Trappola
Encyclopedia
Trappola is an early 16th century Venetian trick-taking card game
which spread to most parts of Central Europe and survived, in various forms and under various names like Trapulka, Bulka and Hundertspiel until perhaps the middle of the 20th century. It was played with a special pack of Italian-suited cards derived from the Venetian pattern, and last reported to have been manufactured in Prague
in 1944.
, and many writers of that time agree in making the game of Trappola, whose earliest known reference dates of 1524, the earliest trick-taking card game used in Italy.
Trappola was described by Cardano in his Liber de Ludo Aleae, written in 1564, as a popular Venetian game in the 16th century. It was a very popular card game in Venice
in the early 16th century, but somehow appears to have lost its appeal in the area by the end of that century and moved northwards, most probably because of trading and troop movements.
Garzoni calls it the common game, and Tarocco the new invention, quoting the authority of Volaterano. It is clear that throughout the 17th to 19th centuries the game of Trappola was very popular over a wide area stretching from Nürnberg and Leipzig
to Graz
and Budapest
.
A genuine Trappola game, perhaps the only known survivor of the Trappola group is the game Stovkahra, also known as Brčko, played by a few people in the village of Šumice, situated in the Banát region of Romania. Other forms of Trappola, like Špady and Šestadevacet, are still especially popular in the Czech Republic. The reverse game Coteccio, name applied to various negative point trick games in Italy, is probably Trappola's nearest known living relative, reported to be played in Trieste
.
The 36-card Trappola pack, lacking numerals from three to six, was a specialized version of the Italian pack featuring suits of swords, batons, cups and coins, and the court King, Cavalier and Footsoldier. The suit signs feature a more elaborate and elegant design than their Italian equivalents, suggesting that Trappola was also a game played by the high society. One of the main features of this pattern are the elongated Cups and Chalices with lids covering them.
This suggests a striking similarity with two distinct features in the history of playing cards: the Trevigiane pattern of north-eastern Italy
, and the names of the suits, called Denáry (Coins), Kopy (Cups), Špády (Swords) and Baštony (Batons) in Czech language, all of which loan words borrowed from their Italian counterparts.
Trappola cards are of Venetian
origin, according to William Hughes Willshire, and result from modifying the Tarot
s pack by the suppression of the atutti, and four of the numerals in each suit. They were introduced into Germany at an early date and used there well into the eighteenth century.
A player holding three or four Aces, Kings, Queens and Jacks, or Deuces, may declare them any time before playing one of them to a trick, provided that, having only three, he has not already captured the fourth in a trick. He needs to say no more than "three" or "four", as the case may be, unless they are Aces, when he must add "Aces" to his declaration. The appropriate scores are not made until the trick-play is over.
Elder leads to the first trick, and the winner of this trick then leads to the next. Suit must be followe if possible, otherwise any card may be played. A trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led, there being no trump.
A player who wins a trick to a Deuce scores 10 points right at once, and the winner of the last trick scores 6. These are superseded by winning the last one, two, three or four successive tricks with Deuces, the respective compound scores being 26, 52, 78 and 104 points. Each player then adds in the value of counting cards taken in tricks and so finally the value of any three or four card combination declared at the start of the game. The respective scores are:
Card game
A card game is any game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Countless card games exist, including families of related games...
which spread to most parts of Central Europe and survived, in various forms and under various names like Trapulka, Bulka and Hundertspiel until perhaps the middle of the 20th century. It was played with a special pack of Italian-suited cards derived from the Venetian pattern, and last reported to have been manufactured in Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
in 1944.
History of the game
Trappola is an Italian word, which means "trap", mouse trap, cheat, fraud, and with respect to the derivation of the word, Peignot observes that Trappola means an ingenious thing, that is, something which deceives. Singer suggests that Trappola was probably the first game known to the ItaliansItaly
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and many writers of that time agree in making the game of Trappola, whose earliest known reference dates of 1524, the earliest trick-taking card game used in Italy.
Trappola was described by Cardano in his Liber de Ludo Aleae, written in 1564, as a popular Venetian game in the 16th century. It was a very popular card game in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
in the early 16th century, but somehow appears to have lost its appeal in the area by the end of that century and moved northwards, most probably because of trading and troop movements.
Garzoni calls it the common game, and Tarocco the new invention, quoting the authority of Volaterano. It is clear that throughout the 17th to 19th centuries the game of Trappola was very popular over a wide area stretching from Nürnberg and Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
to Graz
Graz
The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students...
and Budapest
Budapest
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
.
A genuine Trappola game, perhaps the only known survivor of the Trappola group is the game Stovkahra, also known as Brčko, played by a few people in the village of Šumice, situated in the Banát region of Romania. Other forms of Trappola, like Špady and Šestadevacet, are still especially popular in the Czech Republic. The reverse game Coteccio, name applied to various negative point trick games in Italy, is probably Trappola's nearest known living relative, reported to be played in Trieste
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city...
.
The pack
The first actual pack of cards with a maker's name so far discovered was one by Michael Schmit of Buchholz, dated 1646, in the Kümpel collection. Shortly after, in 1664, a pack was made in Prague by the painter Augustin Z-, and bearing the initials H.S.The 36-card Trappola pack, lacking numerals from three to six, was a specialized version of the Italian pack featuring suits of swords, batons, cups and coins, and the court King, Cavalier and Footsoldier. The suit signs feature a more elaborate and elegant design than their Italian equivalents, suggesting that Trappola was also a game played by the high society. One of the main features of this pattern are the elongated Cups and Chalices with lids covering them.
This suggests a striking similarity with two distinct features in the history of playing cards: the Trevigiane pattern of north-eastern Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and the names of the suits, called Denáry (Coins), Kopy (Cups), Špády (Swords) and Baštony (Batons) in Czech language, all of which loan words borrowed from their Italian counterparts.
Trappola cards are of Venetian
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
origin, according to William Hughes Willshire, and result from modifying the Tarot
Tarot
The tarot |trionfi]] and later as tarocchi, tarock, and others) is a pack of cards , used from the mid-15th century in various parts of Europe to play a group of card games such as Italian tarocchini and French tarot...
s pack by the suppression of the atutti, and four of the numerals in each suit. They were introduced into Germany at an early date and used there well into the eighteenth century.
The deck
The composition of the deck is rather unusual: A K C J 10 9 8 7 2 in each suit. The card values are A=6, K=5, C=4, J=3, with 6 points for the last trick. The other cards have no point value. If the last trick is won with a Deuce, the bonus is doubled to 20 points, which together with the usual 6 makes 26 points.- Winning the last trick with a two became known as "26".
The rank of the cards
The cards rank from high to low and count as follows:- A(6)
- K(5)
- Q(4)
- J(3)
- 10(null)
- 9(null)
- 8(null)
- 7(null)
- 2(null)
- Here, the coincidence in point of number with the pieces at Chess, is here very striking.
The play
Trappola is a game for 2-players with 9 cards are dealt to each player in batches of four and then five. Non-dealer, if not satisfied with his cards, may discard them face up on the table and take in its place the first nine cards of the stock. If still not satisfied, he may do the same thing again, but must then play with the last nine cards taken from the stock. If he leaves any, the dealer may then exercise the same option either once or twice, depending on how many cards remain. Faced discards may not be taken up during the play.A player holding three or four Aces, Kings, Queens and Jacks, or Deuces, may declare them any time before playing one of them to a trick, provided that, having only three, he has not already captured the fourth in a trick. He needs to say no more than "three" or "four", as the case may be, unless they are Aces, when he must add "Aces" to his declaration. The appropriate scores are not made until the trick-play is over.
Elder leads to the first trick, and the winner of this trick then leads to the next. Suit must be followe if possible, otherwise any card may be played. A trick is taken by the highest card of the suit led, there being no trump.
A player who wins a trick to a Deuce scores 10 points right at once, and the winner of the last trick scores 6. These are superseded by winning the last one, two, three or four successive tricks with Deuces, the respective compound scores being 26, 52, 78 and 104 points. Each player then adds in the value of counting cards taken in tricks and so finally the value of any three or four card combination declared at the start of the game. The respective scores are:
- Three Aces held before play = 12
- Three Kings held before play = 6
- Three Queens held before play = 6
- Three Jacks held before play = 6
- Three Deuces held before play = 10
- Four Aces held before play = 24
- Four Kings held before play = 12
- Four Queens held before play = 12
- Four Jacks held before play = 12
- Four Deuces held before play = 20
- The score is calculated after each hand and the game continues, and deal passes to the non-dealer, if neither player has reached or exceeded 300 points.