University of Michigan Executive System
Encyclopedia
The University of Michigan Executive System, or UMES, a batch
operating system
developed at the University of Michigan
in 1958, was widely used at many universities. Based on the General Motors Executive System
for the IBM 701
, UMES was revised to work on the mainframe computers in use at the University of Michigan during this time (IBM 704
, 709
, and 7090
) and to work better for the small student jobs that were expected to be the primary work load at the University.
UMES was in use at the University of Michigan until 1967, when MTS
was phased in to take advantage of the newer virtual memory
time-sharing
technology that became available on the IBM System/360 Model 67
.
Batch processing
Batch processing is execution of a series of programs on a computer without manual intervention.Batch jobs are set up so they can be run to completion without manual intervention, so all input data is preselected through scripts or command-line parameters...
operating system
Operating system
An operating system is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system...
developed at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
in 1958, was widely used at many universities. Based on the General Motors Executive System
GM-NAA I/O
The GM-NAA I/O input/output system of General Motors and North American Aviation was the first operating system for the IBM 704 computer.It was created in 1956 by Robert L. Patrick of General Motors Research and Owen Mock of North American Aviation...
for the IBM 701
IBM 701
The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was announced to the public on April 29, 1952, and was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer...
, UMES was revised to work on the mainframe computers in use at the University of Michigan during this time (IBM 704
IBM 704
The IBM 704, the first mass-produced computer with floating point arithmetic hardware, was introduced by IBM in 1954. The 704 was significantly improved over the IBM 701 in terms of architecture as well as implementations which were not compatible with its predecessor.Changes from the 701 included...
, 709
IBM 709
The IBM 709 was an early computer system introduced by IBM in August, 1958. It was an improved version of the IBM 704 and the second member of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers....
, and 7090
IBM 7090
The IBM 7090 was a second-generation transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube mainframe computers and was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 was the third member of the IBM 700/7000 series scientific computers. The first 7090 installation...
) and to work better for the small student jobs that were expected to be the primary work load at the University.
UMES was in use at the University of Michigan until 1967, when MTS
Michigan Terminal System
The Michigan Terminal System is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems. Initially developed in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and used by a consortium of eight universities in the United...
was phased in to take advantage of the newer virtual memory
Virtual memory
In computing, virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels. This technique virtualizes a computer architecture's various forms of computer data storage , allowing a program to be designed as though there is only one kind of memory, "virtual" memory, which...
time-sharing
Time-sharing
Time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking. Its introduction in the 1960s, and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s, represents a major technological shift in the history of computing.By allowing a large...
technology that became available on the IBM System/360 Model 67
IBM System/360 Model 67
The IBM System/360 Model 67 was an important IBM mainframe model in the late 1960s. Unlike the rest of the S/360 series, it included features to facilitate time-sharing applications, notably a DAT box to support virtual memory and 32-bit addressing...
.
See also
- Timeline of operating systems
- History of IBM mainframe operating systemsHistory of IBM mainframe operating systemsThe history of operating systems running on IBM mainframes is a notable chapter of history of mainframe operating systems, because of IBM's long-standing position as the world's largest hardware supplier of mainframe computers....
- FORTRAN Monitor System
- Bell Operating SystemBESYSBESYS was an early computing environment originally implemented as a batch processing operating system in 1957 at Bell Labs for the IBM 704 computer. The initial version of the system BESYS2 was created by George Mealy and Gwen Hansen with Wanda Lee Mammel and utilized IBM's FORTRAN and North...
(BESYS) or Bell Monitor (BELLMON) - SHARE Operating SystemSHARE Operating SystemThe SHARE Operating System, also known as SOS, was created in 1959 as an improvement on the General Motors GM-NAA I/O operating system, the first operating system, by the SHARE user group...
(SOS) - IBM 7090/94 IBSYS
- Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
- Michigan Terminal SystemMichigan Terminal SystemThe Michigan Terminal System is one of the first time-sharing computer operating systems. Initially developed in 1967 at the University of Michigan for use on IBM S/360-67, S/370 and compatible mainframe computers, it was developed and used by a consortium of eight universities in the United...
(MTS) - Hardware: IBM 701IBM 701The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was announced to the public on April 29, 1952, and was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer...
, IBM 704IBM 704The IBM 704, the first mass-produced computer with floating point arithmetic hardware, was introduced by IBM in 1954. The 704 was significantly improved over the IBM 701 in terms of architecture as well as implementations which were not compatible with its predecessor.Changes from the 701 included...
, IBM 709IBM 709The IBM 709 was an early computer system introduced by IBM in August, 1958. It was an improved version of the IBM 704 and the second member of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers....
, IBM 7090IBM 7090The IBM 7090 was a second-generation transistorized version of the earlier IBM 709 vacuum tube mainframe computers and was designed for "large-scale scientific and technological applications". The 7090 was the third member of the IBM 700/7000 series scientific computers. The first 7090 installation...
External references
- University of Michigan Executive System for the IBM 7090 Computer, volumes 1 (General, Utilities, Internal Organization), 2 (Translators), and 3 (Subroutine Libraries), Computing Center, University of Michigan, September, 1965, 1050 pp.
- Unisys History Newsletter, Volume 1, Number 3, March 1993 (revised 1999)
- The IBM 7094 and CTSS, Tom Van Vleck
- University of Michigan Executive System (UMES) subseries, Computing Center publications, 1965-1999, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- "A Markovian model of the University of Michigan Executive System", James D. Foey, Communications of the ACM, 1967, No.6