Violet budgerigar mutation
Encyclopedia
The violet budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigar
s. It is one of the constituent mutations of the violet variety.
The violet factor produces a visual effect in any bird which carries it. The effect depends on whether the violet factor is single or double and whether the dark
and blue
mutations are present. In total there are 18 visually different combinations of these three mutations. However, only three of these approximate to the colour specified by the visual violet exhibition standard.
The World Budgerigar Organisation has established precise standards for some budgerigar body colours using the Pantone
Codes. The colours of the recognised blue series varieties, including visual violet, are shown on the right.
, but the faint ribbing present in the body feathers of a dark green is lacking, giving the feathers of the violet light greens a more satin
-like finish. The tail feathers are paler than the navy blue of the dark green, rather like those of the light green, particularly near the quill end, and violet light greens lack the dark blue colour present in the flight feathers of dark greens.
SF violet dark greens have a body color midway between dark green and dark grey.
SF violet olives are very similar to olives.
DF violet light greens, dark greens, and olives are expected to be slightly darker than the corresponding SF birds, but these colours have not been reported reliably.
SF violet cobalts have a bright violet body colour and are known as visual violets.
SF violet mauves are quite similar in appearance to normal mauves. Sometimes a violet tinge is visible in violet mauves when placed next to a mauve, particularly in the rump area.
DF violet skyblues are similar in shade to SF violet cobalts but are a deeper richer violet colour. These, too, are visual violets. Their tails are dark blue with a residual pale blue or turquoise at the quill end, whereas SF violet cobalts have uniform dark blue-violet tails.
DF violet cobalts are similar to SF violet cobalts but usually have a deeper richer violet colour. These are also visual violets.
DF violet mauves are believed to be similar in colour to SF violet mauves.
was breeding Violets by 1934 and Mr Harold Pier exhibited a violet in the same year.
In Europe, the first mention of a bird which might have been a visual violet was by C af Enehjelm in 1935 in Copenhagen
. In a letter to the Budgerigar Bulletin
,
he said he had bred a Cobalt, "which I would call violet". In a later article
he gave full details of his violet birds, remarking that earlier birds he had seen which were bred in Germany in the late 1920s and marketed as violets were little different from normal Cobalts and lost their violet colour with age. His first true violet, mentioned above, was bred from an apparent dark green/blue cock obtained from a friend and a cobalt hen. This dark Green/blue cock was "very heavily suffused with blue (cobalt)". Presumably, it was in fact a SF Violet Light Green/blue
.
He went on to breed several more Violets from the progeny of this bird.
In 1924 in England and 1932 in Australia birds called "Royal Blues" were bred, but these were not Violets . In the UK the opinion of the highly respected budgerigar breeder, C H Rogers, writing in 1937
,
was that a true violet was first seen in England at the Cambridge Diploma Show that year. The Violet hen was exhibited by Stevenson and Tucker. As they had eight other birds of the same colour they must have first bred Violets some years earlier.
As Violet Light Greens are very similar in appearance to dark greens it seems likely that a small number of Violet Light Greens were being bred in several places in the 1920s, masquerading as Dark Greens. Their true nature remained hidden, only being revealed when they were mated to birds of the blue series. This could not happen until blue budgerigars became readily available, which was not until the 1930s .
relationship to its wild-type allele
. That is, there are three distinct phenotypes, possessing zero (the wild type), one (the single factor heterozygote) and two (the double factor homozygote) Violet alleles, with the heterozygote having an intermediate appearance between the wild-type and the homozygote.
Because the Violet factor is always visibly expressed no budgerigar can be split for Violet. The heterozygotes of Violet — the SF Violet Greens and Blues — correspond to the splits of the recessive mutations.
The violet mutation is autosomal, but it has not yet been determined whether there is a linkage to any of the other budgerigar mutations. There has been a long-held view that the violet mutation was linked to the blue and dark mutations, but this is now uncertain. It seems more likely that the unexpected breeding results which prompted the view were caused by incorrectly identifying birds carrying single and double violet factors. There is no reported measurement of this or any other linkage.
In the past, there was a view that the violet allele was lethal in double factor form, but this is now disproved with many breeders reporting DF violets.
Budgerigar
The Budgerigar , also known as Common Pet Parakeet or Shell Parakeet informally nicknamed the budgie, is a small, long-tailed, seed-eating parrot, and the only species in the Australian genus Melopsittacus...
s. It is one of the constituent mutations of the violet variety.
Appearance
| Variety | Pantone Code |
|---|---|
| Skyblue | 310 |
| Cobalt | 2915 |
| Mauve | 535 |
| Violet | 2727 |
The violet factor produces a visual effect in any bird which carries it. The effect depends on whether the violet factor is single or double and whether the dark
Dark budgerigar mutation
The Dark budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars. It is part of the genetic constitution of the following recognised varieties: Dark Green and Olive in the green series and Cobalt, Mauve and Violet in the blue series.- Appearance :Budgerigars...
and blue
Blue budgerigar mutation
The Blue budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars. It is part of the genetic constitution of the following recognised varieties: Skyblue, Cobalt, Mauve and Violet.- Appearance :...
mutations are present. In total there are 18 visually different combinations of these three mutations. However, only three of these approximate to the colour specified by the visual violet exhibition standard.
The World Budgerigar Organisation has established precise standards for some budgerigar body colours using the Pantone
Pantone
Pantone Inc. is a corporation headquartered in Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA. The company is best known for its Pantone Matching System , a proprietary color space...
Codes. The colours of the recognised blue series varieties, including visual violet, are shown on the right.
Green series
SF violet light greens have contour features similar in shade to a dark greenDark budgerigar mutation
The Dark budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars. It is part of the genetic constitution of the following recognised varieties: Dark Green and Olive in the green series and Cobalt, Mauve and Violet in the blue series.- Appearance :Budgerigars...
, but the faint ribbing present in the body feathers of a dark green is lacking, giving the feathers of the violet light greens a more satin
Satin
Satin is a weave that typically has a glossy surface and a dull back. It is a warp-dominated weaving technique that forms a minimum number of interlacings in a fabric. If a fabric is formed with a satin weave using filament fibres such as silk, nylon, or polyester, the corresponding fabric is...
-like finish. The tail feathers are paler than the navy blue of the dark green, rather like those of the light green, particularly near the quill end, and violet light greens lack the dark blue colour present in the flight feathers of dark greens.
SF violet dark greens have a body color midway between dark green and dark grey.
SF violet olives are very similar to olives.
DF violet light greens, dark greens, and olives are expected to be slightly darker than the corresponding SF birds, but these colours have not been reported reliably.
Blue series
SF violet skyblues have a body colour ranging from dark skyblue to medium cobalt. Most look rather like pale cobalts. The colour of the tail and flight feathers are the most reliable distinguishing features. Cobalts have navy blue tails throughout their length, while Violet Skyblues have tails, which shade to turquoise at the quill end. The flight feathers of Cobalts are dark blue, those of violet skyblues have a glossy turquoise iridescence rather like those of skyblues but slightly darker.SF violet cobalts have a bright violet body colour and are known as visual violets.
SF violet mauves are quite similar in appearance to normal mauves. Sometimes a violet tinge is visible in violet mauves when placed next to a mauve, particularly in the rump area.
DF violet skyblues are similar in shade to SF violet cobalts but are a deeper richer violet colour. These, too, are visual violets. Their tails are dark blue with a residual pale blue or turquoise at the quill end, whereas SF violet cobalts have uniform dark blue-violet tails.
DF violet cobalts are similar to SF violet cobalts but usually have a deeper richer violet colour. These are also visual violets.
DF violet mauves are believed to be similar in colour to SF violet mauves.
Historical Notes
In Australia, Mr A Burton of SydneySydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
was breeding Violets by 1934 and Mr Harold Pier exhibited a violet in the same year.
In Europe, the first mention of a bird which might have been a visual violet was by C af Enehjelm in 1935 in Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 and a metropolitan population of 1,930,260 . With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region...
. In a letter to the Budgerigar Bulletin
,
he said he had bred a Cobalt, "which I would call violet". In a later article
he gave full details of his violet birds, remarking that earlier birds he had seen which were bred in Germany in the late 1920s and marketed as violets were little different from normal Cobalts and lost their violet colour with age. His first true violet, mentioned above, was bred from an apparent dark green/blue cock obtained from a friend and a cobalt hen. This dark Green/blue cock was "very heavily suffused with blue (cobalt)". Presumably, it was in fact a SF Violet Light Green/blue
.
He went on to breed several more Violets from the progeny of this bird.
In 1924 in England and 1932 in Australia birds called "Royal Blues" were bred, but these were not Violets . In the UK the opinion of the highly respected budgerigar breeder, C H Rogers, writing in 1937
,
was that a true violet was first seen in England at the Cambridge Diploma Show that year. The Violet hen was exhibited by Stevenson and Tucker. As they had eight other birds of the same colour they must have first bred Violets some years earlier.
As Violet Light Greens are very similar in appearance to dark greens it seems likely that a small number of Violet Light Greens were being bred in several places in the 1920s, masquerading as Dark Greens. Their true nature remained hidden, only being revealed when they were mated to birds of the blue series. This could not happen until blue budgerigars became readily available, which was not until the 1930s .
Genetics
The Violet mutation has an incompletely dominantDominance relationship
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between two variant forms of a single gene, in which one allele masks the effect of the other in influencing some trait. In the simplest case, if a gene exists in two allelic forms , three combinations of alleles are possible: AA, AB, and BB...
relationship to its wild-type allele
Allele
An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus . "Allel" is an abbreviation of allelomorph. Sometimes, different alleles can result in different observable phenotypic traits, such as different pigmentation...
. That is, there are three distinct phenotypes, possessing zero (the wild type), one (the single factor heterozygote) and two (the double factor homozygote) Violet alleles, with the heterozygote having an intermediate appearance between the wild-type and the homozygote.
Because the Violet factor is always visibly expressed no budgerigar can be split for Violet. The heterozygotes of Violet — the SF Violet Greens and Blues — correspond to the splits of the recessive mutations.
The violet mutation is autosomal, but it has not yet been determined whether there is a linkage to any of the other budgerigar mutations. There has been a long-held view that the violet mutation was linked to the blue and dark mutations, but this is now uncertain. It seems more likely that the unexpected breeding results which prompted the view were caused by incorrectly identifying birds carrying single and double violet factors. There is no reported measurement of this or any other linkage.
In the past, there was a view that the violet allele was lethal in double factor form, but this is now disproved with many breeders reporting DF violets.