Toyota 3S-GTE engine
Encyclopedia
The 3S-GTE is an in-line 4-cylinder 1998cc engine from Toyota, based on the 3S-GE with reduced compression ratio
and addition of a turbocharger
.
There are four generations of this engine, which were manufactured from 1986 to 2007.
The turbochargers used in the 3S-GTE engines are Toyota designs. The first generation Toyota CT26 utilized a single entry turbine
housing and a single wastegate
port design. The second generation Toyota CT26 used a twin entry turbine housing with dual wastegate ports. The third-generation engine uses the (enthusiast-dubbed) Toyota CT20b turbo which was of the same design as the second generation but with a slightly improved turbine housing. The fourth generation engine uses a proprietary CT15b turbocharger whose exhaust housing is actually cast into the exhaust manifold
, rather than the normal practice of a separate turbine housing after the cylinder exhaust manifold. The CT20b can be used on the second generation 3S-GTE head but it is not backwards compatible with the first generation 3S-GTE. The CT15b is backwards compatible with the third generation 3S-GTE cylinder head
only. All Toyota's turbochargers for the 3S-GTE generations use an internal wastegate design.
Depending on where the engine was intended to be sold the exhaust turbine is either ceramic (Japanese) or steel (US). It was fitted to the MR2, Toyota Celica GT-Four
, and the Caldina. Its cylinders are numbered 1-2-3-4, cylinder number 1 is beside the timing belt
. The dual overhead cam (DOHC) 16 valve cylinder head
designed by Yamaha is made of aluminum alloy. The pent-roof combustion chambers are complemented by a crossflow
intake and exhaust layout. Spark plugs are located in the middle of the combustion chambers. A distributor based system is used to fire the cylinders in a 1-3-4-2 order.
The first and third Celica generation intake charge was cooled by a water-to-air intercooler
while the second, third MR2, and fourth generation relied on an air-to-air system. Also, the second generation rally homologation Celica GT-Four (known as Group A Rallye in Australia, RC in Japan and Carlos Sainz Limited Edition in Europe) used a water-to-air intercooler.
The crankshaft
, located within the crankcase
, rotates on five aluminum alloy bearings and is balanced by eight weights. Oil holes are located in the middle of the crankshaft to provide oil to the connecting rod
s, bearing, piston
s and various other components.
On the first two generations the intake manifold has eight independent ports and benefits from the inertia build-up to improve engine torque
at low and medium speeds. Due to the design of the intake manifold, cylinder number 3 runs lean
under normal operation. Various aftermarket solutions exist all of which require replacing the intake headers or manifold. The first two generations of 3S-GTE engines are equipped with TVIS. The third generation uses a normal four-runner intake manifold. In fourth generation, intake manifold design was improved even further. Turbocharger turbine housing was combined with exhaust manifold
A single timing belt drives the intake and exhaust camshaft
along with the oil and water pumps. The cam journal is supported on five points between the valve lifters of each cylinder and on the front of the cylinder head. The cam journals are lubricated by oiler port located in the middle of the camshaft.
To adjust the valve clearance, adjust the shims above the valve lifters (shim over bucket system). This allows for the replacement of the shims without the need to remove the camshaft.
The pistons are made from an aluminum alloy, design to withstand high temperatures. An indentation is incorporated into the pistons to prevent the pistons from "knocking" into the valves. The compression ratio is 8.5:1 for the first and third generation and 8.8:1 for the second generation. Piston pins holding the pistons in place are locked by snap rings.
The first compression ring and the oil ring is made of steel
, the second compression ring is made of cast iron
. Compression ring 1 and 2, prevents gas leakages from the combustion chamber while the oil ring works to clear oil off the cylinder walls, preventing any excessive oil from entering the combustion chamber.
The cast iron cylinder block holds four 86mm pistons and has a stroke of 86mm. Built into the cylinder block are coolant channels, which cools the block which houses the crankshaft.
At the bottom of the cylinder block is an oil pan which stores the oil. A panel is used to ensure that there are sufficient oil available in the oil pan, as the oil moves around the reservoir during movement of the vehicle. This prevents oil from being shifted away from the oil pump suction pipe.
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
and addition of a turbocharger
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...
.
There are four generations of this engine, which were manufactured from 1986 to 2007.
| 3S-GTE Engines | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Generation | Years | Compr. | Power Power (physics) In physics, power is the rate at which energy is transferred, used, or transformed. For example, the rate at which a light bulb transforms electrical energy into heat and light is measured in watts—the more wattage, the more power, or equivalently the more electrical energy is used per unit... (Japan) |
Torque Torque Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist.... |
Used In | ||||
| 1st | 1986–1989 | 8.5:1 | 136 kW (182 hp) @6000 rpm | 250 Nm (184 ft·lbf) @3600 rpm | Celica GT-Four (ST165) | ||||
| 2nd | 1990–1993 | 8.8:1 | 165 kW (221 hp) @6000 rpm | 304 Nm (224 ft·lbf) @3200 rpm | Celica GT-Four (ST185), MR2 (SW20) | ||||
| 3rd | 1994–1999 | 8.5:1 | 180 kW (241 hp) @6000 rpm | 304 Nm (224 ft·lbf) @4000 rpm | Celica GT-Four (ST205), MR2 (SW20) | ||||
| 4th | 1999–2007 | 9.0:1 | 191 kW (256 hp) @6200 rpm | 324 Nm (239 ft·lbf) @4400 rpm | Caldina GT-T (ST215), Caldina GT-Four (ST246) | ||||
The turbochargers used in the 3S-GTE engines are Toyota designs. The first generation Toyota CT26 utilized a single entry turbine
Turbine
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the flow, so that they move and...
housing and a single wastegate
Wastegate
A wastegate is a valve that diverts exhaust gases away from the turbine wheel in a turbocharged engine system. Diversion of exhaust gases regulates the turbine speed, which in turn regulates the rotating speed of the compressor. The primary function of the wastegate is to regulate the maximum boost...
port design. The second generation Toyota CT26 used a twin entry turbine housing with dual wastegate ports. The third-generation engine uses the (enthusiast-dubbed) Toyota CT20b turbo which was of the same design as the second generation but with a slightly improved turbine housing. The fourth generation engine uses a proprietary CT15b turbocharger whose exhaust housing is actually cast into the exhaust manifold
Exhaust manifold
In automotive engineering, an exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word manifold comes from the Old English word manigfeald and refers to the folding together of multiple inputs and outputs.In contrast, an inlet manifold is the part of an engine...
, rather than the normal practice of a separate turbine housing after the cylinder exhaust manifold. The CT20b can be used on the second generation 3S-GTE head but it is not backwards compatible with the first generation 3S-GTE. The CT15b is backwards compatible with the third generation 3S-GTE cylinder head
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
only. All Toyota's turbochargers for the 3S-GTE generations use an internal wastegate design.
Toyota Celica GT-Four
The Toyota Celica GT-Four is a high performance model of the Celica liftback, with a turbocharged 3S-GTE engine, and full-time AWD. It was created to compete in the World Rally Championship, whose regulations dictate that a manufacturer must build road-going versions of the vehicle in sufficient...
, and the Caldina. Its cylinders are numbered 1-2-3-4, cylinder number 1 is beside the timing belt
Timing belt
A timing belt, or cam belt , is a part of an internal combustion engine that controls the timing of the engine's valves. Some engines, such as the flat-4 Volkswagen air-cooled engine, and the straight-6 Toyota F engine use timing gears...
. The dual overhead cam (DOHC) 16 valve cylinder head
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
designed by Yamaha is made of aluminum alloy. The pent-roof combustion chambers are complemented by a crossflow
Crossflow cylinder head
A crossflow cylinder head is a cylinder head that features the intake and exhaust ports on opposite sides. The gases can be thought to flow across the head...
intake and exhaust layout. Spark plugs are located in the middle of the combustion chambers. A distributor based system is used to fire the cylinders in a 1-3-4-2 order.
The first and third Celica generation intake charge was cooled by a water-to-air intercooler
Intercooler
An intercooler , or charge air cooler, is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged internal combustion engines to improve their volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air charge density through nearly isobaric cooling, which removes...
while the second, third MR2, and fourth generation relied on an air-to-air system. Also, the second generation rally homologation Celica GT-Four (known as Group A Rallye in Australia, RC in Japan and Carlos Sainz Limited Edition in Europe) used a water-to-air intercooler.
The crankshaft
Crankshaft
The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation...
, located within the crankcase
Crankcase
In an internal combustion engine of the reciprocating type, the crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine and is located below the cylinder, which in a multicylinder engine are usually integrated into one or several cylinder blocks...
, rotates on five aluminum alloy bearings and is balanced by eight weights. Oil holes are located in the middle of the crankshaft to provide oil to the connecting rod
Connecting rod
In a reciprocating piston engine, the connecting rod or conrod connects the piston to the crank or crankshaft. Together with the crank, they form a simple mechanism that converts linear motion into rotating motion....
s, bearing, piston
Piston
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from...
s and various other components.
On the first two generations the intake manifold has eight independent ports and benefits from the inertia build-up to improve engine torque
Torque
Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....
at low and medium speeds. Due to the design of the intake manifold, cylinder number 3 runs lean
Lean burn
Lean burn refers to the use of lean mixtures in an internal combustion engine. The air-fuel ratios can be as high as 65:1, so the mixture has considerably less fuel in comparison to the stoichiometric combustion ratio ....
under normal operation. Various aftermarket solutions exist all of which require replacing the intake headers or manifold. The first two generations of 3S-GTE engines are equipped with TVIS. The third generation uses a normal four-runner intake manifold. In fourth generation, intake manifold design was improved even further. Turbocharger turbine housing was combined with exhaust manifold
A single timing belt drives the intake and exhaust camshaft
Camshaft
A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.-History:An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The camshaft was later described in Iraq by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata,...
along with the oil and water pumps. The cam journal is supported on five points between the valve lifters of each cylinder and on the front of the cylinder head. The cam journals are lubricated by oiler port located in the middle of the camshaft.
To adjust the valve clearance, adjust the shims above the valve lifters (shim over bucket system). This allows for the replacement of the shims without the need to remove the camshaft.
The pistons are made from an aluminum alloy, design to withstand high temperatures. An indentation is incorporated into the pistons to prevent the pistons from "knocking" into the valves. The compression ratio is 8.5:1 for the first and third generation and 8.8:1 for the second generation. Piston pins holding the pistons in place are locked by snap rings.
The first compression ring and the oil ring is made of steel
Steel
Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten...
, the second compression ring is made of cast iron
Cast iron
Cast iron is derived from pig iron, and while it usually refers to gray iron, it also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due...
. Compression ring 1 and 2, prevents gas leakages from the combustion chamber while the oil ring works to clear oil off the cylinder walls, preventing any excessive oil from entering the combustion chamber.
The cast iron cylinder block holds four 86mm pistons and has a stroke of 86mm. Built into the cylinder block are coolant channels, which cools the block which houses the crankshaft.
At the bottom of the cylinder block is an oil pan which stores the oil. A panel is used to ensure that there are sufficient oil available in the oil pan, as the oil moves around the reservoir during movement of the vehicle. This prevents oil from being shifted away from the oil pump suction pipe.