Ukrainian Ye
Encyclopedia
Ukrainian Ye is a character of the Cyrillic script
. It is considered as an individual letter of modern Ukrainian alphabet
(the 8th in row since 1992, and the 7th before this date) and as a variant form of Ye
(Е е) in modern Church Slavonic language (where the selection of Є and Е is driven by orthography rules, see below). Until mid-19th century, Є/є has also been used in Serbian language
(in Vuk Karadžić's alphabet, the letter was eliminated and replaced by digraph је). Other modern Slavonic languages may use Є/є shapes instead of Е/е for decorative purposes.
In Ukrainian, Є/є commonly represents the sound /je/ or /jɛ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨ye⟩ in "yes". (See Usage for more detail.)
Ukrainian Ye is romanized as ⟨je⟩ or ⟨e⟩. See Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic.
(Е е), known as "long E" or "anchor E". Є-shaped letter can be found in late uncial (ustav) and semi-uncial (poluustav) Cyrillic manuscripts, especially ones of Ukrainian origin. Typically it corresponds to the letter Iotated E (Ѥ ѥ) of older monuments. Certain old primers and grammar books of Church Slavonic language had listed Є/є as a letter distinct from Е/е and placed it near the end of the alphabet (the exact alphabet position varies). Among modern-style Cyrillic scripts (known as "civil script" or "Petrine script"), Є/є was first used in Serbian books (end of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century); sometimes, Serbian printers might be using Э/э instead of Є/є due to font availability. For the modern Ukrainian language, Є/є is used since 1837 (orthography of almanach "Русалка Днѣстровая").
and Rusyn
(as well as in old Serbian orthography), Є/є represents /je/, or the iotated
vowel sound /e/ after a palatalized consonant.
ical forms (mostly between plural
and singular
).
In the modern Church Slavonic alphabet, the 5th letter is typically shown as Єєе (one uppercase accompanied with two variants of lowercase).
Notice 1. Different shapes Є and Е exist only in lowerace, thus in all caps
and small caps
styles, the distinction between Є and Е disappears.
Notice 2. Old Believers
print their books using an older variant of New Church Slavonic language. Its orthography combines the fully formal system described above with the older tradition to use Є phonetically (after vowels, to represent iotated /je/).
uses a character similar to capital Є to represent the Cambrian Period in geologic history.
Є is similar to the symbol for the euro currency
⟨€⟩. In a memorandum from the European Commission
on the design of the euro sign, Ukrainian Ye was accidentally used to represent the Greek letter Epsilon.
Cyrillic alphabet
The Cyrillic script or azbuka is an alphabetic writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School...
. It is considered as an individual letter of modern Ukrainian alphabet
Ukrainian language
Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....
(the 8th in row since 1992, and the 7th before this date) and as a variant form of Ye
Ye (Cyrillic)
Ye is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. In some languages this letter is called E.It commonly represents the vowel or , like the pronunciation of ⟨e⟩ in "yes".Ye is romanized using the Latin letter E....
(Е е) in modern Church Slavonic language (where the selection of Є and Е is driven by orthography rules, see below). Until mid-19th century, Є/є has also been used in Serbian language
Serbian language
Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries....
(in Vuk Karadžić's alphabet, the letter was eliminated and replaced by digraph је). Other modern Slavonic languages may use Є/є shapes instead of Е/е for decorative purposes.
In Ukrainian, Є/є commonly represents the sound /je/ or /jɛ/, like the pronunciation of ⟨ye⟩ in "yes". (See Usage for more detail.)
Ukrainian Ye is romanized as ⟨je⟩ or ⟨e⟩. See Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic.
History
Letter Є/є was derived from one of variant forms of Cyrillic YeYe (Cyrillic)
Ye is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. In some languages this letter is called E.It commonly represents the vowel or , like the pronunciation of ⟨e⟩ in "yes".Ye is romanized using the Latin letter E....
(Е е), known as "long E" or "anchor E". Є-shaped letter can be found in late uncial (ustav) and semi-uncial (poluustav) Cyrillic manuscripts, especially ones of Ukrainian origin. Typically it corresponds to the letter Iotated E (Ѥ ѥ) of older monuments. Certain old primers and grammar books of Church Slavonic language had listed Є/є as a letter distinct from Е/е and placed it near the end of the alphabet (the exact alphabet position varies). Among modern-style Cyrillic scripts (known as "civil script" or "Petrine script"), Є/є was first used in Serbian books (end of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century); sometimes, Serbian printers might be using Э/э instead of Є/є due to font availability. For the modern Ukrainian language, Є/є is used since 1837 (orthography of almanach "Русалка Днѣстровая").
Ukrainian, Rusyn
In UkrainianUkrainian language
Ukrainian is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a variant of the Cyrillic alphabet....
and Rusyn
Rusyn language
Rusyn , also known in English as Ruthenian, is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a distinct language and it has its own ISO 639-3 code; others treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian...
(as well as in old Serbian orthography), Є/є represents /je/, or the iotated
Iotation
Iotation is a linguistic phenomenon very characteristic of the Slavic languages. It should not be confused with palatalization, which is an entirely different process....
vowel sound /e/ after a palatalized consonant.
Old Slavonic, Old East Slavic
In oldest Slavonic manuscripts, Є is just a graphical variant of Е and thus represents /e/ without palatalization. Later Є replaces (i.e. denotes /ʲe/ after consonants and /je/ after vowels and in an initial position). Yet later, it also accepts both decorative role (as an initial letter of a word, even if there were no iotation) and an orthographical one, to make distinction between certain homonymHomonym
In linguistics, a homonym is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that often but not necessarily share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings...
ical forms (mostly between plural
Plural
In linguistics, plurality or [a] plural is a concept of quantity representing a value of more-than-one. Typically applied to nouns, a plural word or marker is used to distinguish a value other than the default quantity of a noun, which is typically one...
and singular
Singular
A grammatical number denoting a unit quantity Singular may also refer to:* Gravitational singularity, a location where the quantities that are used to measure the gravitational field become infinite...
).
New Church Slavonic
Since mid-17th c., the Church Slavonic orthography has the following main rules related to the usage of shapes Є and Е:- in an initial position, always use Є;
- otherwise, use Е with the following exceptions:
- in noun's endings, use -євъ and -ємъ for plural and -евъ, -емъ for singular;
- in other endings, suffixes and roots of nouns, adjectives, particilpes, numerals and pronouns, use Є for plural/dual, if there exists an homonymical form in singular (either of the same word or a different one; the actual rule is much more complicated and not well-defined, as there are multiple other ways to eliminate such a homonymy);
- publishers from KievKievKiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
also use Є in the genitive caseGenitive caseIn grammar, genitive is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun...
of three pronouns (менє, тебє, себє), and Е in the accusative caseAccusative caseThe accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions...
(мене, тебе, себе);
- as a numerical sign (with value 5) use Є, not Е (the rule often been ignored outside of the Russian EmpireRussian EmpireThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
).
In the modern Church Slavonic alphabet, the 5th letter is typically shown as Єєе (one uppercase accompanied with two variants of lowercase).
Notice 1. Different shapes Є and Е exist only in lowerace, thus in all caps
All caps
In typography, all caps refers to text or a font in which all letters are capital letters. All caps is usually used for emphasis. It is commonly seen in the titles on book covers, in advertisements and in newspaper headlines...
and small caps
Small caps
In typography, small capitals are uppercase characters set at the same height and weight as surrounding lowercase letters or text figures...
styles, the distinction between Є and Е disappears.
Notice 2. Old Believers
Old Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652–66...
print their books using an older variant of New Church Slavonic language. Its orthography combines the fully formal system described above with the older tradition to use Є phonetically (after vowels, to represent iotated /je/).
Similar characters
The United States Federal Geographic Data CommitteeFederal Geographic Data Committee
The Federal Geographic Data Committee is a United States government committee which promotes the coordinated development, use, sharing, and dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis. Its 19 members are representatives from the Executive Office of the President, and Cabinet level and...
uses a character similar to capital Є to represent the Cambrian Period in geologic history.
Є is similar to the symbol for the euro currency
Euro sign
The euro sign is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union . The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR...
⟨€⟩. In a memorandum from the European Commission
European Commission
The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
on the design of the euro sign, Ukrainian Ye was accidentally used to represent the Greek letter Epsilon.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon : Latin letter Epsilon
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Ё ё : Cyrillic letter Yo
- Э э : Cyrillic letter E : Cyrillic letter Reversed Ze
- E e : Latin letter EEE is the fifth letter and a vowel in the basic modern Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in the Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish languages.-History:...
Computing codes
| character | Є | є | ||
| Unicode name | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE |
CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE |
||
| character encoding | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
| Unicode Unicode Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems... |
1028 | 0404 | 1108 | 0454 |
| UTF-8 UTF-8 UTF-8 is a multibyte character encoding for Unicode. Like UTF-16 and UTF-32, UTF-8 can represent every character in the Unicode character set. Unlike them, it is backward-compatible with ASCII and avoids the complications of endianness and byte order marks... |
208 132 | D0 84 | 209 148 | D1 94 |
| Numeric character reference Numeric character reference A numeric character reference is a common markup construct used in SGML and other SGML-related markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represent a single character from the Universal Character Set of Unicode... |
Є | Є | є | є |
| KOI8-U KOI8-U KOI8-U is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover Ukrainian, which uses the Cyrillic alphabet. It is based on KOI8-R, which covers Russian and Bulgarian, but replaces eight graphic characters with four Ukrainian letters Ґ, Є, І, and Ї in both upper case and lower case.In Microsoft Windows,... |
180 | B4 | 164 | A4 |
| Code page 855 Code page 855 Code page 855 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Cyrillic script. This code page is not used much.-Code page layout:... |
135 | 87 | 134 | 86 |
| Code page 866 Code page 866 Code page 866 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Cyrillic script. It is based on the "alternative character set" of GOST 19768-87... |
242 | F2 | 243 | F3 |
| Windows-1251 Windows-1251 Windows-1251 is a popular 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet such as Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic and other languages... |
170 | AA | 186 | BA |
| ISO-8859-5 | 164 | A4 | 244 | F4 |
| Macintosh Cyrillic | 184 | B8 | 185 | B9 |