Titan II
Encyclopedia
Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery...
(ICBM) and space launcher developed by the Glenn L. Martin Company
Glenn L. Martin Company
The Glenn L. Martin Company was an American aircraft and aerospace manufacturing company that was founded by the aviation pioneer Glenn L. Martin. The Martin Company produced many important aircraft for the defense of the United States and its allies, especially during World War II and the Cold War...
from the earlier Titan I
Titan I
The Martin Marietta SM-68A/HGM-25A Titan I was the United States' first multistage ICBM . Incorporating the latest design technology when designed and manufactured, the Titan I provided an additional nuclear deterrent to complement the U.S. Air Force's SM-65 Atlas missile...
missile. Titan II was originally used as an ICBM. It was later used as a medium-lift space launch vehicle to carry payloads for the Air Force
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 under the National Security Act of...
, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , pronounced , like "noah", is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere...
(NOAA). These payloads include the USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program monitors meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense. The program is now run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973...
(DMSP), the NOAA weather satellites, and NASA's Gemini
Project Gemini
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of NASA, the civilian space agency of the United States government. Project Gemini was conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, with ten manned flights occurring in 1965 and 1966....
manned space capsules. The modified Titan II SLVs (Space Launch Vehicles) were launched from Vandenberg AFB, California up until 2003.
Titan II missile
The Titan II ICBM was the successor to the Titan I, and carried a payload twice as heavy. It also used storable propellants, which reduced the time to launch and permitted it to be launched from its silo. Titan II carried the largest single warhead of any American ICBM.LGM-25C Missile
The missile consists of a two-stage, rocket engine powered vehicle and a Re-entry vehicle (RV). Provisions are included for in-flight separation of Stage II from Stage I, and separation of the RV from Stage II. Stage I and Stage II vehicles each contain propellant and pressurization, rocket engine, hydraulic and electrical systems, and explosive components. In addition, Stage II contains the flight control system and missile guidance set.Airframe
The airframe is a two-stage, aerodynamically stable structure that houses and protects the airborne missile equipment during powered flight. The missile guidance set enables the shutdown and staging enable relay to initiate Stage I separation. Each stage is 10 feet in diameter and has fuel and oxidiser tanks in tandem, with the walls of the tanks forming the skin of the missile in those areas. External conduits are attached to the outside surface of the tanks to provide passage for the wire bundles and tubing. Access doors are provided on the missile forward, aft and between-tanks structure for inspection and maintenance. A man-hole cover for tank entry is located on the forward dome of each tank.Stage I airframe
The Stage I airframe consists of an interstage structure, oxidiser tank forward skirt, oxidiser tank, between-tanks structure, and fuel tank. The interstage structure, oxidiser tank forward skirt, and between-tanks structure are all fabricated assemblies utilizing riveted skin, stringers and frame. The oxidiser tank is a welded structure consisting of a forward dome, tank barrel, an aft dome and a feedline. The fuel tank, also a welded structure, consists of a forward dome, tank barrel an aft cone, and internal conduit.Stage II airframe
The Stage II airframe consists of a transition section, oxidiser tank, between-tanks structure, fuel tank and aft skirt. The transition section, between-tanks structure and aft skirt are all fabricated assemblies utilizing riveted skin, stringers and frame. The oxidiser tank and fuel tank are welded structures consisting of a forward and aft domes.Missile characteristics
The following data is from publication T.O. 21M-LGM25C-1 (Dash 1)| Component | Dimension |
|---|---|
| Stage I length | 67 feet |
| Stage II length | 29 feet |
| RV length (including spacer) | 14 feet |
| Stage I diameter | 10 feet |
| Stage II diameter | 10 feet |
| RV diameter (at missile interface) | 8.3 feet |
| Stage I weight (dry) | 9,522 pounds |
| Stage I weight (full) | 267,300 pounds |
| Stage II weight (dry) | 5,073 pounds |
| Stage II weight (full) | 62,700 pounds |
| Stage I engine thrust | 430,000 pounds (sea level) |
| Stage II engine thrust | 100,000 pounds (250,000 feet) |
| Vernier thrust (silo) | 950 pounds |
Guidance
The first Titan II guidance system was built by AC Spark Plug. It used an IMU (inertial measurement unit, a gyroscopic sensor) made by AC Spark Plug derived from original designs from MIT Draper Labs. The missile guidance computer (MGC) was the IBM ASC-15ASC-15
The ASC-15 was a digital computer developed by International Business Machines for use on the Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile . It was subsequently modified and used on the Titan III and Saturn I Block II launch vehicles. Its principal function on these rockets was to make navigation...
. When spares for this system became hard to obtain, it was replaced by a more modern guidance system, the Delco Universal Space Guidance System (USGS). The USGS used a Carousel IV IMU and a Magic 352 computer.
Development
The Titan rocketTitan (rocket family)
Titan was a family of U.S. expendable rockets used between 1959 and 2005. A total of 368 rockets of this family were launched, including all the Project Gemini manned flights of the mid-1960s...
family was established in October 1955, when the Air Force awarded the Glenn L. Martin Company a contract to build an intercontinental ballistic missile
Intercontinental ballistic missile
An intercontinental ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a long range typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery...
(ICBM). It became known as the Titan I
Titan I
The Martin Marietta SM-68A/HGM-25A Titan I was the United States' first multistage ICBM . Incorporating the latest design technology when designed and manufactured, the Titan I provided an additional nuclear deterrent to complement the U.S. Air Force's SM-65 Atlas missile...
, the nation's first two-stage ICBM and first underground silo-based ICBM. The Martin Company recognized that the Titan I could be further improved and presented a proposal to the U.S. Air Force for an improved version. It would carry a larger warhead over a greater range with more accuracy and could be fired more quickly. The Martin company received a contract for the new missile, designated SM-68B Titan II, in June 1960. The Titan II was 50% heavier than the Titan I, with a longer first stage and a larger diameter second stage. The Titan II also used storable propellants, Aerozine 50
Aerozine 50
Aerozine 50 is a 50/50 mix of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine . Originally developed in the late 1950s by Aerojet General Corporation as a storable, high-energy, hypergolic fuel for the Titan II ICBM rocket engines, Aerozine continues in wide use as a rocket fuel, typically with...
and dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide is the chemical compound N2O4. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide; some call this mixture dinitrogen tetroxide, while some call it nitrogen dioxide.Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer, making it highly...
. The Titan I, whose liquid oxygen oxidizer must be loaded immediately before launching, had to be raised from its silo and fueled before launch. The use of storable propellants enabled the Titan II to be launched within 60 seconds directly from within its silo. Their hypergolic
Hypergolic fuel
A rocket propellant combination used in a rocket engine is called hypergolic when the propellants spontaneously ignite when they come into contact. Strictly speaking it is the combination that is hypergolic, but in less precise usage the individual propellants are also referred to as hypergolic....
nature made them dangerous to handle; a leak could (and did) lead to explosions, and the fuel was highly toxic.
Nuclear weapon yield
The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy discharged when a nuclear weapon is detonated, expressed usually in the equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene , either in kilotons or megatons , but sometimes also in terajoules...
of 9 megatons
TNT equivalent
TNT equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. The ton of TNT is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 gigajoules, which is approximately the amount of energy released in the detonation of one ton of TNT...
. This warhead was guided to its target using an inertial guidance unit. The 54 deployed Titan IIs formed the backbone of America's strategic deterrent force until the LGM-30 Minuteman
LGM-30 Minuteman
The LGM-30 Minuteman is a U.S. nuclear missile, a land-based intercontinental ballistic missile . As of 2010, the version LGM-30G Minuteman-III is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States...
ICBM was deployed en masse during the early to mid 1960s. Twelve Titan IIs were flown in NASA's Gemini
Project Gemini
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of NASA, the civilian space agency of the United States government. Project Gemini was conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, with ten manned flights occurring in 1965 and 1966....
manned space program in the mid-1960s. It was also supposed to be used for a nuclear weapon that the United States claimed had a 35 megaton capability. This would have made this warhead one of the most powerful ever, and in terms of power-to-weight ratio, advantageous over the B-41 nuclear bomb by almost double.
Service history
The Titan II was in service from 1963 to 1987. The original 63 Strategic Air CommandStrategic Air Command
The Strategic Air Command was both a Major Command of the United States Air Force and a "specified command" of the United States Department of Defense. SAC was the operational establishment in charge of America's land-based strategic bomber aircraft and land-based intercontinental ballistic...
missiles were distributed at the Vandenberg AFB training base (nine) plus three rings of 18 missiles each surrounding Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base
Davis–Monthan Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located within the city limits, and approximately south-southeast of downtown, Tucson, Arizona....
near Tucson, Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Tucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States. The city is located 118 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 1,020,200...
, at Little Rock Air Force Base
Little Rock Air Force Base
Little Rock Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately northeast of Little Rock, Arkansas.-Overview:...
in Arkansas, and McConnell Air Force Base
McConnell Air Force Base
McConnell Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located four miles southeast of the central business district of Wichita, a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. The base was named in honor of Wichita brothers Fred and Thomas McConnell, both Air Force pilots and World War II...
in Wichita, Kansas
Wichita, Kansas
Wichita is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas.As of the 2010 census, the city population was 382,368. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area...
.
In August, 1965 a fire and resultant loss of oxygen when a high pressure hydraulic line was cut with a torch in a missile silo (373-4) near Searcy, Arkansas
Searcy, Arkansas
Searcy is the largest city and county seat of White County, Arkansas, United States. According to 2006 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 20,663. It is the principal city of the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of White County...
killed 53 people, mostly civilian repairmen. One airman, SSgt Robert Thomas, was killed at a site outside Rock, Kansas
Rock, Kansas
Rock is an unincorporated community in Cowley County, Kansas, United States.-19th century:The post office was established August 12, 1870. The nearby Bucher Bridge is on the National Register of Historic Places....
, on August 24, 1978 when a missile in its silo leaked propellant. Another airman, A1C Erby Hepstall, later died from lung injuries sustained in the spill. A leak after a socket rolled off a platform and punctured the Stage I fuel tank subsequently caused the entire silo to explode, killing an Air Force airman (SrA David Livingston) and destroying the silo (374-7, near Damascus, Arkansas) on September 19, 1980. A "B" grade movie portrays this event, "Disaster at Silo Seven".
It is a common misconception that the Titan IIs were decommissioned because of a weapons reduction treaty, but in fact were simply aging victims of a weapons modernization program. Because of the volatility of the liquid fuel, and the problem with aging seals, the Titan II missiles had been scheduled to be retired beginning in 1971. After two accidents, deactivation of the Titan II ICBM system finally began in July 1982. The last Titan II missile, located at Silo 373-8 near Judsonia, Arkansas, was deactivated on May 5, 1987. The deactivated missiles were in storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona but were broken up for salvage in 2006.
A single Titan II complex escaped destruction after decommissioning and is open to the public as the Titan Missile Museum
Titan Missile Museum
The Titan Missile Museum, also known as Air Force Facility Missile Site 8 or as Titan II ICBM Site 571-7, is a former ICBM missile site located at 1580 West Duval Mine Road, Sahuarita, Arizona. It is located about 15 miles south of Tucson...
at Sahuarita, Arizona
Sahuarita, Arizona
Sahuarita is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States. Sahuarita is located south of the Tohono O'odham Nation and abuts the north end of Green Valley, 15 miles south of Tucson...
. The missile resting in the silo is a real Titan II, but was a training missile and never contained fuel, oxidizer or a warhead.
There is also a surviving silo complex at VAFB which is now a museum, one of three test silos used operationally.
Number of Titan II missiles in service, by year:
- 1963 - 56
- 1964 - 59
- 1965 - 59
- 1966 - 60
- 1967 - 63
- 1968 - 59 (3 deactivated at Vandenberg)
- 1969 - 60
- 1970 - 57 (3 more deactivated at Vandenberg)
- 1971 - 58
- 1972 - 57
- 1973 - 57
- 1974 - 57
- 1975 - 57
- 1976 - 58
- 1977 - 57
- 1978 - 57
- 1979 - 57
- 1980 - 56
- 1981 - 56 (President Ronald ReaganRonald ReaganRonald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States , the 33rd Governor of California and, prior to that, a radio, film and television actor....
announces retirement of Titan II systems) - 1983 - 53
- 1984 - 43 (Davis-Monthan site closure completed)
- 1985 - 21
- 1986 - 9 (Little Rock closure completed in 1987)
Operational units
Each Titan II ICBM wing was equipped with eighteen missiles; nine per squadron with one each at dispersed launch silos in the general area of the assigned base. See squadron article for geographic locations and other information about the assigned launch sites.- 308th Strategic Missile Wing 1 April 1962-18 August 1987
- Little Rock AFB, ArkansasArkansasArkansas is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states , and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River...
- 373d Strategic Missile Squadron373d Strategic Missile SquadronThe 373d Strategic Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 308th Strategic Missile Wing, based at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas. It was inactivated on August 18, 1987. -History:...
- 374th Strategic Missile Squadron374th Strategic Missile SquadronThe 374th Strategic Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 308th Strategic Missile Wing, stationed at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas...
- 381st Strategic Missile Wing 1 March 1962-8 August 1986
- McConnell AFB, KansasKansasKansas is a US state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south...
- 532d Strategic Missile Squadron
- 533d Strategic Missile Squadron
- 390th Strategic Missile Wing390th Strategic Missile WingThe 390th Strategic Missile Wing was a United States Air Force Strategic Air Command organization. Its mission was to maintain and operationally control intercontinental ballistic missiles ....
1 January 1962-31 July 1984
- 390th Strategic Missile Wing
- Davis-Monthan AFB, ArizonaArizonaArizona ; is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the western United States and the mountain west. The capital and largest city is Phoenix...
- 570th Strategic Missile Squadron570th Strategic Missile SquadronThe 570th Strategic Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 390th Strategic Missile Wing, stationed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. It was inactivated on 31 July 1984.-History:...
- 571st Strategic Missile Squadron571st Strategic Missile SquadronThe 571st Strategic Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 390th Strategic Missile Wing, stationed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. It was inactivated on 31 July 1984.-History:...
- 1st Strategic Aerospace Division1st Strategic Aerospace DivisionThe 1st Strategic Aerospace Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Strategic Air Command, assigned to Fifteenth Air Force, being stationed at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California...
- 1st Strategic Aerospace Division
- Vandenberg AFB, CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
- 395th Strategic Missile Squadron395th Strategic Missile SquadronThe 395th Strategic Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 1st Strategic Aerospace Division, based at Vandenberg AFB, California...
, 1 February 1959-31 December 1969- Operated 3 silos for technical development and testing, 1963-1969
Note: In 1959 a fifth Base at Griffiss AFB in New York was projected but not utilised.
Titan II missile disposition
33 Titan-II Research Test (N-type) missiles were built all but one were launched either at KSC or Vandenberg from March, 1962 through April, 1964.The surviving N-10 61-2738/60-6817 resides at the Titan Missile Museum (ICBM Site 571-7), Green Valley, Tucson, Arizona (in the silo).
12 Titan-II Gemini Launch Vehicles (GLVs) were produced. All were launched from Cape Kennedy from April, 1964 through November, 1966. The top half of GLV-5 62-12560 was recovered offshore following its launch and is on display at the Alabama Space & Rocket Center, Alabama.
108 Titan-II ICBM (B-Types) were produced. 49 were launched for testing at Vandenberg AFB from July, 1964 through June, 1976. 2 were lost in accidents within silos. One B-2 61-2756 was given to the Alabama S&R Center, Huntsville in the 1970s.
The 56 surviving missiles were pulled from silos and individual base stores and all transferred to Norton AFB during the 1980s. They were stored under plastic coverings and had helium pumped into their engine components to keep them from rusting away. Two buildings at Norton AFB held the missiles, Building 942 and 945. Building 945 held 30 missiles, Building 942 held 11 plus a single stage 1. The buildings also held extra stage engines and the interstages. 14 full missiles and one extra second stage had been transferred from Norton AFB to Martin for refurbishment by the end of the decade. 13 of the 14 were launched as 23Gs. One missile B-108 66-4319 (23G-10 the spare for the 23G program) went to the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon. Finally, B-34 Stage 2 was delivered from Norton to Martin on 4/28/86 but was not modified to a G, nor was it listed as arriving or being destroyed at AMARC, it is therefor unaccounted for.
42 B-series missiles remained, 41 full and one first stage at Norton AFB, and the second stage at Martin. Of these 38 and one second stage were stored outside at the Aircraft Maintenance And Regeneration Center (AMARC) adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB (now known as the Aerospace Maintenance And Regeneration Group (AMARG)) to await final destruction in 2004 thru 2008. Four of the 42 were saved and sent to museums (below).
Air Force Base Silo Deactivation date ranges:
- Davis-Monthan AFB 8/10/82 – 6/28/84
- McConnell AFB 7/31/84 – 6/18/86
- Little Rock AFB 5/31/85 – 6/27/87
Titan-II Movement Dates:
- Titan-II Bs moved to Norton between - 3/12/82 thru 8/20/87
- Titan-II Bs delivered to Martin between - 2/29/86 thru 9/20/88
- Titan-II Bs delivered to AMARC - 10/25/82 thru 8/23/87
- Titan-II Bs destroyed at AMARC - 4/07/04 thru 10/15/08
- Titan-II Bs destruction periods at AMARC - 4/07/04 x2; 8/17/05 x 5; 1/12-17/06 x 10; 8/09/07 x 3; 10/07-15/08 x 18; 2 shipped out to museums 08/09
Official Count: 108 Titan-2 'B' Series Vehicles were delivered to USAF: 49 Test launches, 2 Silo losses, 13 Space launches, 6 in museums, 37.5 destroyed at AMARG, +.5 (one second stage missing B-34) = 108.
Titan-II surviving missiles / Museum locations within the United States:
- GLV-5 62-12560 top half of Stage 1 was recovered offshore following its launch and is on display at the Alabama Space & Rocket Center, Alabama.
- N-10 61-2738/60-6817 at the Titan Missile Museum (ICBM Site 571-7), Green Valley, Tucson, Arizona (in the silo).
- B-2 61-2756 at the Alabama S&R Center, Huntsville in the 1970s
- B-5 61-2759 at the USAF Museum, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio
- B-14/20 61-2768 at the Stafford Museum, Oklahoma
- B-44/16 62-0025 at the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History near Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- B-104 66-4315 at the Spaceport USA Rocket Garden, KSC
- B-108 66-4319 (23G-10 the spare for the 23G program) at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon
Note: B-34 Stage 2 was delivered from Norton to Martin on 4/28/86 but was not modified to a G, nor was it listed as arriving or being destroyed at AMARC, it is therefor unaccounted for.
Titan II launch vehicle
The Titan II space-launch vehicles were purpose-built as space launchers or are decommissioned ICBMs that have been refurbished and equipped with hardware required for use as space launch vehicles. All twelve GeminiProject Gemini
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of NASA, the civilian space agency of the United States government. Project Gemini was conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, with ten manned flights occurring in 1965 and 1966....
capsules, ten of which were manned, were launched by Titan II launchers. The Titan 23B
Titan 23B
Titan IIIB was the collective name for a number of derivatives of the Titan II ICBM and Titan III launch vehicle, modified by the addition of an Agena upper stage. It consisted of four separate rockets. The Titan 23B was a basic Titan II with an Agena upper stage, and the Titan 24B was the same...
was a Titan II with an Agena
RM-81 Agena
The RM-81 Agena was an American rocket upper stage and satellite support bus which was developed by Lockheed initially for the canceled WS-117L reconnaissance satellite program...
third stage that was used to launch reconnaissance satellites.
The Titan II space launch vehicle is a two-stage liquid fueled booster, designed to provide a small-to-medium weight class capability. It is able to lift approximately 1900 kilograms (4,188.8 lb) into a polar low-Earth circular orbit. The first stage consists of two ground ignited Aerojet
Aerojet
Aerojet is an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Rancho Cordova, California with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange, Gainesville and Camden, Arkansas. Aerojet is owned by GenCorp. They are the only US propulsion company that provides both solid rocket...
LR87 liquid propellant rocket engines, while the second stage consists of an Aerojet
Aerojet
Aerojet is an American rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Rancho Cordova, California with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange, Gainesville and Camden, Arkansas. Aerojet is owned by GenCorp. They are the only US propulsion company that provides both solid rocket...
LR91 liquid propellant rocket engine.
The Martin Marietta Astronautics Group was awarded a contract in January 1986 to refurbish, integrate, and launch fourteen Titan II ICBMs for government space launch requirements. These were designated Titan 23G. The Air Force successfully launched the first Titan 23G space launch vehicle from Vandenberg AFB September 5, 1988. NASA's Clementine
Clementine mission
Clementine was a joint space project between the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization and NASA...
spacecraft was launched aboard a Titan 23G in January 1994. All Titan 23G missions were launched from Space Launch Complex 4 West (SLC-4W) on Vandenberg AFB, under the operational command of the 6595th Aerospace Test Group and its follow-on organizations of the 4th Space Launch Squadron and 2nd Space Launch Squadron.
External links
- Google Map of 62 Titan II Missile Sites throughout the United States
- Titan Missile Museum
- Titan Missile at Evergreen Space Museum (site of Spruce Goose)
- Titan missiles & variations
- Titan II Missile Information
- Original Titan II ICBM Web Site