Virtual Wards
Encyclopedia
A virtual ward is a cadre for providing support in the community to people with the most complex medical and social needs. The concept was developed in Croydon Primary Care Trust (South London) - and virtual wards are now being introduced in several parts of the UK (including Croydon, Dudley, Brent, Hillingdon, Bracknell and Nottinghamshire PCTs). Virtual wards use the systems and staffing of a hospital ward, but without the physical building: they provide preventative care for people in their own homes. The project won in four categories of the 2006 Health Service Journal Awards (the "UK's Biggest Awards in Healthcare") namely Primary Care Innovation, Patient-Centred Care, Information-Based Decision Making, and Clinical Service Redesign. This was the first time in the 25-year history of the HSJ awards that a project won in four categories. In 2007 it won the "Transformation" category of the Public Service Awards run by the Guardian Newspaperhttp://society.guardian.co.uk/publicservicesawards/story/0,,2182053,00.html and was judged overall winner of those awards.
Using risk stratification, patients can be identified by their likelihood to require admission into hospital within the next year. The group of patients examined in this way can be based on a practice, a group of practices, or by a number of long term conditions. The most commonly used risk stratification tool is the PARR++ Algorithm http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/health_topics/patients_at_risk/index.html, which is available to NHS institutions free of charge - the tool takes data available from hospital admissions for the last four years and generates a percentage risk score. A more thorough tool is in development called the BUPA Health Dialogue risk stratification tool, which also accesses hospital data, but adds in data from the patients' practice to generate a risk score - the higher the score, the greater the risk of admission. This tool is available to NHS organisations for a moderate annual subscription. Other Tools include the Milliman Advanced Risk Adjuster Tool http://www.milliman.com/expertise/healthcare/products-tools/milliman-advanced-risk-adjusters provided by GPC Solutions Ltd http://www.gpcsl.co.uk/index.html in the UK that also indicates risk drivers and likely impact on areas of service.
Like a hospital ward, the capacity of the ward is set - usually between 0.5% and 1% of the number of patients grouped together. Also, like a hospital ward, patients are admitted and discharged from those beds. The ward is termed "Virtual" as these beds are not 'real', and care takes place in the most appropriate setting for the patient, usually at home. Initially, the patients at highest risk of admission to hospital are considered for admission to the ward and for intensive case management. When one of these "beds" becomes vacant as the patient stabilises then the predictive algorithm is looked to for a replacement.
The Virtual Ward team use enhanced tracking to ensure that they can reduce the likelihood of admission, and should the patient be admitted into secondary care follow their process through hospital and attempt to facilitate an earlier discharge back into the community.
and by clinical decision making by the Virtual Ward team and the patient's doctor. This ensures that the patients admitted to a virtual ward are truly those who will benefit the most, i.e. those most at risk of unplanned hospital admission. The NHS in England owns two predictive risk models which were commissioned from a consortium led by The King's Fund. These predictive tools are known as PARR (Patients At Risk of Readmission), which was built by New York University
and the Combined Model, built by Health Dialog
.
At the time of admission to the virtual ward, the Virtual Ward lead, which may be an Assertive Case Manager as in Dudley PCT's collaborative model, or a community matron http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressReleasesNotices/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4102377&chk=xGqdbU visits the patient at home and conducts an initial assessment. This record, and all further entries by ward staff, are entered into a community care record, and additionally recorded at the patient's GP practice. A summary from the GP computer system is pasted into these ward notes before the initial assessment, so as to provide background information and avoid unnecessary duplication of work. The GP practice is informed of all significant changes to the patient's management.
Patients in a "red" bed should be reviewed by the team daily, "amber" beds reviewed at least weekly, and "green" beds reviewed no less than monthly. Any patients that the clinical team decide are no longer in need of regular review should be considered for discharge from the ward.
The Virtual Ward clerk needs to track these patients in the appropriate level bed, track admissions and discharges, and ensure that up-to-date information is available to be supplied to engaged stakeholders.
and GP out-of-hours cooperatives. This information is uploaded onto these organisations' clinical computer systems. Should a virtual ward patient present to their services (e.g. to a local A&E
department) then the staff working there will be alerted automatically to the patient's status. They then know that by contacting the virtual ward administrator, they can obtain up-to-date details of the patient's care. They can also arrange early discharge back to the care of the virtual ward team.
to the predictive risk modelling algorithm.
However, use of risk stratification often generates significant numbers of patients that require more specialised management. Whilst an assertive case manager may be able to impact on some of the health needs of these more specialised cases it has been recognised that focussing the appropriately skilled and trained staff in these areas, using a Virtual Ward model, can be effective. Typically, these specialised areas include mental health, alcohol/drug misuse and children.
Although there has been some development on risk stratification tools for some of these patients (most notably the SPARRA-MD [Scottish Patients At Risk of Re-Admission - Mental Disease] tool), specialised stratification is not essential. Development of Virtual Ward teams with the specialised skills to deal with these specialised cases is one area of Second Generation Virtual Wards.
Not surprisingly, frequent service users are also highlighted by risk stratification, and again, are often difficult to manage by Virtual Wards alone. Another area that Virtual Wards are developing is in this specialised patient group.
Key aims of Virtual Wards
The key aims of virtual wards are to:- Act on evidence-based forecasts from predictive risk modeling in order to reduce non-elective secondary care (acute hospital) usage;
- Provide multidisciplinary case management;
- Serve as a communications hub for all those involved in the care for these complex patients;
- Offer intuitive working systems that appeal to patients and clinicians alike.
Using risk stratification, patients can be identified by their likelihood to require admission into hospital within the next year. The group of patients examined in this way can be based on a practice, a group of practices, or by a number of long term conditions. The most commonly used risk stratification tool is the PARR++ Algorithm http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/health_topics/patients_at_risk/index.html, which is available to NHS institutions free of charge - the tool takes data available from hospital admissions for the last four years and generates a percentage risk score. A more thorough tool is in development called the BUPA Health Dialogue risk stratification tool, which also accesses hospital data, but adds in data from the patients' practice to generate a risk score - the higher the score, the greater the risk of admission. This tool is available to NHS organisations for a moderate annual subscription. Other Tools include the Milliman Advanced Risk Adjuster Tool http://www.milliman.com/expertise/healthcare/products-tools/milliman-advanced-risk-adjusters provided by GPC Solutions Ltd http://www.gpcsl.co.uk/index.html in the UK that also indicates risk drivers and likely impact on areas of service.
Like a hospital ward, the capacity of the ward is set - usually between 0.5% and 1% of the number of patients grouped together. Also, like a hospital ward, patients are admitted and discharged from those beds. The ward is termed "Virtual" as these beds are not 'real', and care takes place in the most appropriate setting for the patient, usually at home. Initially, the patients at highest risk of admission to hospital are considered for admission to the ward and for intensive case management. When one of these "beds" becomes vacant as the patient stabilises then the predictive algorithm is looked to for a replacement.
The Virtual Ward team use enhanced tracking to ensure that they can reduce the likelihood of admission, and should the patient be admitted into secondary care follow their process through hospital and attempt to facilitate an earlier discharge back into the community.
Admission to a Virtual Ward
Admission to a virtual ward is determined both by predictive modellingPredictive modelling
Predictive modelling is the process by which a model is created or chosen to try to best predict the probability of an outcome. In many cases the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an...
and by clinical decision making by the Virtual Ward team and the patient's doctor. This ensures that the patients admitted to a virtual ward are truly those who will benefit the most, i.e. those most at risk of unplanned hospital admission. The NHS in England owns two predictive risk models which were commissioned from a consortium led by The King's Fund. These predictive tools are known as PARR (Patients At Risk of Readmission), which was built by New York University
New York University
New York University is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan...
and the Combined Model, built by Health Dialog
Health Dialog
Health Dialog is a care management, employee wellness, and decision support provider, and wholly owned subsidiary of Bupa. The company is based in the United States and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The company was founded in 1997 to address the unwarranted variation research done by Dr....
.
At the time of admission to the virtual ward, the Virtual Ward lead, which may be an Assertive Case Manager as in Dudley PCT's collaborative model, or a community matron http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/PressReleases/PressReleasesNotices/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4102377&chk=xGqdbU visits the patient at home and conducts an initial assessment. This record, and all further entries by ward staff, are entered into a community care record, and additionally recorded at the patient's GP practice. A summary from the GP computer system is pasted into these ward notes before the initial assessment, so as to provide background information and avoid unnecessary duplication of work. The GP practice is informed of all significant changes to the patient's management.
Virtual Ward staff
- The day-to-day clinical work of the ward is led by a senior nurse which may be an assertive case manager or a community matron. Other staff include a social worker, health visitor, pharmacist, community nurses and other allied health professionals.
- A key member of staff is the ward administrator ("ward clerk"). With a dedicated telephone number and email address, the ward administrator is able to collect and disseminate information between patients, their carers, GP practice staff, virtual ward staff, out of hours providers, emergency services, and hospital staff.
- Medical input as obtained as needed by the Virtual Ward team. In most cases the Virtual Ward team will meet weekly with the GP practice to discuss patients on their case load. The team is also able to book surgery appointments to see any patient's usual GP.
- The virtual ward develops close working relationships with organisations such as hospices, drug & alcohol service and voluntary sector agencies.
Daily routine
Members of the virtual ward staff hold an office-based ward round each working day. Patients are discussed at different frequencies depending on their circumstances and stability. Depending on the size of each ward, there will be anumber of beds identified as red, amber and green, from highest to lwest dependency.The Virtual Ward team with the GP can move patients between these different intensity beds according to changes in their clinical condition from day to day.Patients in a "red" bed should be reviewed by the team daily, "amber" beds reviewed at least weekly, and "green" beds reviewed no less than monthly. Any patients that the clinical team decide are no longer in need of regular review should be considered for discharge from the ward.
The Virtual Ward clerk needs to track these patients in the appropriate level bed, track admissions and discharges, and ensure that up-to-date information is available to be supplied to engaged stakeholders.
Communication
Every week an email containing a list of each virtual ward's current patients is sent automatically to local hospitals, social services, the ambulance service, NHS DirectNHS Direct
NHS Direct is the health advice and information service provided by the National Health Service for residents and visitors in England, with advice offered 24 hours a day, every day of the year through telephone contact on the national 0845 46 47 number, web based symptom checkers at and via...
and GP out-of-hours cooperatives. This information is uploaded onto these organisations' clinical computer systems. Should a virtual ward patient present to their services (e.g. to a local A&E
Emergency department
An emergency department , also known as accident & emergency , emergency room , emergency ward , or casualty department is a medical treatment facility specialising in acute care of patients who present without prior appointment, either by their own means or by ambulance...
department) then the staff working there will be alerted automatically to the patient's status. They then know that by contacting the virtual ward administrator, they can obtain up-to-date details of the patient's care. They can also arrange early discharge back to the care of the virtual ward team.
Discharge from a Virtual Ward
The predictive model used for identifying patients for admission to a virtual ward is also used to prompt the virtual ward staff when it is time to consider discharging the patient. When a patient has been assessed by all relevant virtual ward staff, and has been cared for uneventfully for several months in the "monthly review" section of the ward, then the ward staff may feel that the patient is ready to be discharged to an alternative service, which might include self-directed care, care of the GP or care of another community service. A discharge summary is recorded at the practice, and a discharge letter (written using lay terminology) is sent to the patient. After discharge the patient is still able to contact the Virtual Ward for advice, and may be readmitted if their clinical need dictates it. This not only ensures that the patient is borne in mind, but these quarterly review data are serve as positive feedbackPositive feedback
Positive feedback is a process in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation. That is, A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A. In contrast, a system that responds to a perturbation in a way that reduces its effect is...
to the predictive risk modelling algorithm.
Future of Virtual Wards
Many PCTs are looking into the use of Virtual Wards as a way to effectively manage patients in the community, most especially those with long term conditions that can be high users of secondary care services. A number of pilots have been conducted (most notably at Croydon, Dudley, Warwickshire and Wandsworth) with several more due to start shortly (Nottinghamshire and Solihull). There are some variations in the way the Virtual Ward operates - for example, Warwickshire use a nurse-led model, whereas Wandsworth employ salaried GPs to manage their patients. Dudley uses what has been termed a 'collaborative' model, whereby GPs and community nurses work much more closely together, sharing the clinical workload. This collaborative approach generated both a reduction in secondary care usage, and a reduction in the GPs workload."Second Generation" Virtual Wards
Once a Virtual Ward has been established in an area, they are usually focussed on patients with long term conditions that require complex medical management.However, use of risk stratification often generates significant numbers of patients that require more specialised management. Whilst an assertive case manager may be able to impact on some of the health needs of these more specialised cases it has been recognised that focussing the appropriately skilled and trained staff in these areas, using a Virtual Ward model, can be effective. Typically, these specialised areas include mental health, alcohol/drug misuse and children.
Although there has been some development on risk stratification tools for some of these patients (most notably the SPARRA-MD [Scottish Patients At Risk of Re-Admission - Mental Disease] tool), specialised stratification is not essential. Development of Virtual Ward teams with the specialised skills to deal with these specialised cases is one area of Second Generation Virtual Wards.
Not surprisingly, frequent service users are also highlighted by risk stratification, and again, are often difficult to manage by Virtual Wards alone. Another area that Virtual Wards are developing is in this specialised patient group.
External links
- Croydon PCT (Virtual Wards Webpages)
- NHS Networks (Virtual Wards Microsite)
- King's Fund (King's Fund Predictive Modelling Project)
- NHS Dudley(Website for NHS Dudley)