Treaty of Aynalıkavak
Encyclopedia
Treaty of Aynalıkavak was a treaty between Ottoman Empire
and Russian Empire
signed on March 10, 1779. The formal name is Aynalıkavak bond of arbitration . Aynalıkavak
is a palace in İstanbul where the treaty was signed.
in 1774 Ottoman Empire had lost Crimean Khanate
which was an Ottoman dependency since 1478. But Crimean khan Devlet Giray (Devlet IV) appealed Ottoman Porte (government) for a renewed dependency, which was clearly impossible under the terms of Küçükkaynarca. Russians heard about his plans and forced him to abdicate. The next khan Şahin Giray
was a Russian puppet. Ottomans on the other hand, decleared that Russian intervention in Crimea
was against the terms of the treaty.
ambassador acting as a mediator, the two empires decided to sign a new treaty.The terms of the treaty were
was planning to annex Crimea. But she was aware of the possible consequences . So as a precaution against a possible alliance between Ottoman Empire and Sweden
in case of a war, she ensured the independency of Sweden by secret talks and then in 1783 Russia annexed Crimea.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
signed on March 10, 1779. The formal name is Aynalıkavak bond of arbitration . Aynalıkavak
Aynalikavak Palace
Aynalıkavak Palace is a former Ottoman palace located in the Hasköy neighborhood of Beyoğlu district in Istanbul, Turkey. It was constructed during the reign of Sultan Ahmed I , with various additions and changes over time. It is under the administration of the Turkish Department of National...
is a palace in İstanbul where the treaty was signed.
Background
By the treaty of KüçükkaynarcaTreaty of Kucuk Kaynarca
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca , Dobruja between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the...
in 1774 Ottoman Empire had lost Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Crimean Khanate, or Khanate of Crimea , was a state ruled by Crimean Tatars from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was . Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan...
which was an Ottoman dependency since 1478. But Crimean khan Devlet Giray (Devlet IV) appealed Ottoman Porte (government) for a renewed dependency, which was clearly impossible under the terms of Küçükkaynarca. Russians heard about his plans and forced him to abdicate. The next khan Şahin Giray
Sahin Giray
Şahin Giray was the last Khan of Crimea. He was born in 1745 in Edirne.He studied in Greece and also in Venice.He reputedly spoke the Crimean Tatar language as well as Ottoman Turkish, Italian and Greek....
was a Russian puppet. Ottomans on the other hand, decleared that Russian intervention in Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...
was against the terms of the treaty.
The treaty
FrenchFrance
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
ambassador acting as a mediator, the two empires decided to sign a new treaty.The terms of the treaty were
- The terms of previous treaty (Küçükkaynarca) about Crimea were ratified.
- Both empires promised not to interfere Crimea politics.
- Russian side promised to withdraw the troops in three months and twenty days.
- Ottomans acknowledged Şahin Giray as the khan
- Free passage rights for Russian mechant ships in Mediterranean SeaMediterranean SeaThe Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Anatolia and Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant...
were granted.
Aftermath
Russian empress Catherine IICatherine II of Russia
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia, was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia on as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg...
was planning to annex Crimea. But she was aware of the possible consequences . So as a precaution against a possible alliance between Ottoman Empire and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
in case of a war, she ensured the independency of Sweden by secret talks and then in 1783 Russia annexed Crimea.