Tongva
Encyclopedia
The Tongva also referred to as the San Gabriel Band, are a historic Native American
people who have inhabited an area in present-day Los Angeles
and Orange
counties, California
, for many centuries before the arrival of Europe
ans. Tongva means "people of the earth" in the Tongva language
, an Uto-Aztecan language
. In 1994 the state recognized the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe and the Fernandino-Tongva Tribe , but neither has gained federal recognition. Neither has a reservation.
After establishing missions, the Spanish colonists named the local indigenous
tribes after each; thus, they called the Tongva the Gabrieleño, in reference to Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
. Similarly, the Spanish referred to both the Tongva in the San Fernando Valley
and the nearby Tataviam
people, who spoke a different language, as Fernandeño, after the Mission San Fernando Rey de España
.
Along with the Chumash, their neighbors to the north and west, the Tongva are among the few New World
peoples who regularly navigated the ocean. They built seaworthy canoe
s, called ti'at, using planks that were sewn together, edge to edge, and then caulked and coated with either pine pitch
, or, more commonly, the tar that was available either from the La Brea Tar Pits
, or as asphalt
um that had washed up on shore from offshore oil seeps. The titi'at could hold as many as 12 people, their gear and the trade goods which they carried to trade with other people along the coast or on the Channel Islands
. The Tongva canoed out to greet the Portuguese explorer Juan Cabrillo
when he arrived in 1542 off the shores of San Pedro Bay
, near present-day San Pedro.
Tongva place names continue to be used in California. Examples include: Pacoima
, Tujunga, Topanga
, Rancho Cucamonga
, Azusa
, and Cahuenga Pass
.
Astronomers have used the name of their creation deity, Quaoar, to name a large object
in the Kuiper belt
, and its satellite
named after their sky god, Weywot
. A 2,656-foot summit in the Verdugo Mountains
, in Glendale
, has been named Tongva Peak. The Gabrielino Trail is a 28-mile path through the Angeles National Forest
.
project site against the 'Westchester Bluffs' near the Ballona Wetlands
estuary
and by the historic natural course of Ballona Creek
.
In the 1990s, the Gabrielino/Tongva Springs Foundation revived use of the Kuruvungna Springs
for sacred ceremonies. The natural spring is located on the site of a former Tongva village, now developed as the campus of University High School in West Los Angeles
. The Tongva consider the spring, which flows at 22,000 gallons per day, to be one of their last remaining sacred sites and they regularly make it the centerpiece of ceremonial events.
Controversy had arisen over uses of the area the Tonva call Puvungna
. They have believed it is the birthplace of the Tongva prophet Chingishnish
, and many believe it to be the place of creation. The site contains an active spring and the area was formerly inhabited by a Tongva village. It has been developed as the grounds of California State University, Long Beach
. A portion of Puvungna, a burial ground on the western edge of the campus, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
. Since 1992, developers have repeatedly attempted to build a strip mall
in the area. The Tongva petitioned the courts for relief, which blocked the development.
The library of Loyola Marymount University
, located in Los Angeles (Westchester), has an extensive collection of archival materials related to the Tongva and their history.
In January 2011 another Tongva burial ground was discovered in Los Angeles. A company working on excavation for the construction of a Mexican History Museum discovered the remains of what were found to be more than 188 members of the Tongva nation. The foundation for the museum, led by Los Angeles County Supervisor Gloria Molina, refused to halt construction (and resulting desecration of the burial ground) for two weeks, finally yielding to the protests of the Tongva people and their supporters.
on land that would be considered part of the Gabrielino/Tongva's homeland. The Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe (sometimes called the "slash" group) and Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe (sometimes called the "hyphen" group) are the two primary factions advocating a casino for the Tongva nation and sharing of revenues to all tribal members. The Gabrielino/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel is the primary faction that does not support gaming for its members. None of the organizations are recognized by the federal government.
The San Gabriel council broke apart over concessions given to the developers of Playa Vista
and a proposal to build an Indian casino in Compton, California
. A Santa Monica faction (parents of the "slash" and "hyphen" groups) was formed which advocated gaming for the tribe. Both the San Gabriel council and Santa Monica faction sued each other over allegations that the San Gabriel faction removed members to increase shares for other members and that tribal records were stolen in order for the Santa Monica faction to gain federal recognition. The San Gabriel faction has never advocated gaming.
The "slash" and "hyphen" groups broke apart in September 2006 when tribal secretary Sam Dunlap and tribal attorney Jonathan Stein confronted each other over various alleged fiscal improprieties and derogatory comments made to each other. Since that point, the Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe has hired former state senator Richard Polanco
to be its chief executive officer. The Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe has allied with Stein and issued warrants for the arrest of Polanco and the members of the Gabrielino-Tongva's tribal council.
Stein's group, which is based in Santa Monica, has proposed a casino to be built in Garden Grove, California
, approximately two miles south of Disneyland. In September 2007, the city council
of Garden Grove unanimously rejected the casino proposal, instead choosing to build a water park on the land.
suggested a 1770 population of the Gabrielino of 5,000, and most subsequent scholars have accepted this estimate.
Currently there are 1,500 or more members in the Tongva tribe. The Tongva are currently working towards re-establishing long-lost family ties.
near Azusa, California. The find included about 100 tools used by the Tongva tribe.
In 2007 and early 2008, over 174 ancient American Indian remains were unearthed by archaeologists at a development site of Brightwater Hearthside Homes in the Bolsa Chica Mesa area in Orange County, California
. This land was once shared by both the Tongva and Acjachemem. The site was in legal limbo for years before Heartside was given permission to start construction of over 300 homes. Both Tongva and Acjachemem Indians are in dispute of over the remains and how to handle them.
:Category:Tongva settlements
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples in North America within the boundaries of the present-day continental United States, parts of Alaska, and the island state of Hawaii. They are composed of numerous, distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups, many of which survive as...
people who have inhabited an area in present-day Los Angeles
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of 2010 U.S. Census, the county had a population of 9,818,605, making it the most populous county in the United States. Los Angeles County alone is more populous than 42 individual U.S. states...
and Orange
Orange County, California
Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of California. Its county seat is Santa Ana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,010,232, up from 2,846,293 at the 2000 census, making it the third most populous county in California, behind Los Angeles County and San Diego County...
counties, California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, for many centuries before the arrival of Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
ans. Tongva means "people of the earth" in the Tongva language
Tongva language
-Collected by C. Hart Merriam :Numbers# Po-koo /bo'kʰøː/# Wěh-hā /ʋɛj'χɒː/# Pah-hā /pa'χɒː/# Wah-chah /ʋa'ʃɒχ/# Mah-har /ma'χɒʁ/# Pah-vah-hā /pa'va'χɒː/# Wah-chah-kav-e-ah /ʋa'ʃa'kʰav̥eʲa/...
, an Uto-Aztecan language
Uto-Aztecan languages
Uto-Aztecan or Uto-Aztekan is a Native American language family consisting of over 30 languages. Uto-Aztecan languages are found from the Great Basin of the Western United States , through western, central and southern Mexico Uto-Aztecan or Uto-Aztekan is a Native American language family...
. In 1994 the state recognized the Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe and the Fernandino-Tongva Tribe , but neither has gained federal recognition. Neither has a reservation.
After establishing missions, the Spanish colonists named the local indigenous
Indigenous
Indigenous means: belonging to a certain place.Indigenous may refer to:In Ecology and Geography*Indigenous resources, resources which exist within local geography, that are not imported...
tribes after each; thus, they called the Tongva the Gabrieleño, in reference to Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
The Mission San Gabriel Arcángel is a fully functioning Roman Catholic mission and a historic landmark in San Gabriel, California. The settlement was founded by Spaniards of the Franciscan order on "The Feast of the Birth of Mary," September 8, 1771, as the fourth of what would become 21 Spanish...
. Similarly, the Spanish referred to both the Tongva in the San Fernando Valley
San Fernando Valley
The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area of southern California, United States, defined by the dramatic mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it...
and the nearby Tataviam
Tataviam
The Tataviam , were called the Alliklik by their neighbors the Chumash , are a Native American group in southern California...
people, who spoke a different language, as Fernandeño, after the Mission San Fernando Rey de España
Mission San Fernando Rey de España
Mission San Fernando Rey de España was founded on "The Feast of the Birth of Mary" , 1797. The settlement is located on the former Encino Rancho in the Mission Hills community of northern Los Angeles, near the site of the first gold discovery in Alta California.-History:Mission San Fernando Rey de...
.
History
New World
The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically America and sometimes Oceania . The term originated in the late 15th century, when America had been recently discovered by European explorers, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the European middle...
peoples who regularly navigated the ocean. They built seaworthy canoe
Canoe
A canoe or Canadian canoe is a small narrow boat, typically human-powered, though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors. Canoes are usually pointed at both bow and stern and are normally open on top, but can be decked over A canoe (North American English) or Canadian...
s, called ti'at, using planks that were sewn together, edge to edge, and then caulked and coated with either pine pitch
Pitch (resin)
Pitch is the name for any of a number of viscoelastic, solid polymers. Pitch can be made from petroleum products or plants. Petroleum-derived pitch is also called bitumen. Pitch produced from plants is also known as resin. Products made from plant resin are also known as rosin.Pitch was...
, or, more commonly, the tar that was available either from the La Brea Tar Pits
La Brea Tar Pits
The La Brea Tar Pits are a cluster of tar pits around which Hancock Park was formed, in the urban heart of Los Angeles. Asphaltum or tar has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water...
, or as asphalt
Asphalt
Asphalt or , also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits, it is a substance classed as a pitch...
um that had washed up on shore from offshore oil seeps. The titi'at could hold as many as 12 people, their gear and the trade goods which they carried to trade with other people along the coast or on the Channel Islands
Channel Islands of California
The Channel Islands of California are a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California along the Santa Barbara Channel in the United States of America...
. The Tongva canoed out to greet the Portuguese explorer Juan Cabrillo
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese explorer noted for his exploration of the west coast of North America on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States...
when he arrived in 1542 off the shores of San Pedro Bay
San Pedro Bay (California)
San Pedro Bay is an inlet on the Pacific Ocean coast of southern California, United States. It is the site of the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach, which together form the fifth-busiest port facility in the world and easily the busiest in the Western Hemisphere...
, near present-day San Pedro.
Tongva place names continue to be used in California. Examples include: Pacoima
Pacoima, Los Angeles, California
Pacoima is a district in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California.It is bordered by the Los Angeles districts of Mission Hills on the west, Arleta on the south, Sun Valley on the southeast, Lake View Terrace on the northeast, and by the city of San Fernando on the north...
, Tujunga, Topanga
Topanga, California
Topanga is a census-designated place in western Los Angeles County, California, USA. It is located in the Santa Monica Mountains. Occupying Topanga Canyon, it is often referred to by that name. Topanga is bounded on three sides by State Park or conservancy lands, and on the south by the Pacific...
, Rancho Cucamonga
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga is a suburban city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 165,269, up from 127,743 at the 2000 census. L. Dennis Michael was elected as Mayor on November 2, 2010. Jack Lam is the City Manager...
, Azusa
Azusa, California
Azusa is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 46,361 at the 2010 census, up from 44,712 at the 2000 census. Though sometimes assumed to be a compaction of the phrase "everything from A to Z in the USA" from an old Jack Benny joke, the place name "Azusa"...
, and Cahuenga Pass
Cahuenga Pass
The Cahuenga Pass is a mountain pass through the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains in the Hollywood district of the City of Los Angeles, California....
.
Astronomers have used the name of their creation deity, Quaoar, to name a large object
50000 Quaoar
50000 Quaoar is a rocky trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt with one known moon. Discovered on June 4, 2002 by astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the California Institute of Technology from images acquired at the Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, it is thought by...
in the Kuiper belt
Kuiper belt
The Kuiper belt , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive...
, and its satellite
Weywot (moon)
Weywot, officially Quaoar I Weywot, is the only known moon of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar. Its discovery was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007, based on imagery taken on 14 February 2006. The satellite was found at 0.35 arcsec from Quaoar with an apparent magnitude difference of 5.6...
named after their sky god, Weywot
Weywot
Weywot is the sky god of the Tongva people, son and first creation of the creator god Quaoar. The Tongva chose the name Weywot for the moon of the likely dwarf planet , which was named after their creation god.-External links:*...
. A 2,656-foot summit in the Verdugo Mountains
Verdugo Mountains
The Verdugo Mountains are a small, rugged mountain range of the Transverse Ranges system, located just south of the western San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, Southern California...
, in Glendale
Glendale, California
Glendale is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the city population is 191,719, down from 194,973 at the 2000 census. making it the third largest city in Los Angeles County and the 22nd largest city in the state of California...
, has been named Tongva Peak. The Gabrielino Trail is a 28-mile path through the Angeles National Forest
Angeles National Forest
The Angeles National Forest of the U.S. National Forest Service is located in the San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles County, southern California. It was established on July 1, 1908, incorporating the first San Bernardino National Forest and parts of the former Santa Barbara and San Gabriel...
.
Contemporary issues
Controversies have arisen in contemporary California related to land use issues and Native American rights, including those of the Tongva. Since the late twentieth century, both the state and the United States have improved respect of indigenous rights and tribal sovereignty, but conflicts between the Tongva and the rapidly expanding population of Los Angeles have often required resolution in the courts. Sometimes developers have inadvertently disturbed Tongva burial grounds. The tribe complained about archeologists breaking bones of ancestral remains found during an excavation of a site at Playa Vista. An important resolution was finally honored at the Playa VistaPlaya Vista, Los Angeles, California
Playa Vista is a neighborhood located located on in the northern section of Westchester in the western area of Los Angeles, California, north of LAX...
project site against the 'Westchester Bluffs' near the Ballona Wetlands
Ballona Wetlands
The Ballona Wetlands are located in Southern California, USA south of Marina del Rey and east of Playa del Rey. The wetlands once included the areas now taken up by Marina del Rey, Venice, and Playa Vista, extending north to about present-day Washington Blvd...
estuary
Estuary
An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea....
and by the historic natural course of Ballona Creek
Ballona Creek
Ballona Creek is an waterway in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, whose watershed drains the Los Angeles basin, from the Santa Monica Mountains on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, and the Baldwin Hills on the south...
.
In the 1990s, the Gabrielino/Tongva Springs Foundation revived use of the Kuruvungna Springs
Serra Springs (California)
Serra Springs is California State Historical Landmark number 522, and is located on the campus of University High School in Los Angeles County, USA. The springs, called Kuruvungna by the native Gabrieleno Tongva people, were used as natural fresh water source by the Tongva people since the 5th...
for sacred ceremonies. The natural spring is located on the site of a former Tongva village, now developed as the campus of University High School in West Los Angeles
West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
West Los Angeles is a district in Los Angeles, California, within a larger region known as the "Westside."-Geography and transportation:...
. The Tongva consider the spring, which flows at 22,000 gallons per day, to be one of their last remaining sacred sites and they regularly make it the centerpiece of ceremonial events.
Controversy had arisen over uses of the area the Tonva call Puvungna
Puvunga
Puvunga is an ancient village and burial site believed to have once been populated by the Tongva people, who are the indigenous inhabitants of the region around Los Angeles, California...
. They have believed it is the birthplace of the Tongva prophet Chingishnish
Chinigchinix
Chingichngish is the name of an important figure in the mythology of the Payomkowishum , Tongva , and Acjachemem Native Americans of coastal Southern California.-Character:This character was first mentioned in a description of the beliefs of the native...
, and many believe it to be the place of creation. The site contains an active spring and the area was formerly inhabited by a Tongva village. It has been developed as the grounds of California State University, Long Beach
California State University, Long Beach
California State University, Long Beach is the second largest campus of the California State University system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment...
. A portion of Puvungna, a burial ground on the western edge of the campus, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
. Since 1992, developers have repeatedly attempted to build a strip mall
Strip mall
A strip mall is an open-area shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front...
in the area. The Tongva petitioned the courts for relief, which blocked the development.
The library of Loyola Marymount University
Loyola Marymount University
Loyola Marymount University is a comprehensive co-educational private Roman Catholic university in the Jesuit and Marymount traditions located in Los Angeles, California, United States...
, located in Los Angeles (Westchester), has an extensive collection of archival materials related to the Tongva and their history.
In January 2011 another Tongva burial ground was discovered in Los Angeles. A company working on excavation for the construction of a Mexican History Museum discovered the remains of what were found to be more than 188 members of the Tongva nation. The foundation for the museum, led by Los Angeles County Supervisor Gloria Molina, refused to halt construction (and resulting desecration of the burial ground) for two weeks, finally yielding to the protests of the Tongva people and their supporters.
Tribal Councils
There is no single organization accepted by the Gabrielino/Tongva Nation. This is largely because of a controversy regarding the opening of a casinoNative American gambling enterprises
Native American gaming enterprises are gaming businesses operated on Indian reservations or tribal land in the United States. Indian tribes have limited sovereignty over these businesses and therefore are granted the ability to establish gambling enterprises outside of direct state...
on land that would be considered part of the Gabrielino/Tongva's homeland. The Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe (sometimes called the "slash" group) and Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe (sometimes called the "hyphen" group) are the two primary factions advocating a casino for the Tongva nation and sharing of revenues to all tribal members. The Gabrielino/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel is the primary faction that does not support gaming for its members. None of the organizations are recognized by the federal government.
The San Gabriel council broke apart over concessions given to the developers of Playa Vista
Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California
Playa Vista is a neighborhood located located on in the northern section of Westchester in the western area of Los Angeles, California, north of LAX...
and a proposal to build an Indian casino in Compton, California
Compton, California
Compton is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The city of Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city to incorporate. The city is considered part of the South side by residents of Los...
. A Santa Monica faction (parents of the "slash" and "hyphen" groups) was formed which advocated gaming for the tribe. Both the San Gabriel council and Santa Monica faction sued each other over allegations that the San Gabriel faction removed members to increase shares for other members and that tribal records were stolen in order for the Santa Monica faction to gain federal recognition. The San Gabriel faction has never advocated gaming.
The "slash" and "hyphen" groups broke apart in September 2006 when tribal secretary Sam Dunlap and tribal attorney Jonathan Stein confronted each other over various alleged fiscal improprieties and derogatory comments made to each other. Since that point, the Gabrielino/Tongva Tribe has hired former state senator Richard Polanco
Richard Polanco
Richard G. Polanco is a former California State Senate Majority leader and member of the California State Assembly. He is known for his significant efforts in increasing Latino representation in the California Legislature.-Background:...
to be its chief executive officer. The Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe has allied with Stein and issued warrants for the arrest of Polanco and the members of the Gabrielino-Tongva's tribal council.
Stein's group, which is based in Santa Monica, has proposed a casino to be built in Garden Grove, California
Garden Grove, California
Garden Grove is a city located in northern Orange County, California. The population was 170,883 at the 2010 census. State Route 22, also known as the Garden Grove Freeway, passes through the city running east-west. The city is known outside the Southern California area for being the home of Robert H...
, approximately two miles south of Disneyland. In September 2007, the city council
City council
A city council or town council is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.-Australia & NZ:Because of the differences in legislation between the States, the exact definition of a City Council varies...
of Garden Grove unanimously rejected the casino proposal, instead choosing to build a water park on the land.
Population
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. KroeberAlfred L. Kroeber
Alfred Louis Kroeber was an American anthropologist. He was the first professor appointed to the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, and played an integral role in the early days of its Museum of Anthropology, where he served as director from 1909 through...
suggested a 1770 population of the Gabrielino of 5,000, and most subsequent scholars have accepted this estimate.
Currently there are 1,500 or more members in the Tongva tribe. The Tongva are currently working towards re-establishing long-lost family ties.
Recent archaeological research
In February 2006, archaeologists uncovered a prehistoric milling area estimated to be 8,000 years old at the base of the San Gabriel MountainsSan Gabriel Mountains
The San Gabriel Mountains Range is located in northern Los Angeles County and western San Bernardino County, California, United States. The mountain range lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert, with Interstate 5 to the west and Interstate 15 to the east...
near Azusa, California. The find included about 100 tools used by the Tongva tribe.
In 2007 and early 2008, over 174 ancient American Indian remains were unearthed by archaeologists at a development site of Brightwater Hearthside Homes in the Bolsa Chica Mesa area in Orange County, California
Orange County, California
Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of California. Its county seat is Santa Ana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,010,232, up from 2,846,293 at the 2000 census, making it the third most populous county in California, behind Los Angeles County and San Diego County...
. This land was once shared by both the Tongva and Acjachemem. The site was in legal limbo for years before Heartside was given permission to start construction of over 300 homes. Both Tongva and Acjachemem Indians are in dispute of over the remains and how to handle them.
See also
- Gabrielino traditional narrativesGabrielino traditional narrativesGabrieliño traditional narratives or Tongva traditional narratives include myths, legends, tales, and oral histories preserved by the Tongva/Gabrieliño nation of people of the Los Angeles basin and vicinity in southern California....
(aka: Tongva traditional narratives)
:Category:Tongva settlements
- ChinigchinixChinigchinixChingichngish is the name of an important figure in the mythology of the Payomkowishum , Tongva , and Acjachemem Native Americans of coastal Southern California.-Character:This character was first mentioned in a description of the beliefs of the native...
External links
- Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe A California Indian tribe historically known as San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians
- Gabrieleño/Tongva Tribal Council of San Gabriel
- Gabrielino/Tongva Nation official Gabrieliño/Tongva Nation Tribal Council website
- http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/980/files/sspshp%20ethnohistory.pdf CA State Parks: 'Ethnohistory of West S.F. Valley'-language, places, legends, photos.
- Gabrieliño-Tongva Springs Foundation
- http://members.aol.com/perrismuseum/tongva.htm Perris Valley Historical and Museum AssociationPerris Valley Historical and Museum AssociationThe Perris Valley Historical and Museum Association was founded in 1964 to gather, protect, and preserve the history of the Perris Valley....
website: "A Tongva History" - http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/Tongva.html UCLA: Tongva (Gabrieliños) archives.
- Antelope Valley Indian Museum; online collections database; use 'search' to see many Tongva artifacts.
- For Tongva-Gabrielino Indians seeking 'long-lost' family members.
- http://santafesprings.org/depts/community_serv/library/heritage/tongva.asp Tongva Exhibit, Heritage Park, Santa Fe Springs, CaliforniaSanta Fe Springs, CaliforniaSanta Fe Springs is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is one of the Gateway Cities of southeast Los Angeles County. The population was 16,223 at the 2010 census, down from 17,438 at the 2000 census....
- KCET Departures with the Tongva Mission Indians original inhabitants of the Los Angeles Basin