Town and country planning in the United Kingdom

See Development control in the United Kingdom for an explanation of how planning control is exercised in the UK.

Town and Country Planning is the land use planning

Land use planning

Land-use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts. Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of land within their...

system governments use to balance economic development and environmental quality. Each country of the United Kingdom has its own planning system that is responsible for town and country planning devolved

Devolution

Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. Devolution can be mainly financial, e.g. giving areas a budget which was formerly administered by central government...

to the Northern Ireland Assembly

Northern Ireland Assembly

The Northern Ireland Assembly is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland. It has power to legislate in a wide range of areas that are not explicitly reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and to appoint the Northern Ireland Executive...

, the Scottish Parliament

Scottish Parliament

The Scottish Parliament is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland, located in the Holyrood area of the capital, Edinburgh. The Parliament, informally referred to as "Holyrood", is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament...

and the Welsh Assembly.

The Town and Country Planning Act 1947

Town and Country Planning Act 1947

The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed by the post-war Labour government...

created the framework for the system. Green belts

Green Belt (UK)

In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth. The idea is for a ring of countryside where urbanisation will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail...

were added in 1955 via a government circular

Government circular

A Government circular is a written statement of government policy. It will often provide information, guidance, rules, and/or background information on legislative or procedural matters.-References:*...

. The system has essentially remained the same since the initial 1947 act, which repealed all previous legislation, including the first Housing and Town Planning Act 1909

Housing and Town Planning Act 1909

The Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1909 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which prevented the building of "back-to-back" houses. The act also meant local authorities must introduce systems of town planning and meant homes had to be built to certain standards....

, which had been followed by the Housing and Town Planning Act 1919, Town Planning Act 1925, and Town and Country Planning Act 1932.

Current planning legislation for England and Wales

England and Wales

England and Wales is a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. It consists of England and Wales, two of the four countries of the United Kingdom...

is consolidated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990

Town and Country Planning Act 1990

The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 is an act of the British Parliament regulating the development of land in England and Wales-Section 1:...

(TCPA 1990). Three further planning-related acts are associated with this principal Act. These four acts are defined as the Planning Acts

Planning Acts

-England & Wales:Four inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system in England and Wales.They were:-*Town and Country Planning Act 1990 - The Principal Act...

. Parts of these Acts have been replaced or amended by the provisions of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004

Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister...

, which received Royal Assent on 13 May 2004.

The basic planning law of Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west...

is contained in the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991.

The relevant Acts for Scotland

Scotland

Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...

are the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997

Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997

The Town and Country Planning Act 1997 is the principal piece of legislation governing the use and development of land within Scotland...

and the Planning etc (Scotland) Act 2006.

History

The roots of the UK town and country planning systems, created in the immediate post-war years, lie in concerns developed over the previous half century in response to industrialisation

Industrialisation

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one...

and urbanisation. The particular concerns were pollution

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light...

, urban sprawl

Urban sprawl

Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land, high segregation of uses Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a...

, and ribbon development

Ribbon development

Ribbon development means building houses along the routes of communications radiating from a human settlement. Such development generated great concern in the United Kingdom during the 1920s and the 1930s, as well as in numerous other countries....

. These concerns were expressed through the work of thinkers such as Ebenezer Howard

Ebenezer Howard

Sir Ebenezer Howard is known for his publication Garden Cities of To-morrow , the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, that realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the...

and the philanthropic

Philanthropy

Philanthropy etymologically means "the love of humanity"—love in the sense of caring for, nourishing, developing, or enhancing; humanity in the sense of "what it is to be human," or "human potential." In modern practical terms, it is "private initiatives for public good, focusing on quality of...

actions of industrialists such as the Lever Brothers

Lever Brothers

Lever Brothers was a British manufacturer founded in 1885 by William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James Darcy Lever . The brothers had invested in and promoted a new soap making process invented by chemist William Hough Watson, it was a huge success...

and the Cadbury family

Cadbury family

The Cadbury family is a prominent British family of industrialists descending from Richard Tapper Cadbury.* Richard Tapper Cadbury , who financed John** John Cadbury , family patriarch and founder of the chocolate company...

.

By the outbreak of Second World War

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, thinking was sufficiently advanced that, even during the war, a series of Royal commission

Royal Commission

In Commonwealth realms and other monarchies a Royal Commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue. They have been held in various countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Saudi Arabia...

s looked at the problems of urban planning and development control. These included:

The Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population
The Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
The Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
The Reith Report
John Reith, 1st Baron Reith
John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith, KT, GCVO, GBE, CB, TD, PC was a Scottish broadcasting executive who established the tradition of independent public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom...

into New Towns (1947)

Also, Patrick Abercrombie

Patrick Abercrombie

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie ) was an English town planner. Educated at Uppingham School, Rutland; brother of Lascelles Abercrombie, poet and literary critic.-Career:...

developed the Greater London Plan

Greater London Plan

The Greater London Plan of 1944, often referred to as the Abercrombie Plan, was a plan for the development and improvement of London commissioned by the Ministry of Works in 1942 and drawn up by Patrick Abercrombie....

for the reconstruction of London

London

London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, which envisaged moving 1.5 million people from London to new and expanded towns.

These intellectual efforts resulted in:

The New Towns Act 1946
New Towns Act 1946
The New Towns Act 1946 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which allowed the government to designate areas as new towns, and passing development control functions to a Development Corporation. Several new towns were created in the years following its passing...
The Town and Country Planning Act 1947
Town and Country Planning Act 1947
The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed by the post-war Labour government...

The 1947 Act, in effect, nationalised the right to develop land. It requires all proposals, with a few exclusions, to secure planning permission

Planning permission

Planning permission or planning consent is the permission required in the United Kingdom in order to be allowed to build on land, or change the use of land or buildings. Within the UK the occupier of any land or building will need title to that land or building , but will also need "planning...

from the local authority, with provision to appeal against refusal. It introduced a development charge to capture the planning gain

Planning gain

Planning gain refers primarily to the increase in the value of land which results from planning permission being granted for that land. This increase in land value mainly accrues to the owner of the land, but a levy or tax may be applied to divert some of the planning gain to the public sector...

which arises when permission to develop land is granted; this was abolished by the 1954 Town and Country Planning Act passed under subsequent Conservative government.

The 1947 Act introduced a requirement, which still exists, on local authorities to develop Local Plans

Local Plans

In United Kingdom planning law, a local plan is an old-style development plan prepared by district and other local planning authorities. By virtue of specific transitional provisions, these plans will continue to operate for a time after the commencement of the new development plan system brought...

or Unitary Development Plan

Unitary Development Plan

In United Kingdom planning law, a unitary development plan is an old-style development plan prepared by a metropolitan district and some unitary local authorities that contains policies equivalent to those in both a structure plan and a local plan...

s to outline what kind of development is permitted where, and to mark special areas on Local Plan Maps. It did not introduce a formal system of zoning

Zoning

Zoning is a device of land use planning used by local governments in most developed countries. The word is derived from the practice of designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones which separate one set of land uses from another...

as used in the United States

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

. Counties developed Structure Plans

Structure Plans

A structure plan is an old-style development plan required by United Kingdom planning law. Structure plans set out strategic planning policies and form the basis for detailed policies in local plans...

that set broad targets for the wider area. Structure Plans were always problematic and were often in the process of being replaced by the time they were formally adopted.

The planning system underwent a number of alterations, which were consolidated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990

Town and Country Planning Act 1990

The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 is an act of the British Parliament regulating the development of land in England and Wales-Section 1:...

(TCPA 1990). Section 106 substantially re-wrote Section 52 from the former Act, settling the concept of agreements (known as "planning obligation agreements," or more commonly "Section 106 agreements"), under which the developer is subject to detailed arrangements and restrictions beyond those that a planning condition could impose, or by which he makes agreed financial contributions beyond the immediate building works to offset development effects on the local community. This was soon amended to allow a developer to self-impose obligations to preempt objections to planning permission. This prevents the planning authority from blocking a permission by merely failing to negotiate.

Three further Acts related to planning are associated with this primary act: The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

The Planning Act 1990 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that altered the laws on granting of planning permission for building works, notably including those of the listed building system in England and Wales....

, the Planning (Hazardous Substances) Act 1990

Planning (Hazardous substances) Act 1990

The Planning Act 1990 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to consolidate certain enactments relating to special controls in respect of hazardous substances with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission....

, and the Planning (Consequential Provisions) Act 1990

Planning (Consequential provisions) Act 1990

The Planning Act 1990 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to make provision for repeals, consequential amendments, transitional and transitory matters and savings in connection with the consolidation of enactments in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, the Planning Act 1990 and the...

. These four Acts are referred to as the Planning Acts

Planning Acts

. Almost immediately after parliament passed these Acts, the government had further thoughts on the control of land development, which led to the Planning and Compensation Act 1991

Planning and Compensation Act 1991

The Planning and Compensation Act 1991 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom to amend the law relating to town and country planning;*to extend the powers to acquire by agreement land which may be affected by carrying out public works;...

, which made important alterations to many of the Planning Acts

Planning Acts

provisions.

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004

Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004

The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister...

made substantial changes to the English Development Plan system. It did away with both Structure Plans

Structure Plans

and Local Plans

Local Plans

, in favour of Local Development Frameworks

Local Development Frameworks

A local development framework is the spatial planning strategy introduced in England and Wales by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 and given detail in Planning Policy Statements 12...

(LDFs), which are made up a number of Local Development Documents

Local Development Documents

Local development documents are a set of documents specified in United Kingdom planning law which a local planning authority creates to describe their strategy for development and use of land in their area of authority....

(LDDs) and Supplementary Planning Documents

Supplementary Planning Documents

Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, a supplementary planning document is a local development document that may cover a range of issues, thematic or site-specific, and provides further detail of policies and proposals in a 'parent' development...

(SPDs). The Regional Spatial Strategy

Regional Spatial Strategy

Regional spatial strategies provided regional level planning frameworks for the regions of England outside London. They were introduced in 2004...

(RSS), which is produced by Regional Assemblies in England

Regional Assemblies in England

The Regional Assemblies of England were a group of indirectly elected regional bodies established originally under the name Regional Chambers by the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998. They were abolished on 31 March 2010 and replaced by Local Authority Leaders’ Boards...

, replaces the Structure Plan

Structure Plans

as the strategic planning document (i.e., the RSS that's targets for housing and employment development within each district in a Region in the future). A variation on this approach exists in Wales

Town and country planning in Wales

Town and country planning in Wales is based on the land use planning system which applies throughout the United Kingdom. However, the system in Wales has some distinctive features which have arisen because substantial responsibility for town and country planning has been devolved to the Welsh...

.

Local Authorities are also now required to produce Local Development Scheme

Local Development Scheme

Local development schemes, in local government in the United Kingdom, are public 'project plans' which identify which local development documents will be produced, in what order and when....

s (LDS) - which outline the work the LDDs/SPDs they intend to produce over a three year period, and Statements of Community Involvement

Statements of Community Involvement

Established as part of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 in United Kingdom law, the Statements of Community Involvement are produced by Local Authorities to explain to the public how they will be involved in the preparation of Local Development Documents...

(SCI), which outline how the Council will involve the local community. All LDDs and SPDs also have to be accompanied by a Sustainability Appraisal

Sustainability Appraisal

In United Kingdom planning law, a sustainability appraisal is an appraisal of the economic, environmental, and social effects of a plan from the outset of the preparation process to allow decisions to be made that accord with sustainable development....

(SA) and a Strategic Environmental Assessment

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Strategic environmental assessment is a system of incorporating environmental considerations into policies, plans, and programmes. It is sometimes referred to as strategic environmental impact assessment. The specific term strategic environmental assessment relates to European Union policy...

(SEA). The SEA is a requirement under European Union

European Union

The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community , formed by six countries in 1958...

laws. Planning Policy Guidance Notes

Planning Policy Guidance Notes

In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Guidance Notes are statements of the Government's national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. They apply to England only...

are also being gradually replaced by Planning Policy Statements

Planning Policy Statements

In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Statements are statements of the British Government's national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. They apply to England only...

.

Minor variations

Minor amendment (UK Planning)

Minor Amendments were insignificant variation in a detail and details of an Planning permission which would not raise any new issues which would warrant the submission of a fresh Planning application....

were allowed to planning permissions, recognising that information provided for planning permission does not provide enough detail for actual construction. Working drawings are required first, and architects often make small changes to accommodate a building's technical requirements. Also, plans might change on site to overcome unforeseen problems. Legality of minor amendments was challenged in 2006, and the advice to many local authorities is that any variation to a planning permission should require planning approval.

On-line access

Historically, planning applications were submitted in paper form to designated Council offices and displayed for a statutory period at public libraries or offices. In December 1995, the London Borough of Wandsworth

London Borough of Wandsworth

The London Borough of Wandsworth is a London borough in southwest London, England, and forms part of Inner London.-History:The borough was formed in 1965 from the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Battersea and much of the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth, but...

created a website that published electronic images of planning application documents. This technology greatly improved access to application-related documents for all participants in the planning process. Within ten years, most planning authorities within the UK followed suit. This has been facilitated by widespread use of commercial off-the-shelf

Commercial off-the-shelf

In the United States, Commercially available Off-The-Shelf is a Federal Acquisition Regulation term defining a nondevelopmental item of supply that is both commercial and sold in substantial quantities in the commercial marketplace, and that can be procured or utilized under government contract...

software packages that take visitors through a similar process. Other access methods now include routing inquiries through a centrally-hosted public or privately hosted website, such as UKPlanning or the national Planning Portal.

Use classes

The requirement to obtain planning permission extends not only to new construction, but also in substantive changes of use of a property. There are various 'use classes', and change of use to a different use class generally requires Planning permission

Planning permission

.

The UK Property Classification

UK Property Classification

Property ‘uses’ Classes are the legal framework which determines what a particular property may be used for by its lawful occupants. In England and Wales, these are contained within the text of Town and country planning in the United Kingdom Order 1987 Property ‘uses’ Classes are the legal...

main classes (excluding Scotland, which has a separate Use Classes Order) are:

A1: shops
A2: financial and professional services
A3: restaurants and cafés
A4: drinking establishments
A5: hot food takeaways
Take-out
Take-out or takeout , carry-out , take-away , parcel , or tapau , is food purchased at a...

B1: businesses (offices, light industry)
B2: general industrial
B8: storage and distribution

C1: hotels
C2: residential institutions
C3: dwellinghouses

D1: non-residential institutions (schools, libraries, surgeries)
D2: assembly and leisure (cinemas, swimming baths, gymnasiums)

Classes A3 to A5 were formed recently by a split of the previous A3 class 'Food and Drink', though this split was not effected in Wales; jurisdiction over secondary planning legislation being by then a matter for the Assembly.

Various uses are considered to be sui generis
Sui generis
Sui generis is a Latin expression, literally meaning of its own kind/genus or unique in its characteristics. The expression is often used in analytic philosophy to indicate an idea, an entity, or a reality which cannot be included in a wider concept....

, meaning that they are considered to be a use class in themselves, and not part of an existing use class. These specifically include:

theatres
amusement arcade
Amusement arcade
An amusement arcade or video arcade is a venue where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games, redemption games, merchandisers , or coin-operated billiards or air hockey tables...

s
laundrettes
petrol stations
car dealership
Car dealership
A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling...

s
taxi
Taxicab
A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice...

/car rental
Car rental
A car rental or car hire agency is a company that rents automobiles for short periods of time for a fee...

firm
scrapyard
nightclub
Nightclub
A nightclub is an entertainment venue which usually operates late into the night...

s
warehouse club
Warehouse club
A warehouse club is a retail store, usually selling a wide variety of merchandise, in which customers are required to buy large, wholesale quantities of the store's products, which makes these clubs attractive to both bargain hunters and small business owners. The clubs are able to keep prices low...

s

Appeals

An applicant may appeal against a refusal of planning permission. A neighbour who objects to an application has no right of appeal, but may appeal to the local authority ombudsman if they can make a case of maladminstration by the local authority. In such a case the ombudsman has no powers to enforce a retraction of the permission, but it may sanction the local authority.http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/professionals/en/1115316492596.html

Appeal is:

In England, to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.
In Northern Ireland, to the Planning Appeals Commission.
In Scotland, to the Scottish Government; Directorate for Planning & Environmental Appeals or a Local Review Body of the local planning authority
Local Planning Authority
A local planning authority is the local authority or council that is empowered by law to exercise planning functions for a particular area of the United Kingdom. Although, in Scotland, where all of the local authorities are unitary, the term 'planning authority' is used without the 'local'...

.
In Wales, to the Assembly.

In England and Wales the appeal is heard by a planning inspector, while in Scotland this role is filled by a reporter. There has often been talk of making the inspectors independent of government ministers, as in Northern Ireland.

Elements of the modern system

Development Control
Development Control
Development control, planning control, or development management is the element of the United Kingdom's system of town and country planning through which local government regulates land use and new building. It relies on a "plan-led system" whereby development plans are formed and the public is...
The Town and Country Planning (Control of Advertisements) (England) Regulations 2007
Department for Communities and Local Government
Department for Communities and Local Government
The Department for Communities and Local Government is the UK Government department for communities and local government in England. It was established in May 2006 and is the successor to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, established in 2001...
Planning Inspectorate
Planning Inspectorate
The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales is an executive agency of the Department for Communities and Local Government of the United Kingdom Government. It is responsible for determining final outcomes of planning and enforcement appeals and public examination of local development plans...
Local Planning Authority
Local Planning Authority
A local planning authority is the local authority or council that is empowered by law to exercise planning functions for a particular area of the United Kingdom. Although, in Scotland, where all of the local authorities are unitary, the term 'planning authority' is used without the 'local'...
Advisory team for large applications
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
The Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was promoted by the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister...
Town and Country Planning Act 1990
Town and Country Planning Act 1990
The Town and Country Planning Act 1990 is an act of the British Parliament regulating the development of land in England and Wales-Section 1:...
Planning Acts
Planning Acts
-England & Wales:Four inter-related Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed in 1990 to reform the planning system in England and Wales.They were:-*Town and Country Planning Act 1990 - The Principal Act...
Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995
Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995
The Town and Country Planning Order 1995 is a Statutory Instrument enacted in the United Kingdom and applying to planning law in England and Wales....
Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987
Town and Country Planning (Use Classes) Order 1987
The Town and Country Planning Order 1987 is a Statutory Instrument which revoked and replaced the Town and Country Planning Order 1972 as amended by the Town and Country Planning Order 1983. The 1987 order has since been amended, in 1991, 1992, 2005 , 2006 and 2010...
Planning Policy Guidance Notes
Planning Policy Guidance Notes
In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Guidance Notes are statements of the Government's national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. They apply to England only...
Planning Policy Statements
Planning Policy Statements
In the United Kingdom, Planning Policy Statements are statements of the British Government's national policy and principles towards certain aspects of the town planning framework. They apply to England only...
Design and access statement
Design statement
A design statement is a report required under English and Welsh planning law that sets out, illustrates and justifies the process that has led to the development proposals...

National variants

England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Town and country planning in Wales
Town and country planning in Wales is based on the land use planning system which applies throughout the United Kingdom. However, the system in Wales has some distinctive features which have arisen because substantial responsibility for town and country planning has been devolved to the Welsh...

Criticism

The apparent aim of recent reforms to the planning system was to simplify and speed up the production of plans, the system has not been in place long enough to determine if this is the case. The financial costs and time delays associated with the new system are significant and the 2004 report by Barker

Barker Review of Housing Supply

The Barker Review of Housing Supply published its final report on the March 17, 2004. The report was authored by economist Kate Barker and presented recommendations to the UK government for securing future housing needs...

on the planning system suggested some of the requirements were unnecessary and delaying the delivery of sustainable and social housing, and recommended early revisions to the regulations. HM Treasury

HM Treasury

HM Treasury, in full Her Majesty's Treasury, informally The Treasury, is the United Kingdom government department responsible for developing and executing the British government's public finance policy and economic policy...

noted the recommendation to redirect a portion of Section 106 financial contributions as a "planning gain supplement"" for wider community needs and has responded by an Act of Parliament that will levy "a tax on the increase in the value of land resulting from the grant of permission for development".

Planning Green Paper
Planning white paper (Scotland): Modernising the planning system

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

History

On-line access

Use classes

Appeals

Elements of the modern system

National variants

Criticism

See also

External links