UN General Assembly Resolution 505
Encyclopedia
The UN General Assembly Resolution 505 is titled Threats to the political independence and territorial integrity of China
and to the peace of the Far East
, resulting from Soviet
violations of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of August 14, 1945 and from Soviet violations of the Charter of the United Nations. The UN General Assembly adopted this resolution on 1 February 1952 during its sixth session after the Republic of China
complained to the United Nations
against the Soviet Union
.
invaded Manchuria
(Northeast China
) in 1931 and established Manchukuo
in 1932. The Republic of China
protested Japanese invasion and the League of Nations
voted 42-1 (only Japan voted against) to pass the Lytton Report
to demand Manchuria be returned to China, but Japan refused to comply and left the League of Nations. China neither recognized Manchukuo nor was able to recover Manchuria.
In World War II
, the Yalta Conference
forced China to recognize the independence of Mongolia
. In line with the concluding statement of Yalta Conference and to receive the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kurile islands after the defeat of Japan, Soviet Union
immediately fought against Japan. Later, USSR and ROC signed Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Republic of China on 14 August 1945. However, the National Government of the Republic of China considered the Soviet Union violating the treaty because of obstructing its efforts in re-establishing national authority in Manchuria and aided the Communist Party of China
by giving surrendered arsenals of Japanese Imperial Army and handing territorial control to the Chinese Communist Party in that area against United States marines aided military dispatchment and installation of Nationalist Government in North East China during the early period of Chinese Civil War
after 1945.
In 1949, the Chinese Civil War
resulted in Communist Party of China's victory and the establishment of People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of China founded the People's Republic of China
on October 1, 1949 and the Kuomintang
government of the Republic of China
was forced to retreat to Taiwan
where it continued to maintain itself as the sole legitimate government of all China while declaring the Communists' government to be illegitimate. With the support of the Western bloc
amid the Cold War
, the Republic of China on Taiwan was able to retain the seat of the Republic of China in the United Nations
despite having lost so much territory to the Communists.
In 1952, the Republic of China complained to the United Nations
against the Soviet Union, which it resented for aiding the Communists in the Civil War. The UN General Assembly adopted the Resolution 505 to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 votes for, 9 votes against, and 24 votes abstaining.
of the Republic of China abolished the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and refused to recognize the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic. The Republic of China considered the Resolution 505 a diplomatic victory, even though the hope of recovering of mainland China and Mongolia grew increasingly dimmer as time passes by. The Republic of China once vetoed the Mongolian bid for UN membership in 1955, but the pressure from Soviet-bloc, third world states and non-aligned states eventually forced the Republic of China to stop blocking Mongolia, so Mongolia joined the UN in 1961.
When the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758
was adopted on 25 October 1971, in line with Resolution 2758, which reads for the People's Republic of China to replace the "representatives of Chiang Kai-shek
" in the United Nations. Resolution 2758 thus expelled the Republic of China from the UN. Recent attempts of the Republic of China to rejoin the UN never made it past committee due to opposition from PRC.
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
and to the peace of the Far East
Far East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
, resulting from Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
violations of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of August 14, 1945 and from Soviet violations of the Charter of the United Nations. The UN General Assembly adopted this resolution on 1 February 1952 during its sixth session after the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
complained to the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
against the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
.
Historical background
JapanJapan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
invaded Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
(Northeast China
Northeast China
Northeast China, historically known in English as Manchuria, is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. The region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces...
) in 1931 and established Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
in 1932. The Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
protested Japanese invasion and the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
voted 42-1 (only Japan voted against) to pass the Lytton Report
Lytton Report
was a report generated by a League of Nations commission in December 1931 to try to determine the causes of the Mukden Incident which led to the Empire of Japan’s seizure of Manchuria.- The Commission :The Lytton Commission was headed by V. A. G. R...
to demand Manchuria be returned to China, but Japan refused to comply and left the League of Nations. China neither recognized Manchukuo nor was able to recover Manchuria.
In World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the Yalta Conference
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held February 4–11, 1945, was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D...
forced China to recognize the independence of Mongolia
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...
. In line with the concluding statement of Yalta Conference and to receive the southern part of Sakhalin and the Kurile islands after the defeat of Japan, Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
immediately fought against Japan. Later, USSR and ROC signed Treaty of Friendship and Alliance with the Republic of China on 14 August 1945. However, the National Government of the Republic of China considered the Soviet Union violating the treaty because of obstructing its efforts in re-establishing national authority in Manchuria and aided the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
by giving surrendered arsenals of Japanese Imperial Army and handing territorial control to the Chinese Communist Party in that area against United States marines aided military dispatchment and installation of Nationalist Government in North East China during the early period of Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
after 1945.
In 1949, the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
resulted in Communist Party of China's victory and the establishment of People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of China founded the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
on October 1, 1949 and the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
government of the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
was forced to retreat to Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
where it continued to maintain itself as the sole legitimate government of all China while declaring the Communists' government to be illegitimate. With the support of the Western bloc
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc during the Cold War refers to the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact...
amid the Cold War
Cold War
The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...
, the Republic of China on Taiwan was able to retain the seat of the Republic of China in the United Nations
China and the United Nations
China's seat in the United Nations and membership of the United Nations Security Council was originally occupied by the Republic of China since October 24, 1945. During the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China repelled the government of the ROC from Mainland China to the island of...
despite having lost so much territory to the Communists.
In 1952, the Republic of China complained to the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
against the Soviet Union, which it resented for aiding the Communists in the Civil War. The UN General Assembly adopted the Resolution 505 to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 votes for, 9 votes against, and 24 votes abstaining.
Later development
On 24 February 1953, the Legislative YuanLegislative Yuan
The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China .The Legislative Yuan is one of the five branches of government stipulated by the Constitution of the Republic of China, which follows Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People...
of the Republic of China abolished the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and refused to recognize the independence of the Mongolian People's Republic. The Republic of China considered the Resolution 505 a diplomatic victory, even though the hope of recovering of mainland China and Mongolia grew increasingly dimmer as time passes by. The Republic of China once vetoed the Mongolian bid for UN membership in 1955, but the pressure from Soviet-bloc, third world states and non-aligned states eventually forced the Republic of China to stop blocking Mongolia, so Mongolia joined the UN in 1961.
When the UN General Assembly Resolution 2758
UN General Assembly Resolution 2758
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognized the representatives of the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations" and expelled "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully...
was adopted on 25 October 1971, in line with Resolution 2758, which reads for the People's Republic of China to replace the "representatives of Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
" in the United Nations. Resolution 2758 thus expelled the Republic of China from the UN. Recent attempts of the Republic of China to rejoin the UN never made it past committee due to opposition from PRC.
See also
- China and the United NationsChina and the United NationsChina's seat in the United Nations and membership of the United Nations Security Council was originally occupied by the Republic of China since October 24, 1945. During the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China repelled the government of the ROC from Mainland China to the island of...
- UN General Assembly Resolution 2758UN General Assembly Resolution 2758United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognized the representatives of the People's Republic of China as "the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations" and expelled "the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully...
- Political status of TaiwanPolitical status of TaiwanThe controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu should remain effectively independent as territory of the Republic of China , become unified with the territories now governed by the People's Republic of China , or formally declare...
- Foreign relations of the People's Republic of ChinaForeign relations of the People's Republic of ChinaThe foreign relations of the People's Republic of China guides the way in which it interacts with foreign nations. As a great power and emerging superpower, China's foreign policy and strategic thinking is highly influential. China officially states it "unswervingly pursues an independent foreign...
- Foreign relations of the Republic of ChinaForeign relations of the Republic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, is recognized by sovereign states. The course of the foreign relations of the ROC is dominated by maintaining diplomatic relations with these countries, as well as unofficial relations with other countries via its de facto embassies and...