Wake in Fright
Encyclopedia
Wake in Fright is a 1971
Australian film
directed by Ted Kotcheff
and starring Gary Bond
, Donald Pleasence
and Chips Rafferty
. The screenplay was written by Evan Jones
, based on Kenneth Cook
’s 1961 novel of the same name.
Made on a budget of , the movie was an Australian/American co-production by NLT Productions and Group W. Wake in Fright tells the story of a young school teacher who descends into personal moral degradation after finding himself stranded in a brutal, menacing town in outback
Australia
.
For many years, Wake In Fright enjoyed a reputation as Australia’s great "lost film
" because of its unavailability on VHS
or DVD
, as well as its absence from television broadcasts. However, in mid-2009 a thoroughly restored, digital re-release of Wake in Fright was shown in Australian theatres to considerable acclaim. Later that same year, it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray.
) is a middle-class teacher from the big city. He feels disgruntled because of the onerous terms of a financial bond which he signed with the government in return for receiving a tertiary education. The bond has forced him to accept a post to the tiny school at Tiboonda, a remote fly-speck situated in the arid Australian Outback. It is the start of the Christmas school holidays, and Grant plans to journey to Sydney
to visit his girlfriend and surf at the beach. But first, he must travel by train to the nearby mining town of Bundanyabba (known as “The Yabba”) in order to catch a Sydney-bound flight.
At "The Yabba", Grant encounters several disconcerting denizens of the town. They include a police sergeant, Jock Crawford (Chips Rafferty
), who encourages Grant to consume repeated glasses of beer before introducing him to the local obsession with the gambling game of two-up
. Hoping to win enough money to pay off his bond, and thus escape his "slavery" as an outback teacher, Grant at first has a winning streak playing two-up but then loses all his cash. Unable now to leave "The Yabba", Grant finds himself dependent on the charity of bullying strangers while being sucked into the crude and hard-drinking lifestyle of the town's residents.
Grant reluctantly goes drinking with a Bundanyabba named Tim Hynes (Al Thomas) and goes to Tim's house. Here he meets Tim's daughter, 30-something Janette (played by Sylvia Kay
, the then-wife of the movie's director Ted Kotcheff). While he and Janette talk, several men who have gathered at the house for a drinking session question Grant’s masculinity, asking: “What’s the matter with him? He’d rather talk to a woman than drink beer.” Janette then initiates an awkward sexual episode with Grant, who vomits and eventually passes out drunk. Grant finds refuge of a sort, staying at the shack of an alcoholic medical practitioner known as "Doc" Tydon (Donald Pleasence
). Doc tells him that he and many others have had sex with Janette. He also gives Grant a pill from his medical kit, ostensibly to cure Grant's hangover.
Later, an inebriated Grant participates in a barbaric kangaroo
hunt with Doc and Doc's friends Dick (Jack Thompson
) and Joe (Peter Whittle). The hunt culminates in Grant clumsily stabbing a wounded kangaroo to death, followed by a pointless drunken brawl between Dick and Joe and the vandalising of a bush pub. At night's end, Grant returns to Doc's shack, where Doc initiates a homosexual encounter between the two.
A repulsed Grant leaves the next morning and walks across the desert. He tries to hitch-hike to Sydney, but accidentally boards a truck that takes him straight back to "The Yabba". He contemplates shooting Doc, but instead attempts suicide
. Grant recovers in hospital from his suicide attempt and Doc sees him off at "The Yabba's" rail station. He returns to Tiboonda for the new school year.
and the director Joseph Losey
as early as 1963. Morris West
later secured film rights and tried, unsuccessfully, to raise funding for the film's production. Eventually, the rights were bought by NLT and Group W. Canadian Ted Kotcheff was recruited to direct the film. At the time of production, Kotcheff had directed two films, Tiara Tahiti
(1962) and Two Men Sharing (1969). After Wake In Fright, Kotcheff would continue to have a successful career as a director. His later films included The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1973), Fun with Dick and Jane
(1977), First Blood
(1982), and Weekend at Bernie's
(1988).
Wake in Fright's shooting began in Australia in January 1970 at Broken Hill, New South Wales
(the area that inspired Cook for the setting of his book), with interiors shot the next month at Ajax Studios in the Sydney beachside suburb of Bondi
. It was the last film to feature the veteran character actor Chips Rafferty, who died of a heart attack prior to Wake in Fright's release, and the first film to boast Jack Thompson, the future Australian cinema star, among its cast members. Coincidentally, Rafferty (real name John William Pilbean Goffage) had been born in Broken Hill, the film's stand-in for "The Yabba", in 1909.
, held in May. Ted Kotcheff was nominated for a Golden Palm Award. The film opened commercially in France
on 22 July 1971, Great Britain
on 29 October 1971, Australia during the same month, and the United States
on 20 February 1972.
Wake In Fright received generally excellent reviews throughout the world and found a favourable public response in France (where it ran for five months) and in the United Kingdom. However, despite garnering unanimous critical support at Cannes and in Australia, Wake in Fright suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film’s distributor United Artists
had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that Wake In Fright was “perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences".
More recently the unrestored version of Wake in Fright received a 3 stars (out of 4) rating from the American film reviewer Leonard Maltin
in his 2006 Movie Guide, while McFarlane, writing in 1999 in The Oxford Companion to Australian Film, said it was “almost uniquely unsettling in the history of new Australian Cinema”. AskMen.com echoed these sentiments, citing that "it’s not hard to see why the dusty savagery and clown-faced surrealism of Ted Kotcheff’s fourth feature was never shown on telly at the time."
hunt that John Grant takes part in disturbed some viewers, for it contained graphic footage of an actual cull of the animals. A disclaimer stated that the kangaroos were not slaughtered specifically for the movie but rather by professional hunters during a government-licensed kill, and that “the scenes were included with approval of leading animal-welfare organizations in Australia and the United Kingdom”.
, began to search in 1994 for a better-preserved copy of the film in an uncut state. Ten years later, in Pittsburgh, Buckley found the negatives of Wake in Fright in a shipping container labelled: “For Destruction". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Another complete copy of Wake in Fright, reputedly in good condition, exists in the collection of the Library of Congress
, which has screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater.
Wake in Fright was released on the DVD and Blu-ray formats on 4 November 2009, from a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration had been unveiled for the first time to the general public at the Sydney Film Festival
during the month of June 2009, and it received wide and consistently positive coverage in the Australian media.
1971 in film
The year 1971 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*February 8 - Bob Dylan's hour long documentary film, Eat the Document, premieres at New York's Academy of Music...
Australian film
Cinema of Australia
Cinema of Australia, more commonly referred to as the Australian film industry, refers to the system of production, distribution, and exhibition of films in Australia. Film production commenced in Australia in 1906 with the production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, the earliest feature film made...
directed by Ted Kotcheff
Ted Kotcheff
Ted Kotcheff , sometimes credited as William Kotcheff or William T. Kotcheff, is a Canadian film and television director, who is well known for his work on several high-profile British television productions and as a director of films such as First Blood.-Early life:Kotcheff was born William...
and starring Gary Bond
Gary Bond
Gary Bond was an English film and television actor.-Biography:Bond was born in Liss, Hampshire, England....
, Donald Pleasence
Donald Pleasence
Sir Donald Henry Pleasence, OBE, was a British actor who gained more than 200 screen credits during a career which spanned over four decades...
and Chips Rafferty
Chips Rafferty
Chips Rafferty MBE was an iconic Australian actor. Called "the living symbol of the typical Australian", Rafferty's career stretched from the 1940s until his death in 1971, and during this time he performed regularly in major Australian feature films as well as appearing in British and American...
. The screenplay was written by Evan Jones
Evan Jones (writer)
Evan Jones is a poet, playwright and screenwriter based in Britain. He was educated in Jamaica, the United States and England...
, based on Kenneth Cook
Kenneth Cook
Kenneth Cook was a prolific Australian journalist, film director, screenwriter, TV personality and novelist best known for his works Wake in Fright, which is still in print five decades after its first publication, and the humorous Killer Koala trilogy.Born in Lakemba, New South Wales, Cook...
’s 1961 novel of the same name.
Made on a budget of , the movie was an Australian/American co-production by NLT Productions and Group W. Wake in Fright tells the story of a young school teacher who descends into personal moral degradation after finding himself stranded in a brutal, menacing town in outback
Outback
The Outback is the vast, remote, arid area of Australia, term colloquially can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas. The term "the outback" is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named "the bush".-Overview:The outback is home to a...
Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
.
For many years, Wake In Fright enjoyed a reputation as Australia’s great "lost film
Lost film
A lost film is a feature film or short film that is no longer known to exist in studio archives, private collections or public archives such as the Library of Congress, where at least one copy of all American films are deposited and catalogued for copyright reasons...
" because of its unavailability on VHS
VHS
The Video Home System is a consumer-level analog recording videocassette standard developed by Victor Company of Japan ....
or DVD
DVD
A DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions....
, as well as its absence from television broadcasts. However, in mid-2009 a thoroughly restored, digital re-release of Wake in Fright was shown in Australian theatres to considerable acclaim. Later that same year, it was issued commercially on DVD and Blu-ray.
Plot
John Grant (Gary BondGary Bond
Gary Bond was an English film and television actor.-Biography:Bond was born in Liss, Hampshire, England....
) is a middle-class teacher from the big city. He feels disgruntled because of the onerous terms of a financial bond which he signed with the government in return for receiving a tertiary education. The bond has forced him to accept a post to the tiny school at Tiboonda, a remote fly-speck situated in the arid Australian Outback. It is the start of the Christmas school holidays, and Grant plans to journey to Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
to visit his girlfriend and surf at the beach. But first, he must travel by train to the nearby mining town of Bundanyabba (known as “The Yabba”) in order to catch a Sydney-bound flight.
At "The Yabba", Grant encounters several disconcerting denizens of the town. They include a police sergeant, Jock Crawford (Chips Rafferty
Chips Rafferty
Chips Rafferty MBE was an iconic Australian actor. Called "the living symbol of the typical Australian", Rafferty's career stretched from the 1940s until his death in 1971, and during this time he performed regularly in major Australian feature films as well as appearing in British and American...
), who encourages Grant to consume repeated glasses of beer before introducing him to the local obsession with the gambling game of two-up
Two-up
Two-up is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated 'Spinner' throwing two or three coins into the air. Players gamble on whether the coins will fall with both heads up, both tails up, or with one coin a head, and one a tail...
. Hoping to win enough money to pay off his bond, and thus escape his "slavery" as an outback teacher, Grant at first has a winning streak playing two-up but then loses all his cash. Unable now to leave "The Yabba", Grant finds himself dependent on the charity of bullying strangers while being sucked into the crude and hard-drinking lifestyle of the town's residents.
Grant reluctantly goes drinking with a Bundanyabba named Tim Hynes (Al Thomas) and goes to Tim's house. Here he meets Tim's daughter, 30-something Janette (played by Sylvia Kay
Sylvia Kay
Sylvia Kay, is an English character actress, who has had many roles in British television programmes, most notably as Daphne Warrender in the BBC Sitcom Just Good Friends...
, the then-wife of the movie's director Ted Kotcheff). While he and Janette talk, several men who have gathered at the house for a drinking session question Grant’s masculinity, asking: “What’s the matter with him? He’d rather talk to a woman than drink beer.” Janette then initiates an awkward sexual episode with Grant, who vomits and eventually passes out drunk. Grant finds refuge of a sort, staying at the shack of an alcoholic medical practitioner known as "Doc" Tydon (Donald Pleasence
Donald Pleasence
Sir Donald Henry Pleasence, OBE, was a British actor who gained more than 200 screen credits during a career which spanned over four decades...
). Doc tells him that he and many others have had sex with Janette. He also gives Grant a pill from his medical kit, ostensibly to cure Grant's hangover.
Later, an inebriated Grant participates in a barbaric kangaroo
Kangaroo
A kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae . In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, especially those of the genus Macropus, Red Kangaroo, Antilopine Kangaroo, Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Western Grey Kangaroo. Kangaroos are endemic to the country...
hunt with Doc and Doc's friends Dick (Jack Thompson
Jack Thompson (actor)
Jack Thompson, AM is an Australian actor and one of the major figures of Australian cinema. He was educated at University of Queensland, before embarking on his acting career. In 2002, he was made an honorary member of the Australian Cinematographers Society...
) and Joe (Peter Whittle). The hunt culminates in Grant clumsily stabbing a wounded kangaroo to death, followed by a pointless drunken brawl between Dick and Joe and the vandalising of a bush pub. At night's end, Grant returns to Doc's shack, where Doc initiates a homosexual encounter between the two.
A repulsed Grant leaves the next morning and walks across the desert. He tries to hitch-hike to Sydney, but accidentally boards a truck that takes him straight back to "The Yabba". He contemplates shooting Doc, but instead attempts suicide
Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...
. Grant recovers in hospital from his suicide attempt and Doc sees him off at "The Yabba's" rail station. He returns to Tiboonda for the new school year.
Cast
- Gary BondGary BondGary Bond was an English film and television actor.-Biography:Bond was born in Liss, Hampshire, England....
as John Grant - Donald PleasenceDonald PleasenceSir Donald Henry Pleasence, OBE, was a British actor who gained more than 200 screen credits during a career which spanned over four decades...
as Doc Tydon - Chips RaffertyChips RaffertyChips Rafferty MBE was an iconic Australian actor. Called "the living symbol of the typical Australian", Rafferty's career stretched from the 1940s until his death in 1971, and during this time he performed regularly in major Australian feature films as well as appearing in British and American...
as Jock Crawford - Sylvia KaySylvia KaySylvia Kay, is an English character actress, who has had many roles in British television programmes, most notably as Daphne Warrender in the BBC Sitcom Just Good Friends...
as Janette Hynes - John MeillonJohn MeillonJohn Meillon was an Australian actor, most widely known outside Australia for his role as Walter Reilly in the films "Crocodile" Dundee and "Crocodile" Dundee II. He also voiced Victoria Bitter beer commercials until his death.-Biography:Meillon was born in Mosman, Sydney...
as Charlie - Jack ThompsonJack Thompson (actor)Jack Thompson, AM is an Australian actor and one of the major figures of Australian cinema. He was educated at University of Queensland, before embarking on his acting career. In 2002, he was made an honorary member of the Australian Cinematographers Society...
as Dick - Peter Whittle as Joe
- Al Thomas as Tim Hynes
- Dawn LakeDawn LakeDawn Lake was an Australian television comedian, singer, entertainer and actor, whose career spanned more than four decades. Bert Newton described her as "our greatest comedienne - Australia's Lucille Ball"...
as Joyce
Production
A film version of the 1961 Kenneth Cook novel, Wake in Fright, was linked with the actor Dirk BogardeDirk Bogarde
Sir Dirk Bogarde was an English actor and novelist. Initially a matinee idol in such films as Doctor in the House and other Rank Organisation pictures, Bogarde later acted in art-house films such as Death in Venice...
and the director Joseph Losey
Joseph Losey
Joseph Walton Losey was an American theater and film director. After studying in Germany with Bertolt Brecht, Losey returned to the United States, eventually making his way to Hollywood...
as early as 1963. Morris West
Morris West
Morris Langlo West AO was an Australian novelist and playwright, best known for his novels The Devil's Advocate , The Shoes of the Fisherman , and The Clowns of God . His books were published in 27 languages and sold more than 60 million copies worldwide...
later secured film rights and tried, unsuccessfully, to raise funding for the film's production. Eventually, the rights were bought by NLT and Group W. Canadian Ted Kotcheff was recruited to direct the film. At the time of production, Kotcheff had directed two films, Tiara Tahiti
Tiara Tahiti
Tiara Tahiti is a 1962 drama-comedy film directed by Ted Kotcheff, starring James Mason and John Mills. It is based on the novel by Geoffrey Cotterell, who also adapted it to screen together with Ivan Foxwell. It was filmed in London and Tahiti...
(1962) and Two Men Sharing (1969). After Wake In Fright, Kotcheff would continue to have a successful career as a director. His later films included The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1973), Fun with Dick and Jane
Fun with Dick and Jane (1977 film)
Fun with Dick and Jane is a 1977 American film starring George Segal and Jane Fonda as an upper-middle-class couple who lose their jobs, fall through the cracks of society in the United States and then become high-class thieves to get back all they lost. The comedy was directed by Ted Kotcheff and...
(1977), First Blood
First Blood
First Blood is a 1982 action thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff. The film stars Sylvester Stallone as John Rambo, a troubled and misunderstood Vietnam War veteran, with Sheriff Will Teasle as his nemesis and Colonel Samuel Trautman as his former commander and only ally...
(1982), and Weekend at Bernie's
Weekend at Bernie's
Weekend at Bernie's is a 1989 American comedy film directed by Ted Kotcheff. A comedy starring Andrew McCarthy and Jonathan Silverman features the two as a couple of young insurance agency employees who discover their boss is deceased...
(1988).
Wake in Fright's shooting began in Australia in January 1970 at Broken Hill, New South Wales
Broken Hill, New South Wales
-Geology:Broken Hill's massive orebody, which formed about 1,800 million years ago, has proved to be among the world's largest silver-lead-zinc mineral deposits. The orebody is shaped like a boomerang plunging into the earth at its ends and outcropping in the centre. The protruding tip of the...
(the area that inspired Cook for the setting of his book), with interiors shot the next month at Ajax Studios in the Sydney beachside suburb of Bondi
Bondi, New South Wales
Bondi is an eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Bondi is located seven kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Waverley Council. The postcode is 2026.-Location:...
. It was the last film to feature the veteran character actor Chips Rafferty, who died of a heart attack prior to Wake in Fright's release, and the first film to boast Jack Thompson, the future Australian cinema star, among its cast members. Coincidentally, Rafferty (real name John William Pilbean Goffage) had been born in Broken Hill, the film's stand-in for "The Yabba", in 1909.
Response
The world premiere of Wake in Fright (as Outback) occurred at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival1971 Cannes Film Festival
- Jury :*Michèle Morgan *Pierre Billard *Michael Birkett *Anselmo Duarte *István Gaál *Sergio Leone *Aleksandar Petrović *Maurice Rheims *Erich Segal...
, held in May. Ted Kotcheff was nominated for a Golden Palm Award. The film opened commercially in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
on 22 July 1971, Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
on 29 October 1971, Australia during the same month, and the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
on 20 February 1972.
Wake In Fright received generally excellent reviews throughout the world and found a favourable public response in France (where it ran for five months) and in the United Kingdom. However, despite garnering unanimous critical support at Cannes and in Australia, Wake in Fright suffered poor domestic box-office returns. Although there were complaints that the film’s distributor United Artists
United Artists
United Artists Corporation is an American film studio. The original studio of that name was founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charles Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks....
had failed to promote the film successfully, it was also thought that Wake In Fright was “perhaps too uncomfortably direct and uncompromising to draw large Australian audiences".
More recently the unrestored version of Wake in Fright received a 3 stars (out of 4) rating from the American film reviewer Leonard Maltin
Leonard Maltin
Leonard Maltin is an American film and animated film critic and historian, author of several mainstream books on cinema, focusing on nostalgic, celebratory narratives.-Personal life:...
in his 2006 Movie Guide, while McFarlane, writing in 1999 in The Oxford Companion to Australian Film, said it was “almost uniquely unsettling in the history of new Australian Cinema”. AskMen.com echoed these sentiments, citing that "it’s not hard to see why the dusty savagery and clown-faced surrealism of Ted Kotcheff’s fourth feature was never shown on telly at the time."
Controversy
In addition to the film's atmosphere of sordid realism, the depiction of the kangarooKangaroo
A kangaroo is a marsupial from the family Macropodidae . In common use the term is used to describe the largest species from this family, especially those of the genus Macropus, Red Kangaroo, Antilopine Kangaroo, Eastern Grey Kangaroo and Western Grey Kangaroo. Kangaroos are endemic to the country...
hunt that John Grant takes part in disturbed some viewers, for it contained graphic footage of an actual cull of the animals. A disclaimer stated that the kangaroos were not slaughtered specifically for the movie but rather by professional hunters during a government-licensed kill, and that “the scenes were included with approval of leading animal-welfare organizations in Australia and the United Kingdom”.
Restoration & resurrection on Blu-ray and DVD
For many years, the only known print of Wake In Fright, found in Dublin, was deemed to be of insufficient quality to justify its transfer to DVD or video tape for commercial release. In response to this unsatisfactory situation, Wake in Fright’s editor, Anthony BuckleyAnthony Buckley
Anthony Buckley is an Australian film editor and producer, and prominent member of the Australian film industry.As an editor he was acclaimed for his work with Michael Powell and Rudolf Nureyev...
, began to search in 1994 for a better-preserved copy of the film in an uncut state. Ten years later, in Pittsburgh, Buckley found the negatives of Wake in Fright in a shipping container labelled: “For Destruction". He rescued the material, which formed the basis for the film's painstaking 2009 restoration. Another complete copy of Wake in Fright, reputedly in good condition, exists in the collection of the Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...
, which has screened it in the library's Mary Pickford Theater.
Wake in Fright was released on the DVD and Blu-ray formats on 4 November 2009, from a digital restoration completed earlier that year. This restoration had been unveiled for the first time to the general public at the Sydney Film Festival
Sydney Film Festival
The Sydney Film Festival is an annual film festival held in the Australian city of Sydney and is held over 12 days in June. The competitive film festival draws international and local attention, with films being showcased in several venues across the city centre and includes features,...
during the month of June 2009, and it received wide and consistently positive coverage in the Australian media.
Further reading
- Adams, B & Shirley, G. (1983) Australian Cinema: The First Eighty Years, Angus and Robertson, ISBN 0312061269
- Caterson, S., (2006) "The Best Australian Film You've Never Seen", Quadrant, pp. 86–88, Jan-Feb 2006.
- Greenwood, P. (2006) Wake in Fright, Murdoch University, [wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/dbase/2006/wake.doc]. Accessed 15 January 2007.
- McFarlane, B. (1999) The Oxford Companion to Australian Film, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-19-553797-0
- Maddox, G. (2004) "Treasure, not trash: classic found in US", The Sydney Morning Herald, p 13, 16 October 2004.
- Maltin, L. (2006) Leonard Maltin’s 2006 Movie Guide, Signet, ISBN 0451216091.
- Pike, A. & Cooper, R. (1998) Australian Film 1900–1977, Oxford University Press, Melbourne. ISBN 0 19 550784 3
- Williamson, G. (2006) “The Forum”, The Australian, p. 5, 30 December 2006.
- Zion, L. (2006) "DVD Letterbox", The Australian, p. 25, 29 July 2006.