Vallis
Encyclopedia
Vallis is the Latin
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
. Picture taken with THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
, Bahram Vallis
, Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Valles
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
.
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
and lower Kasei Vallis
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
. Picture taken with THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
, Bahram Vallis
, Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Valles
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
.
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
and lower Kasei Vallis
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
. Picture taken with THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
, Bahram Vallis
, Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Valles
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
.
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
and lower Kasei Vallis
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
word for valley
. It is used in planetary geology
for the naming of landform
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
. Picture taken with THEMIS
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
, near Valles Marineris
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
, not far from where Viking 1
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
, Bahram Vallis
, Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Valles
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
.
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
, Maumee Vallis
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
and lower Kasei Vallis
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Wikiauquakuh.JPG|Auqakuh Vallis. At one time a dark layer covered the whole area, now only a few pieces remain as buttes
. Image was taken with THEMIS
.
Image:Huo Hsing Vallis in Syrtis Major.JPG|Huo Hsing Vallis
in Syrtis Major, as seen by THEMIS
. Straight ridges may be dikes
in which liquid rock once flowed.
Image:Huo Hsing Vallis Ridges.JPG|Huo Hsing Vallis
Ridges, as seen by HiRISE
. Ridges may be caused by water moving along faults.
Image:Arnus Vallis layers.JPG|Arnus Vallis
layers, as seen by HiRISE
.
Image:Mad Vallis.JPG|Mad Vallis
, as seen by HiRISE
. Picture on right is an enlargement of part of the other picture.
Image:Reull Vallis.JPG|Drainage features in Reull Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
. Click on image to see relationship of Reull Vallis to other features.
Image:Reull Vallis lineated deposits.JPG|Reull Vallis
with lineated floor deposits, as seen by THEMIS
. Click on image to see relationship to other features.
Image:Reull Vallisl layers.JPG|Layers in Reull Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
.
Image:Niger Vallis hirise.JPG|Niger Vallis
with features typical of this latitude, as seen by HiRISE
. Chevon pattern results from movement of ice-rich material. Click on image to see chevron pattern and mantle.
melted huge amounts of ice in the frozen ground. The partially circular depressions on the left side of the channel in the image below suggests that groundwater sapping also contributed water.
Image:Hellas quantangle.JPG|Hellas quadrangle
map showing Dao Vallis in the upper middle of the map.
Image:Dao Vallis.JPG|Dao Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
. Click on image to see relationship of Dao Vallis to other neraby features.
Image:Iberus Vallis Wide View.jpg|Wide view of Iberus Vallis
, as seen by HiRISE. Imagine taking a walk in these canyons and looking up at the layers.
Image:Iberus Vallis.jpg|Detail from the center of the previous image, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Patapsco Vallis.JPG|Patapsco Vallis
, as seen by HiRISE
. Patapsco Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle
of Mars. Scale bar is 1000 meters long.
Image:Lethe Vallis.JPG|Lethe Vallis
, as seen by HiRISE
. Flow was from southwest to northeast. Wider part of Lethe Vallis had less erosive power, so mesas are left behind from pre-existing material. Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Athabasca Valles.JPG|Athabasca Valles
showing source of its water, Cerberus Fossae. Note streamined islands which show direction of flow to south. Athabasca Valles is in the Elysium quadrangle
.
Image:Athabasca Valles Streamlined Form.JPG|Athabasca Valles
Streamlined Form, as seen by HiRISE
. Athabasca Valles is in the Elysium quadrangle
.
Image:Ituxi Vallis.jpg|Ituxi Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS
. Ituxi Vallis is a lava channel that lies east of Elysium Mons
.
Image:Frento Vallis.JPG|Frento Vallis
in Noachis quadrangle
, as seen by HiRISE
. Click on image to see better view of Dust Devil Tracks
.
in the Arcadia quadrangle
on Mars. Its location is centered at 37 degrees north latitude and 93.1 degrees west longitude. It is 357 km long and was named after a classical river.
Image:Enipeus Vallis.JPG|Enipeus Vallis
in the Arcadia quadrangle
, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Samara Valles.JPG|Samara Valles
in the Memnonia quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Scamander Vallis.JPG|Scamander Vallis
, as seen by HiRISE
. Click on image to see dark slope streaks in a variety of shades. The darker the streak the younger it is. is an ancient river valley in the Amenthes quadrangle
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Simud Valles close-up.JPG|Close-up of Simud Valles
, as seen by HiRISE. Simud Valles is found in the Oxia Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Ares Vallis from Viking.jpg|Ares Vallis
, as seen by Viking. The channel is 25 km wide and about 1 km deep. It would be quite spectacular to walk down this valley.
Image:Ares Valles.JPG|Ares Valles, as seen by HiRISE. Ares Valles is found in the Oxia Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Channels in Ares Vallis Region.jpg|Channels in Ares Vallis Region (Oxia Palus quadrangle
), as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Her Desher Valles.jpg|Her Desher Valles
, as seen by HiRISE. Her Desher Vallis is found in the Coprates quadrangle
.
Image:Her Desher Valles close-up.JPG|Her Desher Valles close-up, as seen by HiRISE. Her Desher Vallis is found in the Coprates quadrangle.
Image:Padus Vallis.jpg|Padus Vallis
, as seen by THEMIS. Padus Vallis is in the Memnonia quadrangle.
Image:PadusVallis Close-up.JPG|Close-up of Padus Vallis, as seen by THEMIS. Padus Vallis is in the Memnonia quadrangle.
Image:Viking Teardrop Islands.jpg|Tear-drop shaped islands caused by flood waters from Maja Valles, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Image is located in Oxia Palus quadrangle
.
Image:Branched Channels from Viking.jpg|Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle
, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Networks of channels like this are strong evidence for rain on Mars in the past.
Image:Ravi Vallis.jpg|Ravi Vallis
, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Ravi Vallis was probably formed when catastrophic floods came out of the ground to the right (chaotic terrain). Image located in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
.
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
Sapping
Mining, landmining or undermining is a siege method which has been used since antiquity against a walled city, fortress, castle or other strongly held and fortified military position.-Antiquity:...
. Picture taken with THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
, Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
, Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Other Valles in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis is a 270 km valley in Xanthe Terra on Mars at 11ºN, 314ºE. It appears to have been carved by long-lived flowing water, and a significant river delta exists at its outlet into the lowlands.- Mars Science Laboratory :...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
and lower Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles is a large valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at4.9° N and 49.0° W. It is 508.0 km long and was named for the word for "planet" in Sesotho, the national language of Lesotho, Africa....
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
Sapping
Mining, landmining or undermining is a siege method which has been used since antiquity against a walled city, fortress, castle or other strongly held and fortified military position.-Antiquity:...
. Picture taken with THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
, Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
, Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Other Valles in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis is a 270 km valley in Xanthe Terra on Mars at 11ºN, 314ºE. It appears to have been carved by long-lived flowing water, and a significant river delta exists at its outlet into the lowlands.- Mars Science Laboratory :...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
and lower Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles is a large valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at4.9° N and 49.0° W. It is 508.0 km long and was named for the word for "planet" in Sesotho, the national language of Lesotho, Africa....
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
Sapping
Mining, landmining or undermining is a siege method which has been used since antiquity against a walled city, fortress, castle or other strongly held and fortified military position.-Antiquity:...
. Picture taken with THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
, Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
, Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Other Valles in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis is a 270 km valley in Xanthe Terra on Mars at 11ºN, 314ºE. It appears to have been carved by long-lived flowing water, and a significant river delta exists at its outlet into the lowlands.- Mars Science Laboratory :...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
and lower Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles is a large valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at4.9° N and 49.0° W. It is 508.0 km long and was named for the word for "planet" in Sesotho, the national language of Lesotho, Africa....
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Vallis (plural valles) is the LatinLatin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
word for valley
Valley
In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys...
. It is used in planetary geology
Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites...
for the naming of landform
Landform
A landform or physical feature in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography...
features on other planets.
Vallis (plural valles) was used for old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; huge river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal VallisNirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
is one of the longest valley networks on Mars. It is so large that it is found on more than one quadrangle. Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed. There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated underground. One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In sapping, the ground just gives away as water comes out. Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest. Sapping forms alcoves and stubby tributaries. These features are visible in the picture from the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Nigal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis in Coprates.JPG|Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis
Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel in the Coprates quadrangle and the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude. It is 496 km long and is named after the word for "Mars" in Babylonian. The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the...
that runs in two quadrangles has features looking like those caused by sapping
Sapping
Mining, landmining or undermining is a siege method which has been used since antiquity against a walled city, fortress, castle or other strongly held and fortified military position.-Antiquity:...
. Picture taken with THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Nirgal Vallis.jpg|Nirgal Vallis, as seen by THEMIS.
Image:Nirgal Vallis Close-up.JPG|Nirgal Vallis Close-up, as seen by THEMIS.
Kasei Valles
One of the most significant features of the Lunae Palus region, Kasei Valles, is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars. Like other outflow channels, it was carved by liquid water, probably during gigantic floods.Kasei is about 2400 kilometres (1,491.3 mi) long. Some sections of Kasei Valles are 300 kilometres (186.4 mi) wide. It begins in Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma
Echus Chasma is a chasma in the Lunae Planum high plateau north of the Valles Marineris canyon system of Mars. Clay has been found in Echus Chasma that means that water once sat there for a time.-Geography:...
, near Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region...
, and empties into Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
, not far from where Viking 1
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, and until May 19, 2010 held the record for the second longest Mars surface mission of 6 years and 116 days .- Mission :Following...
landed. Sacra Mensa, a large tableland divides Kasei into northern and southern channels.
Scientists suggest it was formed by several episodes of flooding and maybe by some glacial activity.
Image:Lunae Palus map.JPG|Map of Lunae Palus with labels. Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
is a very large ancient river valley.
Image:Kasei Valles topolabled.JPG|Area around Northern Kasei Valles, showing relationships among Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles
Kasei Valles is a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, located at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. It is 1,780 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast,...
, Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
, Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
. Map location is in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and includes parts of Lunae Planum and Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
.
Image:Kasei Vallis.JPG|Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Other Valles in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Image:Hypanis Vallis.JPG|Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis
Hypanis Vallis is a 270 km valley in Xanthe Terra on Mars at 11ºN, 314ºE. It appears to have been carved by long-lived flowing water, and a significant river delta exists at its outlet into the lowlands.- Mars Science Laboratory :...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Streamlined Islands in Maja Vallis.jpg|Streamlined Islands seen by Viking showed that large floods occurred on Mars. Image is of a small part of Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
and is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Chryse Planitia Scour Patterns.jpg|Scour Patterns were produced by flowing water from Maja Vallis, which lies just to the left of this mosaic. Detail of flow around Dromore Crater is shown on next image. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Detail of Maja Vallis Flow.jpg|Great amounts of water were required to carry out the erosion shown in this Viking image of a small part of Maja Valles. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
.
Image:Vedra, Maumee, and Maja Vallis.JPG|Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
, Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis
Maumee Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.7° N and 53.2° W. It is 350.0 Km long and was named after a North American river in Indiana and Ohio....
, and Maja Vallis move from Lunae Planum on the left to Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia
Chryse Planitia is a smooth circular plain in the northern equatorial region of Mars close to the Tharsis region to the west, centered at . Chryse Planitia lies partially in the Lunae Palus quadrangle and partially in the Oxia Palus quadrangle...
on the right. Image is located in Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
and was taken by Viking Orbiter.
Image:Bahram Vallis from Viking.jpg|Bahram Vallis, as seen by Viking. Valley is located in Northern Lunae Planum and the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
. It lies nearly midway between Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis
Vedra Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.4° N and 55.6° W. It is 115.0 Km long and was named after an ancient river in Great Britain....
and lower Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis
Kasei Vallis, which means "Mars" in Japanese, is a large channel system in the Lunae Palus quadrangle, on Mars. It is located at 24.6° north latitude and 65° west longitude. It begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris, and empties into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed. Kasei...
Image:Bahram Vallis.JPG|Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis
Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° east longitude. It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Vallis and lower Kasei Valles. It is...
in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Rotational landslides (slumps) are visible at the base of north wall.
Image:Maja Valles Streamlined Island.jpg|Maja Valles
Maja Valles
Maja Valles is a large, ancient outflow channel in the Lunae Palus quadrangle on Mars. Its location is 12.6° north latitude and 58.3° west longitude. The name is a Nepali word for "Mars". Maja Valles begins at Juventae Chasma. Parts of the system have been partially buried by thin volcanic debris...
Streamlined Island in the Lunae Palus quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
The Lunae Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is also referred to as MC-10 ....
of Mars, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Island formed behind the impact crater at the lower right.
Image:Nanedi Valles.jpg|Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles
Nanedi Valles is a large valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at4.9° N and 49.0° W. It is 508.0 km long and was named for the word for "planet" in Sesotho, the national language of Lesotho, Africa....
, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Image:Nanedi Valles Close-up.JPG|Nanedi Valles Close-up, as seen by THEMIS. Click on image to see more details.
Valles in the Syrtis Major quadrangle
Image:Wikiauquakuh.JPG|Auqakuh Vallis. At one time a dark layer covered the whole area, now only a few pieces remain as buttes
Buttes
Buttes was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers merged to form Val-de-Travers....
. Image was taken with THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Huo Hsing Vallis in Syrtis Major.JPG|Huo Hsing Vallis
Huo Hsing Vallis
Huo Hsing Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle of Mars at 30.5° north latitude and 293.4° west longitude. It is about 318 km long and was named after the word for "Mars" in Chinese. - Dikes :...
in Syrtis Major, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
. Straight ridges may be dikes
Ditch
A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel water.In Anglo-Saxon, the word dïc already existed and was pronounced 'deek' in northern England and 'deetch' in the south. The origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank...
in which liquid rock once flowed.
Image:Huo Hsing Vallis Ridges.JPG|Huo Hsing Vallis
Huo Hsing Vallis
Huo Hsing Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle of Mars at 30.5° north latitude and 293.4° west longitude. It is about 318 km long and was named after the word for "Mars" in Chinese. - Dikes :...
Ridges, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Ridges may be caused by water moving along faults.
Image:Arnus Vallis layers.JPG|Arnus Vallis
Arnus Vallis
Arnus Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle of Mars, located at 14.1° north latitude and 289.5° west longitude. It is 280 km long and was named after the classical and present day Arno River in Tuscany, Italy .Arnus Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis...
layers, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
.
Valles in the Hellas quadrangle
Image:Mad Vallis.JPG|Mad Vallis
Mad Vallis
Mad Vallis is a valley in the Hellas quadrangle of Mars, with its location centered at 56.5° S and 283.9° W. It is 524 km long and was named after the Mad River in Vermont, USA....
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Picture on right is an enlargement of part of the other picture.
Lineated Floor Deposits
On the floors of some channels are features called lineated floor deposits. They are ridged and grooved materials that seem to deflect around obstacles. They are believed to be ice-rich. Some glaciers on the Earth show such features. Lineated floor deposits may be related to lobate debris aprons, which have been proven to contain large amounts of ice. Reull Vallis, as pictured below, displays these deposits.Image:Reull Vallis.JPG|Drainage features in Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis is a valley on Mars that appears to have been carved by water. It runs westward into the Channels of Reull Vallis which runs north westwards into Hellas Planitia. It is named after the Gaelic word for planet.- Lineated Floor Deposits :...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
. Click on image to see relationship of Reull Vallis to other features.
Image:Reull Vallis lineated deposits.JPG|Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis is a valley on Mars that appears to have been carved by water. It runs westward into the Channels of Reull Vallis which runs north westwards into Hellas Planitia. It is named after the Gaelic word for planet.- Lineated Floor Deposits :...
with lineated floor deposits, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
. Click on image to see relationship to other features.
Image:Reull Vallisl layers.JPG|Layers in Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis
Reull Vallis is a valley on Mars that appears to have been carved by water. It runs westward into the Channels of Reull Vallis which runs north westwards into Hellas Planitia. It is named after the Gaelic word for planet.- Lineated Floor Deposits :...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
.
Image:Niger Vallis hirise.JPG|Niger Vallis
Niger Vallis
Niger Vallis is a valley on Mars that appears to have been carved by water. It has been identified as an outflow channel. It merges with Dao Vallis which runs southwestward into Hellas Planitia from the volcanic Hadriacus Mons. Like Dao, it was formed around the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian...
with features typical of this latitude, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Chevon pattern results from movement of ice-rich material. Click on image to see chevron pattern and mantle.
Origin of Dao Vallis
Dao Vallis begins near a large volcano, called Hadriaca Patera, so it is thought to have received water when hot magmaMagma
Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and is expected to exist on other terrestrial planets. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and dissolved gas and sometimes also gas bubbles. Magma often collects in...
melted huge amounts of ice in the frozen ground. The partially circular depressions on the left side of the channel in the image below suggests that groundwater sapping also contributed water.
Image:Hellas quantangle.JPG|Hellas quadrangle
Hellas quadrangle
The Hellas quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Hellas quadrangle is also referred to as MC-28 ....
map showing Dao Vallis in the upper middle of the map.
Image:Dao Vallis.JPG|Dao Vallis
Dao Vallis
Dao Vallis is a valley on Mars that appears to have been carved by water. It runs southwestward into Hellas Planitia, and has been identified as an outflow channel. It and its tributary, Niger Vallis, extend for about 1200 km. It is named after the Thai word for star...
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
. Click on image to see relationship of Dao Vallis to other neraby features.
Vallis in Elysium quadrangle
Image:Iberus Vallis Wide View.jpg|Wide view of Iberus Vallis
Iberus Vallis
Iberus Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 21.5° N and 208.0° W. It is 80.2 Km long and was named after a classical name for the Ebro River in NE Spain....
, as seen by HiRISE. Imagine taking a walk in these canyons and looking up at the layers.
Image:Iberus Vallis.jpg|Detail from the center of the previous image, as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Patapsco Vallis.JPG|Patapsco Vallis
Patapsco Vallis
Patapsco Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 24° N and 207° West. It is 153 km long and was named after a modern river in Maryland, USA....
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Patapsco Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle
Elysium quadrangle
The Elysium quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
of Mars. Scale bar is 1000 meters long.
Image:Lethe Vallis.JPG|Lethe Vallis
Lethe Vallis
Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 4° North and 206.5° West. It is 225 km long and is named after a river in Katmai National Monument, Alaska, USA....
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Flow was from southwest to northeast. Wider part of Lethe Vallis had less erosive power, so mesas are left behind from pre-existing material. Lethe Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle
Elysium quadrangle
The Elysium quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Athabasca Valles.JPG|Athabasca Valles
Athabasca Valles
Athabasca Valles is an outflow channel on Mars, cut into its surface by catastrophic flooding. It is one of the youngest known of these structures, probably forming only in the geologically recent past of Mars. The flood produced distinctive "teardrop" landforms similar to those found in the...
showing source of its water, Cerberus Fossae. Note streamined islands which show direction of flow to south. Athabasca Valles is in the Elysium quadrangle
Elysium quadrangle
The Elysium quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
.
Image:Athabasca Valles Streamlined Form.JPG|Athabasca Valles
Athabasca Valles
Athabasca Valles is an outflow channel on Mars, cut into its surface by catastrophic flooding. It is one of the youngest known of these structures, probably forming only in the geologically recent past of Mars. The flood produced distinctive "teardrop" landforms similar to those found in the...
Streamlined Form, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Athabasca Valles is in the Elysium quadrangle
Elysium quadrangle
The Elysium quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
.
Image:Ituxi Vallis.jpg|Ituxi Vallis
Ituxi Vallis
Ituxi Vallis is a valley in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 25.4° N and 207° W. It is 62 km long and was named after the Ituxi River in Brazil....
, as seen by THEMIS
Themis
Themis is an ancient Greek Titaness. She is described as "of good counsel", and is the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb τίθημι, títhēmi, "to put"...
. Ituxi Vallis is a lava channel that lies east of Elysium Mons
Elysium Mons
Elysium Mons is a volcano on Mars located in the Elysium Planitia, at , in the Martian eastern hemisphere. It stands about 13.9 km above the surrounding lava plains, and about 16 km above the Martian datum. Its diameter is about 240 km, with a summit caldera about 14 km across...
.
Other examples of Vallis
Image:Frento Vallis.JPG|Frento Vallis
Frento Vallis
Frento Vallis is a valley in the Noachis quadrangle of Mars, with a location centered at50.3 S and 14.5 W. It is 277 km long and was named after the classical name for a river in Italy....
in Noachis quadrangle
Noachis quadrangle
The Noachis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Noachis quadrangle is also referred to as MC-27 ....
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Click on image to see better view of Dust Devil Tracks
Dust Devil Tracks
Many areas on Mars experience the passage of giant dust devils. A thin coating of fine bright dust covers most of the Martian surface. When a dust devil goes by it blows away the coating and exposes the underlying dark surface, which within a few weeks assumes its former bright colour, either from...
.
in the Arcadia quadrangle
Arcadia quadrangle
The Arcadia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars’ western hemisphere and covers 240° to 300° east longitude and 30° to 65° north latitude...
on Mars. Its location is centered at 37 degrees north latitude and 93.1 degrees west longitude. It is 357 km long and was named after a classical river.
Image:Enipeus Vallis.JPG|Enipeus Vallis
Enipeus Vallis
Enipeus Vallis is a valley in the northern hemisphere of the planet Mars. It is centered at lat. 37°N, long. 267°E in the Arcadia quadrangle between the large volcano Alba Mons and the Tempe Terra plateau. The valley follows a gently sinuous, north-south path for a distance of about 357 km...
in the Arcadia quadrangle
Arcadia quadrangle
The Arcadia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The quadrangle is located in the north-central portion of Mars’ western hemisphere and covers 240° to 300° east longitude and 30° to 65° north latitude...
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Samara Valles.JPG|Samara Valles
Samara Valles
Samara Valles is a valley in the Memnonia quadrangle on Mars, located at 25.1° south latitude and 19.1° west longitude. It is 615 km long and was named after the ancient name for modern Somme River, France....
in the Memnonia quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Scamander Vallis.JPG|Scamander Vallis
Scamander Vallis
Scamander Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Amenthes quadrangle of Mars, located at 16 North and 331.5 West. It is 204 km long and was named after an ancient name of a river at Troy ....
, as seen by HiRISE
HiRISE
High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The 65 kg , $40 million instrument was built under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp....
. Click on image to see dark slope streaks in a variety of shades. The darker the streak the younger it is. is an ancient river valley in the Amenthes quadrangle
Amenthes quadrangle
The Amenthes quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Amenthes quadrangle is also referred to as MC-14 . This quadrangle contains the Isidis basin, a location where magnesium carbonate was found by...
. Scale bar is 500 meters long.
Image:Simud Valles close-up.JPG|Close-up of Simud Valles
Simud Valles
Simud Valles is an ancient outflow channel in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.8° N and 37.8° W. It is 945.0 km long and was named for the word for "Mars" in Sumerian. Note: Descriptor term changed to the plural , and coordinates redefined 3/31/2008....
, as seen by HiRISE. Simud Valles is found in the Oxia Palus quadrangle
Oxia Palus quadrangle
The Oxia Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Oxia Palus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-11 ....
.
Image:Ares Vallis from Viking.jpg|Ares Vallis
Ares Vallis
Ares Vallis is an outflow channel on Mars, named after the Greek name for Mars: Ares, the god of war; it appears to have been carved by fluids, perhaps water...
, as seen by Viking. The channel is 25 km wide and about 1 km deep. It would be quite spectacular to walk down this valley.
Image:Ares Valles.JPG|Ares Valles, as seen by HiRISE. Ares Valles is found in the Oxia Palus quadrangle
Oxia Palus quadrangle
The Oxia Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Oxia Palus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-11 ....
.
Image:Channels in Ares Vallis Region.jpg|Channels in Ares Vallis Region (Oxia Palus quadrangle
Oxia Palus quadrangle
The Oxia Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Oxia Palus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-11 ....
), as seen by HiRISE.
Image:Her Desher Valles.jpg|Her Desher Valles
Her Desher Valles
Her Desher Valles is an ancient river valley in the Coprates quadrangle of Mars, located at 25.4° S and 48.0° W. It is 107.0 km across and was named for the Egyptian name for Mars....
, as seen by HiRISE. Her Desher Vallis is found in the Coprates quadrangle
Coprates quadrangle
The Coprates quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
.
Image:Her Desher Valles close-up.JPG|Her Desher Valles close-up, as seen by HiRISE. Her Desher Vallis is found in the Coprates quadrangle.
Image:Padus Vallis.jpg|Padus Vallis
Padus Vallis
Padus Vallis is a valley in the Memnonia quadrangle on Mars that empties into the Medusa Fossae Formation. It is located at 4.6° S and 150.1° W. It is 46.0 km long and was named for the classical name for modern Po River in Italy. Padus Vallis is one of many valleys that empty into the...
, as seen by THEMIS. Padus Vallis is in the Memnonia quadrangle.
Image:PadusVallis Close-up.JPG|Close-up of Padus Vallis, as seen by THEMIS. Padus Vallis is in the Memnonia quadrangle.
Image:Viking Teardrop Islands.jpg|Tear-drop shaped islands caused by flood waters from Maja Valles, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Image is located in Oxia Palus quadrangle
Oxia Palus quadrangle
The Oxia Palus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Oxia Palus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-11 ....
.
Image:Branched Channels from Viking.jpg|Branched channels in Thaumasia quadrangle
Thaumasia quadrangle
The Thaumasia quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program...
, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Networks of channels like this are strong evidence for rain on Mars in the past.
Image:Ravi Vallis.jpg|Ravi Vallis
Ravi Vallis
Ravi Vallis is an ancient outflow channel in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle on Mars, located at 0.2° S and 40.7 W°. It is 205.5 km long and was named after the Ravi River, an ancient Pakistani River....
, as seen by Viking Orbiter. Ravi Vallis was probably formed when catastrophic floods came out of the ground to the right (chaotic terrain). Image located in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
The margaritifer Sinus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey Astrogeology Research Program. The Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle is also referred to as MC-19 ....
.