Tobacco Institute
Encyclopedia
The Tobacco Institute, Inc. was a United States
tobacco industry
trade group, founded in 1958 by the American tobacco industry.
It was dissolved in 1998 as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.
said in 1979, "Dollar for dollar they're probably the most effective lobby on Capitol Hill".
The Tobacco Institute hired the Roper Organization in 1978 to survey public attitudes on environmental tobacco smoke.
Among its findings were "Nearly six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the non-smoker's health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it, nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." A 1985 meeting of the Executive Committee of the Tobacco Institute outlined plans to broaden the indoor air quality issue.
In December 1987 the Tobacco Institute's Executive Committee discussed creating an industry-based Center for Indoor Air Research, intended to broaden the question of indoor air pollution beyond tobacco smoke. The CIAR was created in March 1988 by Philip Morris
, R. J. Reynolds, and Lorillard.
In 1990 the Tobacco Institute opposed federal regulations banning smoking on domestic airline flights.
An example pamphlet is Answers to the Most Asked Questions about Cigarettes.
The institute also published newsletters aimed at physicians and dentists such as Tobacco and Health and a newsletter Tobacco Observer that seems to have been aimed at a general audience. Richard Kluger
characterized Tobacco Observer as "attack literature."
. Many of these papers rebutted scientific reports critical of tobacco. The Tobacco Institute's response to such a report was rapid: a rebuttal was published
to the 1979 Surgeon General
's report on "Smoking and Health" one day before that report was issued. Another rebuttal
was issued to James Repace and Alfred Lowrey's report "A Quantitative Estimate of Nonsmokers' Lung Cancer Risk."
A press release from the Tobacco Institute attacked the 1986 Surgeon General's report on second-hand smoke,
saying that the Surgeon General had distorted the evidence and that Health and Human Services was suppressing contrary scientific viewpoints.
There was also a longer rebuttal paper.
The Tobacco Institute criticized the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 1993 report declaring tobacco smoke to be a Class A human carcinogen.
by Stanley Frank was published in the January 1968 issue of True
magazine. Frank was paid $500 by Brown & Williamson to write the article,
and the Tobacco Institute paid $500,000 to Rosser Reeves
to publicize the article and distribute one million copies of it. The story of the Tobacco Institute's involvement was uncovered and published by Consumer Reports
.
, but continued to gather intelligence on anti-smoking sentiment and legislative actions.
In 1998, as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, the Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research, and the Council for Tobacco Research were dissolved.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
tobacco industry
Tobacco industry
The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all...
trade group, founded in 1958 by the American tobacco industry.
It was dissolved in 1998 as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.
Founding
The Tobacco Institute was founded in 1958 as a trade organization by cigarette manufacturers, who funded it proportionally to each company's sales. It was initially to supplement the work of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (which later became the Council for Tobacco Research). The TIRC work had been limited to attacking scientific studies that put tobacco in a bad light, and the Tobacco Institute had a broader mission to put out good news about tobacco, especially economic news. It also attacked scientific studies, although more by casting doubt on them rather than by rebutting them directly. It also lobbied Congress, although initially at a low level.Lobbying and policy work
The Tobacco Institute collected intelligence on attitudes toward smoking, developed strategies, and lobbied legislators. Allan M. Brandt wrote "The Tobacco Institute, on behalf of the companies, assembled an impressive record of derailing attempts to bring tobacco under any regulatory mandates whatsoever". By 1978 the Tobacco Institute had 70 lobbyists, and Senator Ted KennedyTed Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Serving almost 47 years, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history...
said in 1979, "Dollar for dollar they're probably the most effective lobby on Capitol Hill".
The Tobacco Institute hired the Roper Organization in 1978 to survey public attitudes on environmental tobacco smoke.
Among its findings were "Nearly six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the non-smoker's health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it, nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." A 1985 meeting of the Executive Committee of the Tobacco Institute outlined plans to broaden the indoor air quality issue.
In December 1987 the Tobacco Institute's Executive Committee discussed creating an industry-based Center for Indoor Air Research, intended to broaden the question of indoor air pollution beyond tobacco smoke. The CIAR was created in March 1988 by Philip Morris
Philip Morris USA
Philip Morris USA is the United States tobacco division of Altria Group, Inc. Philip Morris USA brands include Marlboro, Virginia Slims, Benson and Hedges, Merit, Parliament, Alpine, Basic, Cambridge, Bucks, Dave's, Chesterfield, Collector's Choice, Commander, English Ovals, Lark, L&M, Players and...
, R. J. Reynolds, and Lorillard.
In 1990 the Tobacco Institute opposed federal regulations banning smoking on domestic airline flights.
Advertising
The Tobacco Institute ran advertisements and issued pamphlets for general readers. One advertisement consisted of facing two-page advertisements titled "A word to smokers (about nonsmokers and anti-smokers)" and "A word to nonsmokers (about smokers)." The ad encourages tolerance of smokers by depicting smoking as a "personal choice" and a "small ritual". There was no mention of any health effects.An example pamphlet is Answers to the Most Asked Questions about Cigarettes.
The institute also published newsletters aimed at physicians and dentists such as Tobacco and Health and a newsletter Tobacco Observer that seems to have been aimed at a general audience. Richard Kluger
Richard Kluger
Richard Kluger worked as a journalist before becoming an accomplished Pulitzer Prize-winning author and book publisher.-Journalism:...
characterized Tobacco Observer as "attack literature."
White papers
The Tobacco Institute published a large number of lengthy "white papers". Scanned copies of many of these are available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents LibraryLegacy Tobacco Documents Library
The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library is a digital archive of tobacco industry documents, funded by the American Legacy Foundation and created and maintained by the University of California, San Francisco...
. Many of these papers rebutted scientific reports critical of tobacco. The Tobacco Institute's response to such a report was rapid: a rebuttal was published
to the 1979 Surgeon General
Surgeon General of the United States
The Surgeon General of the United States is the operational head of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government...
's report on "Smoking and Health" one day before that report was issued. Another rebuttal
was issued to James Repace and Alfred Lowrey's report "A Quantitative Estimate of Nonsmokers' Lung Cancer Risk."
A press release from the Tobacco Institute attacked the 1986 Surgeon General's report on second-hand smoke,
saying that the Surgeon General had distorted the evidence and that Health and Human Services was suppressing contrary scientific viewpoints.
There was also a longer rebuttal paper.
The Tobacco Institute criticized the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 1993 report declaring tobacco smoke to be a Class A human carcinogen.
Stealthy techniques
In at least one case the Tobacco Institute paid for an article to be written and placed in a major national magazine while keeping their involvement secret. The article, "To Smoke or Not to Smoke—That is still the Question"by Stanley Frank was published in the January 1968 issue of True
True (magazine)
True, also known as True, The Man's Magazine, was published by Fawcett Publications from 1937 until 1974. Known as True, A Man's Magazine in the 1930s, it was labeled True, #1 Man's Magazine in the 1960s. Petersen Publishing took over with the January 1975, issue...
magazine. Frank was paid $500 by Brown & Williamson to write the article,
and the Tobacco Institute paid $500,000 to Rosser Reeves
Rosser Reeves
Rosser Reeves was a hugely successful American advertising executive and pioneer of television advertising. He believed the purpose of advertising is to sell. He insisted that an advertisement or commercial should show off the value of a product, not the cleverness of a copywriter. His most...
to publicize the article and distribute one million copies of it. The story of the Tobacco Institute's involvement was uncovered and published by Consumer Reports
Consumer Reports
Consumer Reports is an American magazine published monthly by Consumers Union since 1936. It publishes reviews and comparisons of consumer products and services based on reporting and results from its in-house testing laboratory. It also publishes cleaning and general buying guides...
.
Demise
By the 1990s the Tobacco Institute had lost its preeminent role in tobacco lobbying to the market leader, Philip MorrisPhilip Morris USA
Philip Morris USA is the United States tobacco division of Altria Group, Inc. Philip Morris USA brands include Marlboro, Virginia Slims, Benson and Hedges, Merit, Parliament, Alpine, Basic, Cambridge, Bucks, Dave's, Chesterfield, Collector's Choice, Commander, English Ovals, Lark, L&M, Players and...
, but continued to gather intelligence on anti-smoking sentiment and legislative actions.
In 1998, as part of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, the Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research, and the Council for Tobacco Research were dissolved.
In popular culture
- Tobacco Institute was depicted in Christopher Buckley's 1994 novel Thank You For Smoking (and in the 2005 movie made from it) as the Academy of Tobacco Studies.
- Dave Barry made several jokes about the Tobacco Institute in columns, mainly proposing that its scientists participate in dangerous activities.
External links
- Panzer, Fred [Tobacco Institute vice-president] (1972-05-01) The Roper proposal (PDF)