The United States Army Security Agency (ASA) was the United States Army's

United States Army

The United States Army is the main branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. It is the largest and oldest established branch of the U.S. military, and is one of seven U.S. uniformed services...

 signal intelligence branch. Its motto was "Vigilant Always." The Agency existed between 1945 and 1976 and was the successor to Army signal intelligence operations dating back to World War I

World War I

World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...

. The ASA was under the command of the Director of National Security (DIRNSA) at the National Security Agency, located at Fort Meade. Besides intelligence gathering, it had responsibility for the security of Army communications and for electronic countermeasures

Electronic countermeasures

An electronic countermeasure is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar or other detection systems, like infrared or lasers. It may be used both offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy...

 operations. In 1977, the ASA was merged with the US Army's Military Intelligence

Military intelligence

Military intelligence is a military discipline that exploits a number of information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions....

 component to create the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM

United States Army Intelligence and Security Command

The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command is a direct reporting unit that conducts intelligence, security, and information operations for U.S. Army commanders and national decision makers. INSCOM is both an organization within the United States Army and the National Security Agency,...

).

History

Composed of soldiers with high scores on Army intelligence tests, the ASA was tasked with monitoring and interpreting military communications of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

, the People’s Republic of China, and their allies and client states around the world. The ASA was directly subordinate to the National Security Agency

National Security Agency

The National Security Agency/Central Security Service is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the collection and analysis of foreign communications and foreign signals intelligence, as well as protecting U.S...

 and all field stations had NSA technical representatives present.

All gathered information had time-sensitive value depending on its importance and classification. Information was passed through intelligence channels within hours of intercept for the lowest-priority items, but in as little as 10 minutes for the most highly critical information.

ASA personnel were stationed at locations around the globe, wherever the United States had a military presence – publicly acknowledged or otherwise (Peshawar, Pakistan). In some cases such as Eritrea

Eritrea

Eritrea , officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. Eritrea derives it's name from the Greek word Erethria, meaning 'red land'. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast...

, it was the primary military presence. The 13th USASA Field Station, outside of Harrogate, England in what is now North Yorkshire was and is a primary listening post. It was subsequently turned over to the British and became an RAF station. It is called RAF Menwith Hill

RAF Menwith Hill

RAF Menwith Hill is a Royal Air Force station near Harrogate, North Yorkshire which provides communications and intelligence support services to the United Kingdom and the United States of America...

, and was the site of peace protests.

Vietnam War

Although not officially serving under the ASA name, covertly designated as Radio Research, ASA personnel of the 509th Radio Research Battalion were among the earliest U.S. military advisors in Vietnam

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...

.

The first battlefield fatality of the Vietnam War was Specialist 4 James T. Davis (from Livingston, Tennessee) who was killed on 22 December 1961, on a road near the old French Garrison of Cau Xang. He had been assigned to the 3rd Radio Research Unit at Tan Son Nhut Air Base near Saigon, along with 92 other members of his unit. Davis Station in Saigon was named after him. President Lyndon Johnson later termed Davis "the first American to fall in the defense of our freedom in Vietnam".

Most ASA personnel processed in country through Davis Station; others attached to larger command structures prior to transport to Vietnam processed in with those units. For example, the 601st Radio Research Unit, attached to the 198th Light Infantry Brigade, processed in with that brigade. ASA personnel were attached to Army infantry and armored cavalry units throughout the Vietnam War. Some select teams were also attached to MACV/SOG and Special Forces units. Some teams were independent of other army units, such as the 313th Radio Research Brigade at Nha Trang.

ASA Personnel

ASA military occupational specialties (MOSs) included
voice intercept operators (98G "Monterey Marys"), morse code

Morse code

Morse code is a method of transmitting textual information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment...

 intercept operators ("Ditty Boppers" or sometimes "Hogs" for their 05H designation), non-morse (teletype and voice) intercept operators (05K),
communications security/signal security specialists (05G) ("Buddy Fuckers" because their investigations often led to soldiers being punished), direction-finding equipment operators ("Duffys" for their 05D designation),

Crypto-Clerks (72B), Cryptanalysis/Cryptanalytic Technician (crippies),(98B), communications traffic analysts (98C), non-communications intercept/analysts (98J – RADAR and telemetry) and electronic cryptographic maintenance technicians(32F-G, and 33S)

Electronic Maintenance Techs 33C Intercept Receiver Repairman, 33D Intercept Record System Repairmen, 33F Demultiplex Systems Repairman and 33G Electronics Countermeasures System Repairmen
and a 44 man Special Operations Detachment or field teams to conduct clandestine combat operations, among others. ASA had its own separate training facilities, communication centers and chain of command.

These occupations, which required top secret clearance, were essential to U.S. Cold War

Cold War

The Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World—primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies—and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States...

 efforts. ASA units operated in shifts, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. ASA troops were not allowed to discuss their operations with outsiders – in fact, they could not talk among themselves about their duties unless they were in a secure location. Even today, decades after they served, some of the missions still cannot be discussed. Owing to the sensitivity of the information with which they worked, ASA soldiers were subject to travel restrictions during and long after their time in service. The activities of the U.S. Army Security Agency have only recently been partially declassified

Declassification

Declassification is the process of documents that formerly were classified as secret ceasing to be so restricted, often under the principle of freedom of information. Procedures for declassification vary by country...

. This turn of events has been accompanied by the appearance of a small number of ASA memoirs and novels (see the list below).

ASA Human Resources (1945–1965)

The ASA, during the majority of the years of its existence, from 1945 to 1978, was largely a “Cold War” operation. ASA enlisted troops were recruited from the top aptitude test scoring range. The majority of the ASA enlisted staff were given simple training and performed secret, but routine, basic tasks.

The Army itself exhibited little concern for the ASA until 1965, as it was a "Joint venture" essentially under the control of a civilian organization. However, there was a general concern in the Department of the Army that enlisted technicians of all kinds should be given recognition and adequate pay in order to retain them. Accordingly, in 1954, Army Regulation 615–15 created the grades of Specialist

Specialist (rank)

Specialist is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army, just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers...

s Four, Five, Six, and Seven, (SP4, SP5, SP6, SP7) corresponding to Corporal (E4), Sergeant (E5), Staff Sergeant (E6), and Sergeant First Class (E7), in order to get around the general Table of Organization and Equipment restrictions on the total number of individuals (normally regular NCOs), who could be placed in these grades. In 1958, DA Reg 344–303 also created Specialist Grades Specialist Eight and Nine. There were never more than a handful of Specialist 7’s in the ASA and no individual in the ASA was ever promoted to the grades of Specialist 8 or 9 before these top grades were eliminated in 1965.

The officers within the ASA were generally commissioned into the Signal Corps branch since there was no separate branch for ASA. Effective in 1967, the Military Intelligence (MI) branch stood up and officers were commissioned into MI.

In today’s Army, modern technology has largely replaced the specific tasks performed by most ASA troops. The current Army MOS Military Intelligence 35 series involving SIGINT, requires the same high security clearance levels as the old ASA standards. However, the modern Soldier in the MOS 35 series actually perform the full range of now computer-driven SIGINT functions that the average ASA trooper never came close to performing.

The educational level of a "Monterey Mary" (an ASA linguist) in the late 1950s is typified in a memoir by a graduate of ALS

Defense Language Institute

The Defense Language Institute is a United States Department of Defense educational and research institution, which provides linguistic and cultural instruction to the Department of Defense, other Federal Agencies and numerous and varied other customers...

 class R-12-80, the school’s 80th 12-month class in Russian. He had an M.A. in one of the humanities, and had been working on a PhD Contrary to opinion, not all linguists were "Monterey Marys". Native speakers in Spanish, German and others were common, as well as personnel whose previous assignments and experience had gained them professional-level knowledge of the language. Though "Marys" were required to periodically test their continued proficiency, those who gained the skill outside of Monterey were considered 'native' and not tested, which was an arguable weak spot in the profession. To these, the term 'Monterey Mary' was uncomplementary and even used as a term of 'class' disdain. Periodic testing of job-related skills was required, and on leaving the ASA, those who carried a language digit were then required periodically to prove proficiency, whether native or not, to maintain the MOS qualification suffix digits.

From 1965 to 1973, Major General Charles Denholm, supervised the integration of the ASA with the rest of Army Military Intelligence and the organization underwent a dramatic change, including a vast increase in size and scope and a completely changed relationship with the NSA during the final period of its existence. By this point in time it was not, of course, the traditional "ASA".

List of ASA Memoirs and Novels

• #1 Code Break Boy: Communications Intelligence in the Korean War (memoir) by John Milmore (2002). ASA in Korea.

• Baumholder 1961 (a Novella, 75 pages) by Charles Deemer (2009). The personal crisis faced by an ASA Russian Monterey Mary in August 1961 when the Berlin Wall goes up, and he is involuntarily extended on the day before he is scheduled to return to civilian life.

• C Trick: Sort of a Memoir (memoir) by Don Cooper (2000). Republished and expanded in 2003 in soft-cover as Worth the Trip. Re-republished as C Trick in 2010 with a prologue, new epilogue, and four new chapters. An ASA German linguist in Berlin in the mid-1960s.

• Death On Devil's Mountain (novel) by David Von Norden (pen name) (2009). ASA on Teufelsberg
  Teufelsberg
  The Teufelsberg is a hill in Berlin, Germany, in former West Berlin. It rises about 80 meters above the surrounding Brandenburg plain, more precisely the north of Berlin's Grunewald forest....
  
   in Berlin in the late 1960s.

• Involuntary Tour (novel: trilogy) by Robert Flanagan (2009). An ASA-er rotates from Vietnam via DLIWC Russian to Germany and back to 'Nam.'

• Kagnew Station (novel) by Paul Betit (2005). A suspense-mystery novel set at the 4th United States Army Security Agency Field Station in Asmara, Eritrea in 1968.

• Lübeck: A Wonderful Moment in Time (memoir) by Don E. Johnson (2004). An ASA "ditty bopper" at the border site in Lübeck in the mid-1950s.

• My Detachment: a Memoir (memoir) by Tracy Kidder
  Tracy Kidder
  John Tracy Kidder is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer of the 1981 nonfiction narrative, The Soul of a New Machine, about the creation of a new computer at Data General Corporation...
  
   (2005). ASA in Vietnam.

• One to Count Cadence (novel) by James Crumley
  James Crumley
  James Arthur Crumley was the author of violent hardboiled crime novels and several volumes of short stories and essays, as well as published and unpublished screenplays...
  
   (1969). ASA in Vietnam.

• Phubai: A Vietnam War Story (novel) by Paul Betit (2006). A suspense-mystery novel set at the 8th Radio Research Station, Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) in 1967.

• Potsdam Mission: Memoir of a U.S. Army Intelligence Officer in Communist East Germany (memoir) by James R. Holbrook (2008). While primarily about USMLM
  Military Liaison Missions
  The Military Liaison Missions arose from reciprocal agreements formed immediately after the Second World War between the Western allied nations and the USSR...
  
  , there is a good chapter on the life of an ASA Russian linguist in Berlin.

• Snapshots on the Road to Peace (memoir) by H. Palmer Hall
  H. Palmer Hall
  H. Palmer Hall is a poet, fiction writer, essayist, editor and librarian who lives in San Antonio, Texas. A Vietnam veteran who grew up near the Big Thicket in southeast Texas, Hall's writing often examines themes of war and its impact on the veterans who fight them. His work also examines the...
  
  , in Coming to Terms (Austin, TX: Plain View Press, 2009). Day to day life in an RRC in the Pleiku, Vietnam, area in 1967–1968 and later participation in the peace movement.

• Soldier Boy: At Play in the ASA (memoir) by Timothy James Bazzett (2008). An ASA ditty bopper in Turkey and in Germany in the mid-1960s.

• Stay Safe, Buddy (novel) by J. Charles Cheek (2003). ASA in Korea.

• TANS (That Ain't No Sh*t) by John Klawitter (2002). A collection of short stories written by members of the ASA who served in Southeast Asia recollecting their experiences.

• Top Secret Missions by John E. Malone (2006). ASA in Vietnam.

• Voices Under Berlin: The Tale of a Monterey Mary (novel)
  Voices Under Berlin: The Tale of a Monterey Mary (novel)
  Voices Under Berlin: The Tale of a Monterey Mary is a 2008 novel by an American Author writing under the pen name of T.H.E. Hill. The action of the novel takes place in Berlin in the mid-1950s, at the beginning of the Cold War, before the construction of the Berlin Wall...
  
   by T.H.E. Hill (2008). An ASA Russian linguist in Berlin ostensibly in the mid-1950s, but closer in reality to the mid-1970s.

• The Waldenthal Gasthaus by Ron McGraw (2008). A novel based on the author's experiences living in a German village while stationed at an ASA border detachment on Schneeberg, West Germany, during the Cold War.

• Menwith Hill Station-A Case Study in Signal Intelligence Gathering During the Cold War By Kenneth L. Bird -Monitoring Times magazine, February, 1997.

External links

• Web site about the Agency: http://www.nasaa-home.org
• Historical ASA data and European Theatre WW2 Signal Radio Intellience Companies
• 374th RRC Viet Nam*http://webspace.webring.com/people/f3/374rrc/
• 226th ASA, Kangwha Do, Korea
• 318th ASA at Herzo Base in Germany
• Schneeberg Det J an outstation of the 318th ASA at Herzo Base
• 75th / 600th USASA Company, Italy (Det A: Aviano-Ravenna HFDF)
• Locator Database for ASA Personnel: http://www.asalives.com
• Southeast Asia US Army Security Agency Veterans Association
• Berlin Army Memories
• 8th RRU/8th RRFS, Trai Bac Station, Phu Bai Founder Curtis Wayne Now Deceased. Site remains but unmodified.
• 4th USASAFS Asmara, Ethiopia (now Eritrea)
• Army Security Agency in Korea
• 11th RRU, Viet Nam 1965–1966
• Home of the Army 33