Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia

Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area... : Water and Sanitation

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|-
!align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="3"|Data
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Water coverage (broad definition)
|valign="top"| 93%
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Sanitation coverage (broad definition)
|valign="top"| 85%
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Continuity of supply in Tunis
|valign="top"| 24 hours out of 24 (average 2003)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Connection to sewerage network
|valign="top"| 81.6% (2007)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Annual volume of exploitable water (hm³)
|valign="top"| 4670 (2004)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Share of household metering
|valign="top"| n/a
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Rate of mobilized Resources [hm³]
|valign="top"| 88% (2005)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Annual investment in WSS
|valign="top"| n/a
|-
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Share of tax-financing
|valign="top"| n/a
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Share of external financing
|valign="top"| n/a
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="3"|Institutions
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Responsibility for police setting
|valign="top"| For Water Resources and Supply: The Ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources
For Sanitation: The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|National water and sanitation company
|valign="top"| For Water Supply: SONEDE
For Sanitation: ONAS
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Rate for Unaccounted water
|valign="top"| 18.2% (2004)
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Sector law
|valign="top"| Yes
|-
|}

Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services among the MENA countries

MENA

The term MENA, for "Middle East and North Africa", is an acronym often used in academic, military planning and business writing.The term covers an extensive region, extending from Morocco to Iran, including the majority of both the Middle Eastern and Maghreb countries...

through sound infrastructure policy. 96% of urban dwellers and 52% of the rural population already have access to improved sanitation

Improved sanitation

According to the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by the World Health Organization and UNICEF the following are considered as "improved" sanitation:* connection to a public sewer* connection to a septic system* pour-flush latrine...

. By the end of 2006, the access to safe drinking water became close to universal (approaching 100% in urban areas and 90% in rural areas). Tunisia provides good quality drinking water throughout the year.

Responsibility for the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centres is assigned to the Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux (SONEDE), a national water supply authority that is an autonomous public entity under the Ministry of Agriculture. Planning, design and supervision of small and medium water supplies and irrigation works in the remaining rural areas are the responsibility of the Direction Générale du Génie Rurale (DGGR). Managing investment planning and implementation of projects are conducted by the Commisariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole (CRDAs).

In 1974, ONAS was established to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS got the status of a main operator for protection of water environment and combating pollution.

The rate of unaccounted for water is very impressive, being 18.2% in 2004

Access

Access to Water and Sanitation in TUNISIA (2004)
		Urban (64% of the population)	Rural (36% of the population)	Total
Water	Broad definition Improved water source According to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation by the World Health Organization and UNICEF the following are considered as "improved" water sources:* household connections* public standpipes* boreholes* protected dug wells...	99%	82%	93%
Water	House connections	94%	38%	74%
Sanitation	Broad definition Improved sanitation According to the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by the World Health Organization and UNICEF the following are considered as "improved" sanitation:* connection to a public sewer* connection to a septic system* pour-flush latrine...	96%	65%	85%
Sanitation	Sewerage	75%	4%	49%

According to the Joint Monitoring Program by WHO

Who

Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...

and UNICEF, 93% of the Tunisian population had access to an improved source of water and 85% to adequate sanitation in 2004. Between 1990 and 2004, access to water increased from 81% to 93%, while the access to sanitation increased from 75% to 85%.

Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services among the MENA countries

MENA

through sound infrastructure policy. 96% of urban dwellers and 52% of the rural population already have access to improved sanitation

Improved sanitation

. By the end of 2006, access to safe drinking water has been expected to be close to universal (approaching 100% in urban areas and 90% in rural areas).

According to the Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation, in 2006 92.6% of the population had access to drinking water in homes.

Continuity of supply

Tunis

Tunis is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants....

, the capital of Tunisia is able to provide 24-hour water with a supply of 110 liters per capita and day. The continuity of supply is very good with respect to regional standards as it ensures good quality water throughout the year and has the lowest percentage of non-revenue water

Non-revenue water

Non revenue water is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the customer. Losses can be real losses or apparent losses . High levels of NRW are detrimental to the financial viability of water utilities, as well to the quality of water itself...

in the region.

Drinking water quality

Tunisia provides a good drinking water quality throughout the year. The quality of the water supplied by SONEDE and GBRE/ACI in rural areas varies according to local conditions. Drinking water quality is monitored from production to distribution from bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. The national water distribution utility (SONEDE) and the Ministry of Health undertake this monitoring.

Sewer services

The rate of connection to sewerage network in Tunisian urban areas increased from 20.6% in 1975 to 35.9% in 1987, and further up to 81.6% in 2007.

Wastewater treatment

Since 1960, Tunisia has engaged in studies of the re-use of wastewater

Reclaimed water

Reclaimed water or recycled water, is former wastewater that is treated to remove solids and certain impurities, and used in sustainable landscaping irrigation or to recharge groundwater aquifers...

. Currently, 7000 hectares (17,297.4 acre), planted primarily with orchards and for livestock

Livestock

Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...

feed, use treated water for irrigation

Irrigation

Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall...

consistent with national law. The number of waste water treatment plants has gradually risen in the last decade and it is expected to reach 83 in 2006. Currently, 61 wastewater

Wastewater

Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations...

treatment plants are in operation with 9650 km (5,996.2 mi) of wastewater network collecting 178 hm³ (million cubic metre

Cubic metre

The cubic metre is the SI derived unit of volume. It is the volume of a cube with edges one metre in length. An alternative name, which allowed a different usage with metric prefixes, was the stère...

s) wastewater. The largest wastewater treatment plant is situated in Choutrana with a daily performance of 120,000 m³.

Water resources

The annual total volume of exploitable water in Tunisia is about 4670 hm³, out of which about 57% (2700 hm³) is surface water

Surface water

Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean; it is related to water collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water....

and the remaining 43% (1970 hm³) groundwater

Groundwater

Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock...

. Tunisia is a water stress

Water stress

Researchers define water stress and water scarcity in different ways. For example, some have presented maps showing the physical existence of water in nature to show nations with lower or higher volumes of water available for use. Others have related water availability to population...

ed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m³—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Out of the available surface water resources of 2100 hm³, only about 1220 hm³ are expected to be captured for actual use. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in saline intrusion

Saltwater intrusion

Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers. Most often, it is caused by ground-water pumping from coastal wells, or from construction of navigation channels or oil field canals. The channels and canals provide conduits for salt water to be brought into fresh...

in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Only 50% of all water resources have salinity

Salinity

Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is a general term used to describe the levels of different salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates...

levels lower than 1500 mg/l and can be used without restriction. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l.

Table 1 shows accessible (A) and available water (B) in Tunisia in hm³ per year for different time-horizons

Accessible and Available Water in Tunisia\|
	1990		2010		2020		2030
	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Large Dams DAMS Driot-Arnoux Motorsport is a racing team from France, involved in many areas of motorsports. DAMS was founded in 1988 by Jean-Paul Driot and former Formula One driver René Arnoux. It is headquartered near Le Mans, only 2 km from the Bugatti Circuit.- History :The year after its foundation,...	1340	871	1800	1170	1750	1138	1750	138
Hillside Dams and Lakes	65	59	100	50	70	35	50	45
Tubewells and springs	997	997	1250	1150	1250	1000	1250	1000
Open Wells	720	720	720	720	720	620	720	550
Reclaimed Water	120	120	200	200	290	290	340	340
Desalinated Water Desalination Desalination, desalinization, or desalinisation refers to any of several processes that remove some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water...	7	7	10	10	24	24	49	49
Total	3249	2774	4080	3300	4104	3107	4159	3122

Water use

The consumption of water was estimated by more than 2400 hm³ in Tunisia in which year?. In 1996, 86% of the water withdrawals were allocated to the agricultural sector. The water sector is also obliged to meet the increasing water demand for all urban and rural areas, the agriculture sector as well as for touristic and industrial needs. Through the management and development of water resources, the last decade 1990 -2000 has witnessed an increase in available water resources from 2.76 km³ in 1991 to 3.525 km³ in 2000. It is planned that the supply will reach 4.6 km³ by 2010. This will mainly be done by improving water saving, rationalizing water use and developing unconventional resources, including the use of treated sewage water. According to estimations for the year 2030 by the Ministry of Agriculture, the demand of water would be stabilized of 2700 hm³ per year, even if the supposed population of Tunisia in 2030 will be about 13 million people and given today's regular demand would result in a demand of 3100 hm³ water per year.

Evolution of water policy in Tunisia

The Water policy in Tunisia from the beginning of the second half of the 20th century until the 1970s contained the limited mobilization of the resources - with the construction of dam

Dam

A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydropower and pumped-storage hydroelectricity are...

s and reservoir

Reservoir

A reservoir , artificial lake or dam is used to store water.Reservoirs may be created in river valleys by the construction of a dam or may be built by excavation in the ground or by conventional construction techniques such as brickwork or cast concrete.The term reservoir may also be used to...

s

From the beginning of the 1980s there was an enforcement of the dam policy and application of the Plans Directeurs des Eaux (Water Master Plan).

In 1990 the Decennial Strategy (1990–2000) for the Mobilization of Water Resources and the Maximum Mobilization Maximale of available Resources was set up. This strategy was devised and implemented in order to provide integrated control of potential water sources. The cost of this ten year strategy approached two billion US dollars.
The following table shows the perspective concerning water resources in Tunisia:

Perspective Water Resources in Tunisia\|
Type of water resources	Potential resources [hm³]	Mobilizable resources [hm³]	Mobilized resources [hm³]\|
Type of water resources	Potential resources [hm³]	Mobilizable resources [hm³]	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010
Surface water	2700	2500	1179	1876	2200	2400	2500
Ground water	2140	2140	1576	1818	1860	1900	1940
Total	4840	4640	2755	3694	4060	4300	4440
Mobilization rate (%)			59	80	88	93	96

Recent developments

In 2003, the Ministry of Agriculture published the Water Master Plan for the water sector
Two main strategic options were identified and implemented: the 10 years strategy of water resources mobilization (2001–2011) initiated for the 1st time in 1990, and the long-term strategy (2030).

Policy and regulation

The Ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources sets policies concerning conventional water resources in Tunisia, while the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development governs sanitation, wastewater and environmental planning. Its hydraulic works section, the Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques (DGBGTH), is responsible for the construction of major water resources projects.

Guiding and basic water laws

Compared to other North African countries, Tunisia has developed and adopted numerous laws and plans regarding its water resources not only recently. Water Master Plans (WMP) exist already since 1970, when a first WMP was drafted for the Northern part of Tunisia, as this is the region containing most of the resources and related activities. The Centre and South successively followed, 1977 and 1983 respectively. The Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources developed these Plans, which is also responsible for the implementation and allocation of water resources.

Policies, projects and key points

The relatively high vulnerability of Tunisia’s water resources has led to numerous programmes and projects aiming at improving water use efficiency. The current status, major deficits and core strategies are well described in Tunisia’s country report on the water sector. Out of all relevant programs, the following national policies can be deduced:

a) The continuous development and mobilization of available water resources in order to reach a mobilization rate of 95%.

b) The integrated management of water resources, in particular the enhancement of transferring excess water volumes from rainy periods to seasons of drought

Drought

A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region...

.

c) Water saving and the control of demand across all sectors.

d) The further development of non-conventional water resources through expanding the use of treated wastewater in agriculture and desalinating brackish water for uses across all sectors.

e) The protection of water resources against pollution

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light...

and over-exploitation.

In order to fulfill these policies, three major strategies have been put into place:

1. The Decennial Water Resources Mobilization Strategy (1990–2000):
The major priority of this strategy is the increase of supply. The construction of more than 200 small and large dams and the drilling of more than 1000 deep groundwater wells have led to improvements of use of Tunisia's available water resources from 60% in 1990 to 87.5% in 2004. The total budget for the strategy was 2000 MTD (million Tunisian dinar

Tunisian dinar

The dinar is the currency of Tunisia. It is subdivided into 1000 milim or millimes . The abbreviation DT is often used in Tunisia, although writing "dinar" after the amount is also acceptable ; the abbreviation TD is also mentioned in a few places, but is less frequently used, given the common use...

) = 1678 million USD).

2. The complementary strategy (2001–2011):
The strategy attempts to realize long-term objectives, in particular the sustainable balance of demand and available water resources. It partly consists of similar measures compared to the mobilization strategy, aiming at reaching a mobilization rate of 95%.

Furthermore, the strategy puts an emphasis on regulation measures between wet and dry years, water and soil conservation measures, and the recharge of aquifer

Aquifer

An aquifer is a wet underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology...

s. The decennial strategy is divided into two 5-year plans, the Xth development plan (2002–2006) and the XIth development plan (2007–2011).

3. The long-term strategy (until 2030):
The long-term strategy mainly builds up on the Water Master Plans for the north, center and south of Tunisia described in section 2. The strategy consists of a high number of studies and research programs with the target to plan and manage water resources more efficiently on a long run.

Water supply

The National Water Supply Authority in Tunisia (SONEDE) is responsible for the provision of water supply services in Tunisia. SONEDE is a public non-administrative entity placed under supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Environment, and Hydraulic Resources (MAERH).

Planning and investment for the allocation of drinking water in rural areas is conduced by the Direction Générale du Genie Rurale (DGGR), which acts in the framework of the Ministry of Agriculture and user associations (Groupements d’interêt collectif (GIC)).

The water sector in Tunisia has so far only seen very limited private participation. To date, private participation in the water sector is limited to a contracting programme. Despite a 1999 study on contracting, very few activities have been contracted out (security and cleaning). However, the government envisages financing a desalination plant planned for Jerba through a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)

Build-Operate-Transfer

Build-own-operate-transfer or build-operate-transfer is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or public sector to finance, design, construct, and operate a facility stated in the concession contract...

Sanitation

The Office National de l'Assainissement (ONAS),is responsible for the sanitation in cities, industrial and tourist zones. The
mandate of the ONAS also includes protection of the environment. In 1974, ONAS has been established in order to manage the sanitation sector. Since 1993, ONAS got the status of a main operator for protection of water environment and combating pollution.

Missions of ONAS:

Combating water pollution
Planning and implementing of sanitation sector programs and integrated wastewater treatment & storm water disposal projects;
Construction, operation and maintenance of facilities intended for the sanitation of towns assigned to ONAS by decree;
Sale and distribution of sub-products such as treated wastewater and sludge

The Directorate of Rural Engineering is responsible for sanitation in rural zones not covered by ONAS, and the municipalities are responsible for collecting and disposing of solid waste as well as drainage

Drainage

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.-Early history:...

systems for the flow of rainwater.

Economic efficiency

In 2002,SONEDE had around 7038 employees, 5865 of which were permanent and 1173 occasional. The number of employees per 1000 connections is of the order of 4.1, constantly but slowly reducing: SONEDE can always do better in this respect, the ratio of the two water and sanitation (ONAS) services taken together is of the order of 10 employees per 1000 connections, well above international standards.

The performance of ONAS similar good with respect to regional standards, but its effectiveness could be improved, because of its high ratio of employees per connection. The very good performance of Tunisia in sanitation can be explained by the relatively high recovery of costs. The current downward trend in the recovery of costs is thus worrying. Actions and decisions will have to be taken before a vicious circle sets in. In 2002, ONAS had 5500 employees, 4000 of which were permanent and 1500 occasional. The existence of 66 sewage treatment works in good working order is a remarkable and unique result for borrowers of the Bank in the region.

Non-revenue water

Tunisia has a very impressive low rate of non-revenue water with 18.2% in 2004

Tariffs

Based on a proposal by SONEDE and following approval by the board, the water tariff is ultimately approved by the government (Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Hydraulic Resources, and the Ministry of Finance), which has on occasions refused requests for tariff adjustments.

Pricing for drinking water in Tunisia is similar to other countries in MENA Region. It contains a part of a fix contribution and a proportional part dependant on the consumption of water. In 2001, the tariffication of drinking water in Tunisia was composed as following:

Tariffication of drinking water in Tunisia
Consumption in m³/3-month period	Tariff in DT per m³
0-20	0.135
21-40	0.215
41-70	0.43
71-150	0.65
more than 150	0.79

The exchange rate of the Tunisian Dinar to the US Dollar is 1.00 TND = $0.729968 US.

Regularly, SONEDE reviews the tariffs, taking inflation and contribution to investments into consideration. Sanitation fees are invoiced and collected by SONEDE, which corresponds to good international practices on the one hand, but on the other it makes it impossible for ONAS itself to improve the collection of the bills from its customer accounts.

Cost recovery

SONEDE covers its operation and maintenance costs (and a small fraction of the investment costs) with its tariffs. The price of drinking water in Tunisia is uniform throughout the country and is not seen as an obstacle to development. Drinking water charges allow for the recovery of operating and maintenance costs as well as capital investments in hydraulic systems.

Investment

Public Investments from the budget of the ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic are composed as following
	Public Investments [MTD]	Part of water sector [MTD]	Percentage Rate [%]
10th Plan (2002–2006)	1975.4	1252.1	63
11th Plan (2007–2011)	2887.9	1580.1	55

The investments of ONAS should go from 390 million TD in the 9th Plan to 525 million TD in the 10th Plan, i.e. an increase of 32%. Compared to the SONEDE investments in the water sector, investment in the sanitation sector remains higher. This is an important point as in the majority of other developing countries sanitation is neglected with respect to water supplies. The corollary is that
sanitation prices are high with respect to regional standards, showing a sustained effort in the collection of costs which is absent in almost all other developing countries.

Financing

Concerning the sector financing, the situation in Tunisia represent is shown in the figure below in MTD.

Financing of Water Sector in Tunisia\|
Financing Source	10th Plan		11th Plan
Financing Source	Investments	%	Investments	%
National Budget	947	48	1300	45
External Loans	808	41	1300	45
Grants	150	8	200	7
Self-financing	70	3	28	3
Total	1975	100	2888	100

External cooperation

External partners have played a major role in the development of the water and sanitation sector in Tunisia. The French Development Agency

French Development Agency

French Development Agency is the French international development agency.The Agence Française de Développement is a public institution providing development financing...

AFD, the African Development Bank

African Development Bank

The African Development Bank Group is a development bank established in 1964 with the intention of promoting economic and social development in Africa...

, the European Investment Bank

European Investment Bank

The European Investment Bank is the European Union's long-term lending institution established in 1958 under the Treaty of Rome. A policy-driven bank, the EIB supports the EU’s priority objectives, especially European integration and the development of economically weak regions...

, the German development bank KfW

KFW

KFW may refer to:*Keith Fullerton Whitman , an American musician*KfW or Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, a German public-sector financial institution...

and the World Bank

World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...

are among Tunisia's major external partners in the water sector.

Multi donor projects

Water sector investment project. In 2000 the World Bank approved the first water sector investment project (PISEAU) implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources with a total cost of 258 million USD. It was financed together with KfW development bank

KFW

KFW may refer to:*Keith Fullerton Whitman , an American musician*KfW or Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, a German public-sector financial institution...

, which contributed USD 17.5 million, while the World Bank financed USD 103 million. It is not clear how the remaining resources were financed. The Main objective of the project was to promote integrated water resources management, together with a better policy for water resources conservation. The project consists of five components: An irrigation management component, a groundwater management component, a water conservation and environmental protection component, a rural drinking water supply component, and an institutional strengthening and capacity building component. The measures taken are expected to significantly improve the productivity of agriculture and increase access to drinking water for rural population. In 2007 the project was concluded.

A follow-up project (PISEAU II) was supported by the African Development Bank with €22.91 million ($31.3 million), as well as by AFD (USD 61 million), the World Bank (USD 31 million) and KfW. The project includes the improvement of conventional water resources including dams, boreholes and surface wells, as well as non-conventional water sources – wastewater and brackish water. The project’s target group is Tunisia’s rural population, across the country’s 24 governorates

Governorates of Tunisia

||Tunisia is divided into 24 governorates : Ariana Béja Ben Arous Bizerte Gabès Gafsa Jendouba Kairouan Kasserine Kebili Kef Mahdia Manouba Medenine Monastir Nabeul Sfax Sidi Bouzid Siliana Sousse Tataouine...

. The project will help improve living conditions by increasing the amount of irrigated agriculture and providing a better supply of drinking water. Furthermore the project is implemented with the participation in decisions about the choice of investments through Agricultural Development Groups (ADGs) for irrigation and drinking water. Moreover, the project intends to assist the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, in order to improve the water resources management in Tunisia. The closing date of the project is planned for the year 2015. The total project cost is € 122 million ($167.56 million), excluding the financing from KfW which was approved only in 2010 (check).

Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS. The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), a German public-sector financial institution, co-finances together with the Agence Française de Développement, the French agency for development cooperation, the Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building project. The total cost of the investment is about 80 million EUR. The project is implemented in the Gouvernorate of Kairouan and its aims consists in the rehabilitation and extension of the primary and secondary networks in the city of Kairouan and in the sanitation of 30 poor neighborhoods.

PISEAU II
The Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW), a German public-sector financial institution, contributed in 2009 with an amount of 1 Million Euro a 127 Million investment for the water sector on the territory of Tunisia. KfW gives its contribution through tariffs studies and user group policies studies. The objective of the project, named PISEAU II, is the creation and rehabilitation of the irrigation systems, and the rural water supply. The project also includes a large number of accompanying activities, studies and technical assistance to strengthen the sustainability of the works and improve the water management at national level as well as the water strategy policy in the country and the regulation of the tariffs politics.

African Development Bank

The African Development Bank co-finances projects with other external partners in the water sector (see under multi-donor projects).

European Investment Bank

ONAS 4 rehabilitation project. In 2006 the European Investment Bank signed the ONAS 4 rehabilitation project. The total cost is EUR 90 million. The project aims to finance the collection and treatment of wastewater in different towns. The treated wastewater will be reused for farming purposes. It supports the upgrading of the primary and secondary networks in Greater Tunis; the expansion and rehabilitation of the sanitation systems in the towns of Monastir

Monastir

-Places:Italy* Monastir, Sardinia - a comune in the Province of CagliariOttoman Empire* Monastir Province, Ottoman Empire, a vilayet covering parts of modern Albania, Greece and the Republic of MacedoniaRepublic of Macedonia...

, Mahdia

Mahdia

Mahdia is a provincial centre north of Sfax. It is important for the associated fish-processing industry, as well as weaving. It is the capital of Mahdia Governorate.- History :...

, Gabès

Gabès

Gabès , also spelt Cabès, Cabes, Kabes, Gabbs and Gaps, the ancient Tacape, is the capital city of the Gabès Governorate, a province of Tunisia. It lies on the coast of the Gulf of Gabès. With a population of 116,323 it is the 6th largest Tunisian city.-History:Strabo refers to Tacape as an...

, Medenine

Medenine

Medenine is the major town in southeastern Tunisia, south of the port of Gabès and the Island of Djerba, on the main route to Libya. It is the capital of Medenine Governorate.- Overview :...

, Tataouine

Tataouine

Tataouine , also transliterated as Tatooine, Tatahouine, Tatahouïne, Tatawin, Fum Taţāwīn, Fumm Tattauin, Foum Tatahouine, Fum Tatawin, or Foum Tataouine, from the Berber Tittawin, literally meaning Eyes, with the figurative meaning of Water springs , is a city located in southern Tunisia...

and Gafsa

Gafsa

Gafsa is the capital of Gafsa Governorate of Tunisia. Its name was appropriated by archaeologists for the Mesolithic Capsian culture. With a population of 84,676, it is the 9th Tunisian city.-Overview:...

;
extension of the South Hammamet

Hammamet

Hammamet is a town in Tunisia. Due to its beaches it is a popular destination for swimming and water sports. It was the first tourist destination in Tunisia...

treatment plant; construction of three wastewater treatment plants in the towns of Enfidha

Enfidha

Enfidha is a town in northeastern Tunisia with a population of approximately 10,000. It is visited by tourists on their way to Takrouna. Enfidha is located at around . It lies on the railway between Tunis and Sousse, approximately 45 km northeast of Sousse and a few kilometers inland from the Gulf...

/Hergla

Hergla

Hergla is a small cliff-top town in northeastern Tunisia off the Gulf of Hammamet. White houses of Hergla are built in classic style characteristic for this region.- History :In the roman periode Hergla was named "Horrea Caelia"...

, Menzel Temime

Menzel Temime

Menzel Temime is a town in northeast Tunisia southeast of the peninsula of Cap Bon.The municipality of Menzel Temime was established on 19 February 1921, the municipal boundaries stretching over an area of 25,000 hectares...

and Tazarka/Somâa

Somâa

Somâa is a town and commune in the Nabeul Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 6,287.-References:...

/ Mâamoura.

France

Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs. The French Development Agency (AFD) has approved a loan of EUR 18.5 million to upgrade and expand 19 wastewater treatment plants and 130 pumping stations in 11 governorates. The treated water from some plants will be reused for irrigation.

Germany

Germany co-finances projects with other external partners in the water sector through financial cooperation projects implemented by KfW.(see under multi-donor projects).

World Bank

Greater Tunis sewerage and reuse project. In 1997 the World Bank approved the Greater Tunis Sewerage and Reuse project. The total investment amounts to 107 million USD. The implementing agencies of the project are ONAS and the Ministry of Agriculture. The project will finance the improvement of urban sewerage services and drinking water supply services. The project promotes the re-use of wastewater for irrigation purposes. Furthermore the project promotes the reduction of urban pollution and the coastal degradation through the introduction of new technologies and technical assistance. The project concluded in 2005.

Urban water supply project. In 2005 the World Bank approved a USD 38 million loan to SONEDE for an urban water supply project in Tunisia. The project objective consists in improving the quality of water in Greater Tunis and other selected urban centres. In order to achieve its objective the project intends to modernize and upgrade the water supply infrastructures and enhance the sustainability of SONEPE activities. The closing date of the project is planned for the year 2012.

Tunis West sewerage. In 2006 the World Bank approved the Tunis West Sewerage project. The investment totals about USD 72 million, 67 of which is financed by the World Bank. The project aims to improve the quality of sanitation services in Greater Tunis and of the sewerage sector and promotes reuse of wastewater for irrigation and the improvement of ONAS performance through capacity building. The closing date of the project is planned for the year 2012.

External links

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