Viktor Vinogradov
Encyclopedia
Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov ' onMouseout='HidePop("54166")' href="/topics/Zaraysk">Zaraysk
, Russian Empire
– 4 October 1969, Moscow
, USSR) was a Soviet linguist and philologist who presided over Soviet linguistics
after World War II
.
Vinogradov's teachers at the Petrograd Institute of History and Philology included Lev Shcherba
and Aleksey Shakhmatov
, but it was Charles Bally
's ideas that influenced him most profoundly during his formative years. He made his mark as a scholar of Russian literature
with a series of works examining the style and language of Russian classical writers, including Alexander Pushkin (1935, 1941), Nikolai Gogol
(1936), Mikhail Lermontov
(1941), and Anna Akhmatova
(a family friend, 1925). In 1926 he married Nadezhda Malysheva (Надежда Матвеевна Виноградова-Малышева, 1897-1990), a singing teacher.
From the standpoint of linguistics, Vinogradov set out as a good-natured critic of the Russian Formalists: he was on friendly terms with many of them. After moving from Leningrad to Moscow in 1929 he became implicated in the "Slavists conspiracy" and the authorities exiled him to Vyatka
in 1934. Two years later, he was allowed to settle somewhat closer to the capital, in Mozhaysk
, only to be exiled to Siberia
after Hitler's invasion of Russia
in 1941. His father, an Orthodox priest, was purged in 1930.
After Stalin became alarmed with the (mis)management of Soviet linguistics by Nicholas Marr and his followers, Vinogradov found himself appointed Director of the Linguistics Institute (1950). Honors were heaped on him with profusion: he was elected into the Soviet Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Stalin Prize (1951). This sudden reversal of fortune made him willing to gratify the authorities, as was demonstrated by his participation in the notorious Sinyavsky-Daniel trial
. Vinogradov's rise to power cemented his followers (Sergei Ozhegov
, Natalia Shvedova
) into the dominant academic school of Soviet linguistics. The Russian Language Institute
, which he administered from 1958, still bears his name.
Zaraysk
Zaraysk is a town and the administrative center of Zaraysky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated about southeast from Moscow. Population: The town stands on the right bank of the Osyotr River, which is a right confluent of the Oka...
, Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
– 4 October 1969, Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, USSR) was a Soviet linguist and philologist who presided over Soviet linguistics
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....
after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
Vinogradov's teachers at the Petrograd Institute of History and Philology included Lev Shcherba
Lev Shcherba
Lev Shcherba was a Russian linguist and lexicographer specializing in phonetics and phonology....
and Aleksey Shakhmatov
Aleksey Shakhmatov
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov was an outstanding Russian philologist credited with laying foundations for the science of textology.-Biography:...
, but it was Charles Bally
Charles Bally
Charles Bally was a French linguist from the Geneva School. He lived from 1865 to 1947 and was, like Ferdinand de Saussure, from Switzerland. His parents were Jean Gabriel, a teacher, and Henriette, the owner of a cloth store...
's ideas that influenced him most profoundly during his formative years. He made his mark as a scholar of Russian literature
Russian literature
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its émigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union...
with a series of works examining the style and language of Russian classical writers, including Alexander Pushkin (1935, 1941), Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was a Ukrainian-born Russian dramatist and novelist.Considered by his contemporaries one of the preeminent figures of the natural school of Russian literary realism, later critics have found in Gogol's work a fundamentally romantic sensibility, with strains of Surrealism...
(1936), Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Lermontov
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov , a Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", became the most important Russian poet after Alexander Pushkin's death in 1837. Lermontov is considered the supreme poet of Russian literature alongside Pushkin and the greatest...
(1941), and Anna Akhmatova
Anna Akhmatova
Anna Andreyevna Gorenko , better known by the pen name Anna Akhmatova , was a Russian and Soviet modernist poet, one of the most acclaimed writers in the Russian canon.Harrington p11...
(a family friend, 1925). In 1926 he married Nadezhda Malysheva (Надежда Матвеевна Виноградова-Малышева, 1897-1990), a singing teacher.
From the standpoint of linguistics, Vinogradov set out as a good-natured critic of the Russian Formalists: he was on friendly terms with many of them. After moving from Leningrad to Moscow in 1929 he became implicated in the "Slavists conspiracy" and the authorities exiled him to Vyatka
Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Kirov , formerly known as Vyatka and Khlynov, is a city in northeastern European Russia, on the Vyatka River, and the administrative center of Kirov Oblast. Population: -History:...
in 1934. Two years later, he was allowed to settle somewhat closer to the capital, in Mozhaysk
Mozhaysk
Mozhaysk is a town and the administrative center of Mozhaysky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located to the west from the Russian capital, on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland. Population:...
, only to be exiled to Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
after Hitler's invasion of Russia
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...
in 1941. His father, an Orthodox priest, was purged in 1930.
After Stalin became alarmed with the (mis)management of Soviet linguistics by Nicholas Marr and his followers, Vinogradov found himself appointed Director of the Linguistics Institute (1950). Honors were heaped on him with profusion: he was elected into the Soviet Academy of Sciences and was awarded the Stalin Prize (1951). This sudden reversal of fortune made him willing to gratify the authorities, as was demonstrated by his participation in the notorious Sinyavsky-Daniel trial
Sinyavsky-Daniel trial
The Sinyavsky-Daniel trial was a trial against Russian writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, which took place in the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in Moscow between September 1965 and February 1966...
. Vinogradov's rise to power cemented his followers (Sergei Ozhegov
Sergei Ozhegov
Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov was a Russian lexicographer who in 1926 graduated from the Leningrad University where his teachers included Lev Shcherba and Viktor Vinogradov....
, Natalia Shvedova
Natalia Shvedova
Natalia Yulievna Shvedova was a Russian lexicographer who authored several standard outlines of Russian grammar, for which she was awarded the USSR State Prize in 1982....
) into the dominant academic school of Soviet linguistics. The Russian Language Institute
Russian Language Institute
The V.V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is the language regulator of the Russian language. It is based in Moscow and it is part of the Russian Academy of Sciences.It was founded in 1944.-See also:* The V.V...
, which he administered from 1958, still bears his name.
Sources
- This article is based on a translation of the equivalent article of the Russian WikipediaRussian WikipediaThe Russian Wikipedia is the Russian language edition of Wikipedia. It has over articles. It was founded on 20 May 2001. By May 2008 it became the 10th largest Wikipedia by size and in February 2011 it ranked 8th. It surpassed 750,000 articles in August 2011...
on 6 July 2008.