The Tughlaq dynasty of north India started in 1321 in Delhi

Delhi

Delhi , officially National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest by population in India, next to Mumbai. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16,753,265 inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census...

 when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq

Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq , real name Ghazi Malik was the founder and first ruler of the Turkic Muslim Tughluq dynasty in India, who reigned over Sultanate of Delhi . He has been the founder of the third city of Delhi called Tughluqabad.Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was in origin a poor Qarauna who took...

. The Tughluqs were a Muslim family of Turkic

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...

 origin. Their rule relied on their alliances with Turkic, Afghan, and other Muslim warriors from outside South Asia.

History

The empire grew under his son and successor Muhammad bin Tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughluq was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq.He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in Multan. His wife was daughter of the raja of Dipalpur...

, but the latter became notorious for ill-advised policy experiments such as shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and introducing copper coins without effective regulation against forgery. Tughluqi has as a result become synonym for brilliant if stubborn eccentricity in the Urdu language.

After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month, until a cousin Feroz Shah Tughlaq killed him and assumed the throne. His rule was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept army. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne; the dynasty was essentially over within 10 years.

The lowest point for the dynasty however came in 1398, when Turco-Mongol

Turco-Mongol

Turko-Mongol is a modern designation for various nomads who were subjects of the Mongol Empire. Being progressively Turkicized in terms of language and identity following the Mongol conquests, they derived their ethnic and cultural origins from steppes of Central Asia...

 invader, Timur (Tamerlane) defeated four armies of the Sultanate on December 15, 1398. Subsequently the Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane entered Delhi on December 18. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.

Rulers

Name	Reign.	Notes
1	Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq , real name Ghazi Malik was the founder and first ruler of the Turkic Muslim Tughluq dynasty in India, who reigned over Sultanate of Delhi . He has been the founder of the third city of Delhi called Tughluqabad.Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq was in origin a poor Qarauna who took...	1321–1325
2	Muhammad bin Tughluq Muhammad bin Tughluq Muhammad bin Tughluq was the Turkic Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. He was the eldest son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq.He was born in Kotla Tolay Khan in Multan. His wife was daughter of the raja of Dipalpur...	1325–20 March 1351
2	Mahmud Ibn Muhammad Mahmud ibn Muhammad Mahmud ibn Muhammad was the seventh leader of the Husainid Dynasty and the ruler of Tunisia from 1814 until his death in 1824....	20 March 1351–23 March 1351
4	Firuz Shah Tughlaq	23 March 1351–1388
5	Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLUQ DEFEATED THE LAST KHALJI RULER,GHAZI MALIK AND ESTABLISHED A NEW DYNASTY IN 1320.GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLUQ WAS AN ABLE AND BRAVE RULER.HE HAD TO FACE A NUMBER OF REFORMS WHICH HE FACED BOLDLY.HE INTRODUCED A NO OF REFORMS FOR HIS PEOPLE....	1388-18 February 1389
6	Abu Bakr Shah	19 February 1389-31 August, 1390
7	Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III was ruler of the Muslim Turkic Tughlaq dynasty.Abu Bakr became ruler of the Tughlaq Empire. However, his brother or nephew, Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III, also desired to be ruler, and struggled against Abu Bakr over the control of the throne...	31 August, 1390-20 January, 1394
8	Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I	22 January, 1394-8 March, 1394
9	Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq was the last sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty. During his reign in AD 1398, Amir Timur the Chagtai ruler invaded India. He carried away with him a large booty from Delhi and the surrounding area. Soon after the invasion, the Tughlaq dynasty came to an end....	8 March, 1394-1412 (or February, 1413)	Nusrat Shah, grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, controlled the western part of the sultanate from Firozabad Firozabad Firozabad is a city in India, in the state of Uttar Pradesh.The ancient name of this town was Chandwar nagar; it is said that once in reign of Akbar the great, revenue was being brought through the city. it was looted by the people who lived here...  and Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Tughluq, youngest son of Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad, controlled the eastern part of the sultanate from Delhi from 1394–1398.
9A	Nusrat Shah Tughluq	1394-1398

External links

• "Muhammad ibn Tughluq" Encyclopædia Britannica