União Geral das Escolas de Samba do Brasil
Encyclopedia
The União Geral das Escolas de Samba do Brasil - General Union of the Samba Schools of Brazil - or (UGESB) was the first entity that represented the samba schools. It was founded in 1934, with the goal to help to organize parades of samba schools, to achieve more support to entities, in an epoch that the samba was still very marginalized, and the samba schools did not get the same support of public power that the Ranchos and the Carnivalesque societies arranged.
On January 1937, Servam de Carvalho was dismissed of UES, entering in his place Luís Nunes da Silva, the "Enfiado". Still on that year, Elói Antero Dias, the "Mano Elói", was elected to be the fifth president of the entity, in less than four years.
In 1939, UES changes its name to "União Geral das Escolas de Samba" (General Union of the Samba Schools), or (UGES), and Antenor dos Santos is elected president, having Mano Elói as vice-president. In that years, some political persecutions start in the entity, with the title of member of the Audit Committee of Paulo da Portela being repealed. Because he was involved in many carnivalesque activitis, artistic and cultural, Paulo was little bothered with it at first.
In 1946, UGES defines which are the typical instruments of a samba school: violin
, cavaquinho
, pandeiro
, tambourin
, surdo
, cuíca
, güiro
, tarol (kind of drums), and calabash, institutionalizing the tendency of all the regulations of the previous years, they returned year after year prohibiting the use of wind instruments.
However in the 1940s, the samba was already being stimulated by the national regime of Getúlio Vargas
, but this fact did not impede that during the year of 1946 UGES and the PCB
started getting closer. In 1947, the newspaper Tribuna Popular, a printing press of the party, was the one that organized the popular concourse Cidadão do Samba.
Nevertheless, but because of this approximation, and because of the growth of the PCB, the public power started to stimulate the scission in UGES, with the goal to separate the samba schools from the communists. After this, the Federação Brasileira de Escolas de Samba
was founded on January 2 of 1947, that received little support since the beginning: only GRES Portela
, among the big schools, adhered to FBES. But this only to camouflage the federation's real adherences, it said that she counted on the support of other schools, many supposedly not existing and others already extinct. The connection between sambistas and communists was so strong that the UGES was nicknamed by its oppositions "União Geral das Escolas Soviéticas"
(General Union of the Sovietic Schools).
, Mangueira, and Depois Eu Digo. In that year, PCB was again placed in illegality, and the headquarters of UGES was closed was closed for some days by the police.
In 1948, in a clearly adherent attitude of the mayor Mendes de Morais, the City Hall of Rio de Janeiro
did not liberate appropriation to the schools affiliated to UGES, only to the ones affiliated to FBES, with the attempt to force all the schools to affiliate to FBES. In that year, the school Império Serrano became champion, Tijuca second place, Portela third, and Mangueira fourth. Irênio Delgado was one of the judging committee, and all knew that he was a supporter of Império Serrano, and because of this, some big schools, such as Mangueira and Portela, became affiliated to UGES, after the election of this for the biennium of 1949-1950, in the presidence of FBES. Despite not ignoring that Império great samba school, these schools alleged that there could not have judgment while Irênio would be in the front of the organization of the Carnaval. Because of him and this, in 1949, two separated parades of samba schools occurred, one won by Império, organized by FBES, considering it official by the city hall, and the other realized by UGES, won by Mangueira.
In 1949, in an attempt to save UGES, Servam Carvalho (that returned to UGES after being expelled), and José Calazans, their directors, that had connections with the Communism
, withdrew themselves from the entity, handing over the direction to the Major Joaquim Paredes, that to end with the jokes of oppositions, changes the name of the entity again, this time to UGESB, its last name.
However the investments of the Public Power against the entity did not cease, because in the Carnaval of 1950 was created the União Cívica de Escolas de Samba
, with the clear goal to again disestablish UGESB. UCES began to be considered official by the City Hall, and its schools also received appropriations, that made Mangueira and Portela leave UGESB again. Mangueira was champion of UCES in 1950, while Império was again champion of FBES. UGESB began to promote parades too, that finished with a tie between Prazer da Serrinha
and Unidos da Capela, however because they were small schools, today already extinct, little people know the result of this competition.
In 1951, Mangueira and Portela returned to UGESB, while UCES, an entity considered by many as artificial, did not succeed to organize its carnaval.
With the end of the mandate of Irênio Delgado, the schools began apply the plan to organize a unified concourse, being adjusted to the Carnaval
of 1952 (that ends not being realized) a concourse of all the samba schools (UGESB and FBES). However, with the unification, the number of schools ended really large, and because of this the Grupo de acesso
was created. After the Carnaval, UGESB and FBES unified, and AESCRJ was created.
Overview
The entity was founded with the name of "União das Escolas de Samba" (Union of the Samba Schools). The founders signed the record of foundation of the then UES and the representatives of 28 schools, being that 25 disputed the concourse held in the following year. Along of 1935, UES suffered its first crisis, and its first president, Flávio Costa, was substituted by Pedro Canali. Shortly later, Servam Heitor de Carvalho occupies Pedro's place.On January 1937, Servam de Carvalho was dismissed of UES, entering in his place Luís Nunes da Silva, the "Enfiado". Still on that year, Elói Antero Dias, the "Mano Elói", was elected to be the fifth president of the entity, in less than four years.
In 1939, UES changes its name to "União Geral das Escolas de Samba" (General Union of the Samba Schools), or (UGES), and Antenor dos Santos is elected president, having Mano Elói as vice-president. In that years, some political persecutions start in the entity, with the title of member of the Audit Committee of Paulo da Portela being repealed. Because he was involved in many carnivalesque activitis, artistic and cultural, Paulo was little bothered with it at first.
In 1946, UGES defines which are the typical instruments of a samba school: violin
Violin
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello....
, cavaquinho
Cavaquinho
The cavaquinho is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut strings. It is also called machimbo, machim, machete , manchete or marchete, braguinha or braguinho, or cavaco.The most common tuning is D-G-B-D ; other tunings include D-A-B-E...
, pandeiro
Pandeiro
The pandeiro is a type of hand frame drum.There are two important distinctions between a pandeiro and the common tambourine. The tension of the head on the pandeiro can be tuned, allowing the player a choice of high and low notes...
, tambourin
Tambourin
A tambourin is a piece of music that imitates a drum, usually as a repetitive not-very-melodic figure in the bass.A tambourin itself is a small, two-headed drum of Arabic origin, mentioned as early as the 1080s . It was played together with a small flute .A tambourin, as a dance, hails from Provence...
, surdo
Surdo
For the football player of the same name see Surdu.The surdo is a large bass drum used in many kinds of Brazilian music, most notably in Axé/Samba-reggae and samba and its variants, where it plays the lower parts from a percussion section....
, cuíca
Cuíca
Cuíca , or "kweeca", is a Brazilian friction drum often used in samba music. The tone it produces has a high-pitched squeaky timbre. It has been called a 'laughing gourd' due to this sound....
, güiro
Güiro
The güiro is a Latin-American percussion instrument consisting of an open-ended, hollow gourd with parallel notches cut in one side. It is played by rubbing a stick or tines along the notches to produce a ratchet-like sound. The güiro is commonly used in Latin-American music, and plays a key role...
, tarol (kind of drums), and calabash, institutionalizing the tendency of all the regulations of the previous years, they returned year after year prohibiting the use of wind instruments.
However in the 1940s, the samba was already being stimulated by the national regime of Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history to Emperor Pedro II...
, but this fact did not impede that during the year of 1946 UGES and the PCB
Brazilian Communist Party
Brazilian Communist Party is the oldest political party still active in Brazil, founded in 1922, and one of the only Brazilian parties with a Stalinist orientation...
started getting closer. In 1947, the newspaper Tribuna Popular, a printing press of the party, was the one that organized the popular concourse Cidadão do Samba.
Nevertheless, but because of this approximation, and because of the growth of the PCB, the public power started to stimulate the scission in UGES, with the goal to separate the samba schools from the communists. After this, the Federação Brasileira de Escolas de Samba
Federação Brasileira de Escolas de Samba
The Federação Brasileira de Escolas de Samba , or FBES, was an organisation that represented the samba schools of the city of Rio de Janeiro...
was founded on January 2 of 1947, that received little support since the beginning: only GRES Portela
GRES Portela
The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Portela is one of the most traditional samba schools of the city of Rio de Janeiro.- History :In the beginning of the 20th century, in Oswaldo Cruz, there was the carnivalesque group of dancers called Quem Fala de Nós Come Mosca , of Dona Ester...
, among the big schools, adhered to FBES. But this only to camouflage the federation's real adherences, it said that she counted on the support of other schools, many supposedly not existing and others already extinct. The connection between sambistas and communists was so strong that the UGES was nicknamed by its oppositions "União Geral das Escolas Soviéticas"
(General Union of the Sovietic Schools).
1947
In 1947, still with the concourse unified,the three first placed (in a total of 48 schools), were still all affiliated to UGES: GRES PortelaGRES Portela
The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Portela is one of the most traditional samba schools of the city of Rio de Janeiro.- History :In the beginning of the 20th century, in Oswaldo Cruz, there was the carnivalesque group of dancers called Quem Fala de Nós Come Mosca , of Dona Ester...
, Mangueira, and Depois Eu Digo. In that year, PCB was again placed in illegality, and the headquarters of UGES was closed was closed for some days by the police.
In 1948, in a clearly adherent attitude of the mayor Mendes de Morais, the City Hall of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
did not liberate appropriation to the schools affiliated to UGES, only to the ones affiliated to FBES, with the attempt to force all the schools to affiliate to FBES. In that year, the school Império Serrano became champion, Tijuca second place, Portela third, and Mangueira fourth. Irênio Delgado was one of the judging committee, and all knew that he was a supporter of Império Serrano, and because of this, some big schools, such as Mangueira and Portela, became affiliated to UGES, after the election of this for the biennium of 1949-1950, in the presidence of FBES. Despite not ignoring that Império great samba school, these schools alleged that there could not have judgment while Irênio would be in the front of the organization of the Carnaval. Because of him and this, in 1949, two separated parades of samba schools occurred, one won by Império, organized by FBES, considering it official by the city hall, and the other realized by UGES, won by Mangueira.
In 1949, in an attempt to save UGES, Servam Carvalho (that returned to UGES after being expelled), and José Calazans, their directors, that had connections with the Communism
Communism
Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...
, withdrew themselves from the entity, handing over the direction to the Major Joaquim Paredes, that to end with the jokes of oppositions, changes the name of the entity again, this time to UGESB, its last name.
However the investments of the Public Power against the entity did not cease, because in the Carnaval of 1950 was created the União Cívica de Escolas de Samba
União Cívica de Escolas de Samba
The União Cívica das Escolas de Samba - Civic Union of the Samba Schools - or UCES was an entity that represented the samba schools of the city of Rio de Janeiro and organized one of the official parades of the Carnaval of 1950...
, with the clear goal to again disestablish UGESB. UCES began to be considered official by the City Hall, and its schools also received appropriations, that made Mangueira and Portela leave UGESB again. Mangueira was champion of UCES in 1950, while Império was again champion of FBES. UGESB began to promote parades too, that finished with a tie between Prazer da Serrinha
Prazer da Serrinha
Prazer da Serrinha is an extinct samba school of Serrinha, which is a community of Madureira and Vaz Lobo, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.- History :...
and Unidos da Capela, however because they were small schools, today already extinct, little people know the result of this competition.
In 1951, Mangueira and Portela returned to UGESB, while UCES, an entity considered by many as artificial, did not succeed to organize its carnaval.
With the end of the mandate of Irênio Delgado, the schools began apply the plan to organize a unified concourse, being adjusted to the Carnaval
Brazilian Carnival
The Carnival of Brazil is an annual festival held forty-six days before Easter. On certain days of Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term "carnival," from carnelevare, "to remove meat." Carnival celebrations...
of 1952 (that ends not being realized) a concourse of all the samba schools (UGESB and FBES). However, with the unification, the number of schools ended really large, and because of this the Grupo de acesso
Grupo de Acesso
The Grupo de Acesso - Access Group - was created for the first time in the city of Rio de Janeiro when the União Geral das Escolas de Samba do Brasil, the Federação Brasileira de Escolas de Samba, and the União Cívica de Escolas de Samba resolved to organize a unique competition, unlike the last...
was created. After the Carnaval, UGESB and FBES unified, and AESCRJ was created.