Treaty of Whampoa
Encyclopedia
The Treaty of Whampoa was a commercial treaty between France
and China
, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené
and Qiying
on October 24, 1844.
granted the same privileges to the Kingdom of France
as it had done to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking
and subsequent treaties. These privileges included the opening of five harbors to French merchants, extraterritorial privileges French citizens in China, a fixed tariff on Sino-French trade and the right of France to station consuls in China.
's prohibition of Christianity
in China from 1724. By so doing, France could become the protectorate
of Catholics in China, just like France played the same role in the Levant
. After protracted negotiations with Qiting, most of which de Lagrené entrusted to his interpreter Joseph-Marie Callery, the Daoguang emperor issued an edict on February 1846, which legalized the practice of Christianity in China.
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and China
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené
Marie Melchior Joseph Théodore de Lagrené
Marie Melchior Joseph Théodore de Lagrené, , was a French legislator and diplomat, who hailed from an old family from Picardie. He joined the French diplomatic service at a young age and served in the foreign ministry under Mathieu de Montmorency and accompanied him to the Congress of Verona in 1822...
and Qiying
Qiying
Qiying was a Manchu statesman during the Qing Dynasty.His name in Chinese means "brave man of about 60 or 70".-Background and early career:...
on October 24, 1844.
Terms
Based on the terms of the accord, ChinaChina
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
granted the same privileges to the Kingdom of France
July Monarchy
The July Monarchy , officially the Kingdom of France , was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848...
as it had done to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Nanking
The Treaty of Nanking was signed on 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China...
and subsequent treaties. These privileges included the opening of five harbors to French merchants, extraterritorial privileges French citizens in China, a fixed tariff on Sino-French trade and the right of France to station consuls in China.
Toleration of Christianity
Although French prime minister Guizot only had given de Lagrené a mandate to negotiate a commercial treaty with France, de Lagrené decided that he wanted to enhance France's international prestige by securing a rescission of Yongzheng EmperorYongzheng Emperor
The Yongzheng Emperor , born Yinzhen , was the fifth emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty and the third Qing emperor from 1722 to 1735. A hard-working ruler, Yongzheng's main goal was to create an effective government at minimal expense. Like his father, the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng used military...
's prohibition of Christianity
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
in China from 1724. By so doing, France could become the protectorate
Protectorate of missions
Protectorate of Missions is a term for the right of protection exercised by a Christian power in an 'infidel' country with regard to the persons and establishments of the missionaries...
of Catholics in China, just like France played the same role in the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
. After protracted negotiations with Qiting, most of which de Lagrené entrusted to his interpreter Joseph-Marie Callery, the Daoguang emperor issued an edict on February 1846, which legalized the practice of Christianity in China.