modified to be more suited to needs of mobile and embedded devices.- History :...	Walter Smith	Self, Dylan
1994	ANSI Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers...		Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers...
1994	RAPID RAPID RAPID is a high-level programming language used to control ABB industrial robots. RAPID was introduced along with S4 Control System in 1994 by ABB, superceeding the ARLA programming language.Features in the language include:* Routine parameters:...	ABB Group	ARLA
1994	Pike	Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University Linköping University Linköping University is a state university in Linköping, Sweden. Linköping University was granted full university status in 1975 and is now one of Sweden's larger academic institutions. Education, research and PhD training are the mission of four faculties: Arts and Sciences, Educational...	LPC, C, µLPC
1994	ANS Forth	Elizabeth Rather Elizabeth Rather Elizabeth Rather is the co-founder of FORTH, Inc. and is a leading expert in the Forth programming language.She became involved with Forth while she was at the University of Arizona, but working part-time for NRAO... , et al.	Forth
1995	Ada 95 Ada (programming language) Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...	S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics, Inc.	Ada 83
1995	Borland Delphi	Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools... at Borland Borland Borland Software Corporation is a software company first headquartered in Scotts Valley, California, Cupertino, California and finally Austin, Texas. It is now a Micro Focus subsidiary. It was founded in 1983 by Niels Jensen, Ole Henriksen, Mogens Glad and Philippe Kahn.-The 1980s:...	Borland Pascal
1995	ColdFusion (CFML) ColdFusion In computing, ColdFusion is the name of a commercial rapid application development platform invented by Jeremy and JJ Allaire in 1995. ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database, by version 2 it had...	Allaire Allaire Corporation Allaire Corporation was a computer software company founded by Jeremy and JJ Allaire in Minnesota, later headquartered in Cambridge, then Newton, Massachusetts...
1995	Java Java (programming language) Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...	James Gosling James Gosling James A. Gosling, OC is a computer scientist, best known as the father of the Java programming language.-Education and career:In 1977, Gosling received a B.Sc in Computer Science from the University of Calgary... at Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems, Inc. was a company that sold :computers, computer components, :computer software, and :information technology services. Sun was founded on February 24, 1982...	C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C
1995	LiveScript JavaScript JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles....	Brendan Eich Brendan Eich Brendan Eich is a computer programmer and creator of the JavaScript scripting language. He is the chief technology officer at the Mozilla Corporation.-Education:... at Netscape Netscape Netscape Communications is a US computer services company, best known for Netscape Navigator, its web browser. When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California...	Self, C, Scheme
1995	PHP PHP PHP is a general-purpose server-side scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document...	Rasmus Lerdorf Rasmus Lerdorf Rasmus Lerdorf is a Danish programmer with Canadian citizenship and is most notable as the creator of the PHP scripting language. He authored the first two versions...	Perl
1995	Ruby Ruby (programming language) Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto...	Yukihiro Matsumoto Yukihiro Matsumoto is a Japanese computer scientist and software programmer best known as the chief designer of the Ruby programming language and its reference implementation, Matz's Ruby Interpreter ....	Smalltalk, Perl
1996	Curl	David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...	Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML
1996	JavaScript JavaScript JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles....	Brendan Eich Brendan Eich Brendan Eich is a computer programmer and creator of the JavaScript scripting language. He is the chief technology officer at the Mozilla Corporation.-Education:... at Netscape Netscape Netscape Communications is a US computer services company, best known for Netscape Navigator, its web browser. When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California...	LiveScript
1996	Perl Data Language Perl Data Language PDL is a set of array programming extensions to the Perl programming language.PDL is an extension to Perl v5, intended for scientific and other data intensive programming tasks... (PDL)	Karl Glazebrook Karl Glazebrook Karl Glazebrook, an Anglo-Australian astronomer, is known for his work on galaxy formation, for playing a key role in developing the nod and shuffle technique for doing spectroscopy with large telescopes, and for originating the Perl Data Language... , Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller	APL, Perl
1996	NetRexx REXX REXX is an interpreted programming language that was developed at IBM. It is a structured high-level programming language that was designed to be both easy to learn and easy to read...	Cowlishaw Mike Cowlishaw Mike Cowlishaw is a retired IBM Fellow, a Visiting Professor at the Department of Computer Science at the University of Warwick, and is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering , the Institute of Engineering and Technology , and the British Computer Society.- Career at IBM :Cowlishaw joined IBM...	REXX
1996	Lasso	Blue World Communication
1997	Component Pascal Component Pascal Component Pascal is a programming language in the tradition of Niklaus Wirth's Pascal, Modula-2, Oberon and Oberon-2. It bears the name of the Pascal programming language but is incompatible with it. Instead, it is a minor variant and refinement of Oberon-2, designed and supported by a small ETH...	Oberon microsystems, Inc	Oberon-2
1997	E E (programming language) E is an object-oriented programming language for secure distributed computing, created by Mark S. Miller, Dan Bornstein, and others at Electric Communities in 1997. E is mainly descended from the concurrent language Joule and from Original-E, a set of extensions to Java for secure distributed...	Mark S. Miller Mark S. Miller Mark S. Miller is an American computer scientist. He is known for his work as one of the participants in the 1979 hypertext project known as Project Xanadu; for inventing Miller Columns; as the co-creator of the Agoric Paradigm of market-based distributed secure computing; and the open-source...	Joule, Original-E
1997	Pico	Free University of Brussels Brussels Brussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...	Scheme
1997	Squeak Squeak The Squeak programming language is a Smalltalk implementation. It is object-oriented, class-based and reflective.It was derived directly from Smalltalk-80 by a group at Apple Computer that included some of the original Smalltalk-80 developers... Smalltalk	Alan Kay Alan Kay Alan Curtis Kay is an American computer scientist, known for his early pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface design, and for coining the phrase, "The best way to predict the future is to invent it."He is the president of the Viewpoints Research... , et al. at Apple Computer Inc.	Smalltalk-80, Self
1997	ECMAScript ECMAScript ECMAScript is the scripting language standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-262 specification and ISO/IEC 16262. The language is widely used for client-side scripting on the web, in the form of several well-known dialects such as JavaScript, JScript, and ActionScript.- History :JavaScript...	ECMA Ecma International Ecma International is an international, private non-profit standards organization for information and communication systems. It acquired its name in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association changed its name to reflect the organization's global reach and activities... TC39-TG1	JavaScript
1997	F-Script	Philippe Mougin	Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C
1997	ISLISP ISLISP ISLISP is a programming language in the LISP family standardized by ISO working group ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22/WG 16 . The primary output of this working group was an International Standard, ISO/IEC 13816:1997, published by ISO. The standard was updated in 2007 and republished as ISO/IEC 13816:2007...	ISO Standard ISLISP	Common Lisp Common Lisp Common Lisp, commonly abbreviated CL, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 , . From the ANSI Common Lisp standard the Common Lisp HyperSpec has been derived for use with web browsers...
1997	Tea	Jorge Nunes	Java Java (programming language) Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities... , Scheme, Tcl Tcl Tcl is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. Originally "born out of frustration", according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages intended to be embedded into applications, Tcl gained acceptance on its own...
1997	REBOL REBOL REBOL is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language originally designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing. The language and its official implementation, which is a proprietary freely redistributable software are...	Carl Sassenrath Carl Sassenrath Carl Sassenrath is an architect of operating systems and computer languages. He brought multitasking to personal computers in 1985 with the creation of the Amiga Computer operating system kernel, and he is currently the designer of the REBOL computer language as well as the CTO of REBOL... , Rebol Technologies	Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo Logo (programming language) Logo is a multi-paradigm computer programming language used in education. It is an adaptation and dialect of the Lisp language; some have called it Lisp without the parentheses. It was originally conceived and written as functional programming language, and drove a mechanical turtle as an output...
1998	Standard C++ C++ C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming language. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell...	ANSI/ISO Standard C++	C++, Standard C, C
1998	Open Source Erlang	Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson , one of Sweden's largest companies, is a provider of telecommunication and data communication systems, and related services, covering a range of technologies, including especially mobile networks...	Erlang
1998	M2001 M2001 M2001 is a modular educational mathematical programming language for developing and presenting mathematical algorithms, from the modern discrete to the classical continuous mathematics...	Ronald E. Prather, Trinity University (Texas) Trinity University (Texas) Trinity University is a private, independent, primarily undergraduate, university in San Antonio, Texas. Its campus is located in the Monte Vista Historic District and adjacent to Brackenridge Park....	*
1998	Pikt PIKT PIKT is cross-categorical, multi-purpose software for global-view, site-at-a-time system and network administration. Applicability includes system monitoring, configuration management, server and network administration, system security, and many other uses....	Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago University of Chicago The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890... )	AWK, Perl, Unix shell
1999	XSLT XSL Transformations XSLT is a declarative, XML-based language used for the transformation of XML documents. The original document is not changed; rather, a new document is created based on the content of an existing one. The new document may be serialized by the processor in standard XML syntax or in another format,... (+ XPath XPath XPath is a language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values from the content of an XML document... )	W3C World Wide Web Consortium The World Wide Web Consortium is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web .Founded and headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the... , James Clark James Clark (XML expert) James Clark, is the author of groff and expat and has done much work with open-source software and XML. Born in London, and educated at Charterhouse and Merton College, Oxford, Clark has lived in Bangkok, Thailand since 1995, and is now a permanent resident...	DSSSL Document Style Semantics and Specification Language Document Style Semantics and Specification Language is a computer language for specifying stylesheets for SGML documents, based on a subset of the Scheme programming language. It is specified by the standard ISO/IEC 10179:1996...
1999	Game Maker Language Game Maker Language Game Maker Language is a scripting language developed for use with a computer game creation application called Game Maker. It was originally created by Mark Overmars to supplement the drag-and-drop action system used in Game Maker... (GML)	Mark Overmars Mark Overmars Markus Hendrik Overmars is a Dutch computer scientist and teacher of game programming known for his game development application Game Maker. Game Maker lets people create computer games using a drag-and-drop interface. He is the head of the Center for Geometry, Imaging, and Virtual Environments...	Game Maker Game Maker GameMaker is a Windows and Mac IDE originally developed by Mark Overmars in the Delphi programming language. It is currently developed and published by YoYo Games, a software company in which Overmars is involved...
1999	Harbour	Antonio Linares	dBase DBASE dBase II was the first widely used database management system for microcomputers. It was originally published by Ashton-Tate for CP/M, and later on ported to the Apple II and IBM PC under DOS...
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

2000s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
2000	Join Java Join Java Join Java is a programming language that extends the standard Java programming language with the join semantics of the join-calculus. It was written at the University of South Australia within the Reconfigurable Computing Lab by Dr...	G Stewart von Itzstein	Java
2000	Joy	von Thun	FP, Forth
2000	D D (programming language) The D programming language is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm, system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars. It originated as a re-engineering of C++, but even though it is mainly influenced by that language, it is not a variant of C++...	Walter Bright Walter Bright Walter Bright is a computer programmer known for being the designer of the D programming language. He was also the main developer of the first C++ compiler that translated directly to object without going via C, Zortech C++ . Before the C++ compiler, he developed the Datalight C compiler, also... , Digital Mars	C, C++, C#, Java
2000	XL	Christophe de Dinechin	Ada, C++, Lisp
2000	C#	Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg Anders Hejlsberg is a prominent Danish software engineer who co-designed several popular and commercially successful programming languages and development tools... , Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions... (ECMA Ecma International Ecma International is an international, private non-profit standards organization for information and communication systems. It acquired its name in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association changed its name to reflect the organization's global reach and activities... )	C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2
2000	Ferite Ferite Ferite is a small robust scripting language providing a straightforward application integration, the ability for the API to be extended very easily...	Chris Ross	C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme
2001	AspectJ AspectJ AspectJ is an aspect-oriented extension created at PARC for the Java programming language. It is available in Eclipse Foundation open-source projects, both stand-alone and integrated into Eclipse. AspectJ has become the widely-used de-facto standard for AOP by emphasizing simplicity and usability...	Xerox PARC	Java
2001	Processing Processing (programming language) Processing is an open source programming language and integrated development environment built for the electronic arts and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the basics of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks...	Casey Reas and Ben Fry Benjamin Fry Benjamin Fry is an American expert in data visualization, principal of Fathom, a design and software consultancy in Boston, MA, a co-creator of Processing, an open source programming language and integrated development environment built for the electronic arts and visual design communities with...	Processing
2001	Visual Basic .NET Visual Basic .NET Visual Basic .NET , is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of the classic Visual Basic , which is implemented on the .NET Framework...	Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	Visual Basic
2002	Io Io (programming language) Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and...	Steve Dekorte	Self, NewtonScript
2003	Nemerle	University of Wrocław	C#, ML Standard ML Standard ML is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.SML is a modern descendant of the ML... , MetaHaskell
2003	Factor Factor (programming language) Factor is a stack-oriented programming language created by Slava Pestov. Factor is dynamically typed and has automatic memory management, as well as powerful metaprogramming features. The language has a single implementation featuring a self-hosted optimizing compiler and an interactive development...	Slava Pestov	Joy, Forth, Lisp
2003	Scala	Martin Odersky Martin Odersky Martin Odersky is a German computer scientist and professor of programming methods at the EPFL. He specialises in code analysis and programming languages.In 1989 Odersky received his Ph.D...	Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml
2003	Squirrel	Alberto Demichelis	Lua
2004	Subtext	Jonathan Edwards	*
2004	Alma-0 Alma-0 Alma-0 is a multi-paradigm computer programming language. This language is an augmented version of the imperative Modula-2 language with logic-programming features and convenient backtracking capability. It is small, strongly typed, and combines constraint programming, a limited number of features...	Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica	*
2004	Boo	Rodrigo B. de Oliveira	Python, C#
2004	Groovy	James Strachan James Strachan (programmer) James Strachan is a programmer who created the Groovy in 2003. He is a member of the Apache Software Foundation and a cofounder of a number of other open source projects such* Apache ActiveMQ...	Java
2004	Little b Little b (programming language) Little b is a domain-specific programming language, more specifically, a modeling language, designed to build modular mathematical models of biological systems. It was designed and authored by Aneil Mallavarapu...	Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.... , Department of Systems Biology	Lisp
2005	F#	Don Syme Don Syme Don Syme is an Australian computer scientist and a Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, Cambridge, U.K. He is the designer and architect of the F# programming language, described by a reporter as being regarded as "the most original new face in computer languages since Bjarne Stroustrup... , Microsoft Research Microsoft Research Microsoft Research is the research division of Microsoft created in 1991 for developing various computer science ideas and integrating them into Microsoft products. It currently employs Turing Award winners C.A.R. Hoare, Butler Lampson, and Charles P...	Objective Caml, C#, Haskell
2006	Links Links (programming language) Links is an application programming language for the web that presents an alternative tothe usual tiered architecture.Typical web applications are written using a model that separates functionality that runs...	Philip Wadler Philip Wadler Philip Wadler is a computer scientist known for his contributions to programming language design and type theory. In particular, he has contributed to the theory behind functional programming and the use of monads in functional programming, the design of the purely functional language Haskell, and... , University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1583, is a public research university located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The university is deeply embedded in the fabric of the city, with many of the buildings in the historic Old Town belonging to the university...	Haskell
2006	Cobra Cobra (programming language from Cobra Language LLC) Cobra is an object-oriented programming language produced by Cobra Language LLC. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and...	ChuckEsterbrook	Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C
2006	Kite	Mooneer Salem	*
2006	Windows PowerShell Windows PowerShell Windows PowerShell is Microsoft's task automation framework, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language built on top of, and integrated with the .NET Framework...	Microsoft Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...	C#, ksh, Perl, CL AS/400 Control Language The AS/400 Control Language is a scripting language for the IBM AS/400 midrange platform bearing a resemblance to the IBM Job Control Language and consisting of an ever expanding set of command objects used to invoke traditional AS/400 programs and/or get help on what those programs do... , DCL DIGITAL Command Language DCL, the DIGITAL Command Language, is the standard command languageadopted by most of the operating systems that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation... , SQL
2006	OptimJ OptimJ OptimJ is an extension of the Java with language support for writing optimization models and abstractions for bulk data processing. OptimJ aims at providing a clear and concise algebraic notation for optimization modeling, removing compatibility barriers between optimization modeling and...	Ateji Ateji In modern Japanese, primarily refers to kanji used phonetically to represent native or borrowed words, without regard to the meaning of the underlying characters. This is analogous to man'yōgana in pre-modern Japanese...	Java Java (programming language) Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities...
2007	Ada 2005 Ada (programming language) Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, wide-spectrum, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages...	Ada Rapporteur Group	Ada 95
2007	Fantom	Brian Frank, Andy Frank	C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang
2007	Vala Vala (programming language) Vala is a programming language created with the goal of bringing modern language features to C, with no added runtime needs and with little overhead, by targeting the GObject object system. It is being developed by Jürg Billeter and Raffaele Sandrini. The syntax borrows heavily from C#...	GNOME GNOME GNOME is a desktop environment and graphical user interface that runs on top of a computer operating system. It is composed entirely of free and open source software...	C#
2007	Clojure Clojure Clojure \|closure]]") is a recent dialect of the Lisp programming language created by Rich Hickey. It is a general-purpose language supporting interactive development that encourages a functional programming style, and simplifies multithreaded programming....	Rich Hickey	Lisp, ML, Haskell Haskell (programming language) Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing. It is named after logician Haskell Curry. In Haskell, "a function is a first-class citizen" of the programming language. As a functional programming language, the... , Erlang
2007	Oberon-07 Oberon (programming language) Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system...	Wirth Niklaus Wirth Niklaus Emil Wirth is a Swiss computer scientist, best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.-Biography:Wirth...	Oberon
2008	Pure Pure (programming language) Pure is a dynamically typed, functional programming language based on term rewriting. It has facilities for user-defined operator syntax, macros, multiple-precision numbers, and compilation to native code through the LLVM...	Albert Gräf	Q
2009	Seccia	Sylvain Seccia Sylvain Seccia Sylvain Seccia is a French game programmer and game designer, most known for his indie projects. He has also written several software and a complete assisted Object-Oriented Programming application, distributed as freeware and called Seccia....	*
2009	Go Go (programming language) Go is a compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent programming language developed by Google Inc.The initial design of Go was started in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go was officially announced in November 2009. In May 2010, Rob Pike publicly stated that Go was being...	Google Google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...	C C (programming language) C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.... , Oberon Oberon (programming language) Oberon is a programming language created in 1986 by Professor Niklaus Wirth and his associates at ETH Zurich in Switzerland. It was developed as part of the implementation of the Oberon operating system... , Limbo
2009	CoffeeScript CoffeeScript CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript. The language adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python and Haskell to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability, as well as adding more sophisticated features like array comprehension and pattern matching...	Jeremy Ashkenas	JavaScript JavaScript JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.... , Ruby Ruby (programming language) Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto... , Python Python (programming language) Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language whose design philosophy emphasizes code readability. Python claims to "[combine] remarkable power with very clear syntax", and its standard library is large and comprehensive...
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

2010s

Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)
2010	Fancy Fancy (programming language) Fancy is a pure object-oriented programming language that is heavily influenced by Smalltalk and Ruby. The language is currently under development as an open source project by Christopher Bertels.- Development :...	Christopher Bertels	Smalltalk, Ruby Ruby (programming language) Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, general-purpose object-oriented programming language that combines syntax inspired by Perl with Smalltalk-like features. Ruby originated in Japan during the mid-1990s and was first developed and designed by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto... , Io Io (programming language) Io is a pure object-oriented programming language inspired by Smalltalk, Self, Lua, Lisp, Act1, and NewtonScript. Io has a prototype-based object model similar to the ones in Self and NewtonScript, eliminating the distinction between instance and class. Like Smalltalk, everything is an object and... , Erlang
2011	Dart Dart (programming language) Dart is a Web programming language developed by Google. It was unveiled at the in Aarhus, 2011 October 10-12. The goal of Dart is "ultimately to replace JavaScript as the lingua franca of web development on the open web platform."- Reason for a new language :Dart is intended to solve JavaScript's...	Google Google Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...	Java Java Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java... , JavaScript JavaScript JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.... , CoffeeScript CoffeeScript CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript. The language adds syntactic sugar inspired by Ruby, Python and Haskell to enhance JavaScript's brevity and readability, as well as adding more sophisticated features like array comprehension and pattern matching... , Go Go (programming language) Go is a compiled, garbage-collected, concurrent programming language developed by Google Inc.The initial design of Go was started in September 2007 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go was officially announced in November 2009. In May 2010, Rob Pike publicly stated that Go was being...
Year	Name	Chief developer, Company	Predecessor(s)

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