Wellington Koo
Encyclopedia
Koo Vi Kyuin or Ku Wei-chün (January 29, 1887 – November 14, 1985), often known by the Western name V.K. Wellington Koo, was a prominent diplomat under the Republic of China
, representative to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
, Ambassador to France, Great Britain, and the United States; participant in founding the League of Nations
and the United Nations; and judge on the International Court of Justice
at the Hague from 1957 to 1967. Between October 1926 and June 1927, while serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Koo briefly held the concurrent positions of acting Premier
and interim President of the Republic of China
. Koo is the first and only Chinese head of state known to use a Western name publicly.
, and Columbia College
, where he was a member of the Philolexian Society
, a literary and debating club, and graduated in 1908. In 1912 he received his PhD in international law and diplomacy from Columbia University
.
Koo returned to China in 1912 to serve the new Republic of China
as English Secretary to President Yuan Shikai
. In 1915 Koo was made China's Minister to the United States and Cuba. In 1919 he was a member of the Chinese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference
, led by Foreign Minister Lou Tseng-Tsiang
. Before the Western powers and Japan, he demanded that Japan return Shandong
to China. He also called for an end to imperialist institutions such as extraterritoriality, tariff controls, legation guards, and lease holds. The Western powers refused his claims and, consequently, the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
at the signing ceremony.
Koo also was involved in the formation of the League of Nations
as China's first representative to the newly formed League. He was briefly Acting Premier, Interim President, and Foreign Minister in 1926-1927 during a period of chaos in Beijing under Chang Tso-lin. He represented China at the League of Nations to protest the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. He served as the Chinese Ambassador to France from 1936–1940, until France was occupied by Germany. Afterwards he was the Chinese Ambassador to the Court of St. James's
until 1946. In 1945 Koo was one of the founding members of the United Nations. He later became the Chinese Ambassador to the United States and focused in maintaining the alliance between the Republic of China and the United States as the Kuomintang
began losing to the Chinese Communists and had to retreat to Taiwan
.
Koo retired from the Chinese diplomatic service in 1956. In 1956 he became a judge of the International Court of Justice
at The Hague and served as Vice-President of the Court during the final three years of his term. In 1967 he retired and moved to New York City where he lived until his death in 1985.
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, representative to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
, Ambassador to France, Great Britain, and the United States; participant in founding the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
and the United Nations; and judge on the International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands...
at the Hague from 1957 to 1967. Between October 1926 and June 1927, while serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Koo briefly held the concurrent positions of acting Premier
Premier of the Republic of China
The President of the Executive Yuan , commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China , is the head of the Executive Yuan, the executive branch of the Republic of China , which currently administers Taiwan, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China...
and interim President of the Republic of China
President of the Republic of China
The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, to govern all of China...
. Koo is the first and only Chinese head of state known to use a Western name publicly.
Early life and career
Born in Shanghai in 1887, Koo attended Saint John's University, ShanghaiSaint John's University, Shanghai
St. John's University was an Anglican university located in Shanghai, China. Before the Chinese Civil War it was regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in Shanghai and China...
, and Columbia College
Columbia College of Columbia University
Columbia College is the oldest undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the university's main campus in Morningside Heights in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1754 by the Church of England as King's College, receiving a Royal Charter from King George II...
, where he was a member of the Philolexian Society
Philolexian Society
The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest college literary societies in the United States, and the oldest student group at Columbia...
, a literary and debating club, and graduated in 1908. In 1912 he received his PhD in international law and diplomacy from Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
.
Koo returned to China in 1912 to serve the new Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
as English Secretary to President Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China , and his short-lived...
. In 1915 Koo was made China's Minister to the United States and Cuba. In 1919 he was a member of the Chinese delegation to the Paris Peace Conference
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities...
, led by Foreign Minister Lou Tseng-Tsiang
Lou Tseng-Tsiang
Lou Tseng-Tsiang was a Chinese diplomat and a Roman Catholic monk. He was twice Premier of the Republic of China and led his country's delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919...
. Before the Western powers and Japan, he demanded that Japan return Shandong
Shandong Problem
The Shantung Problem refers to the dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, which dealt with the concession of the Shandong peninsula....
to China. He also called for an end to imperialist institutions such as extraterritoriality, tariff controls, legation guards, and lease holds. The Western powers refused his claims and, consequently, the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of...
at the signing ceremony.
Koo also was involved in the formation of the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
as China's first representative to the newly formed League. He was briefly Acting Premier, Interim President, and Foreign Minister in 1926-1927 during a period of chaos in Beijing under Chang Tso-lin. He represented China at the League of Nations to protest the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. He served as the Chinese Ambassador to France from 1936–1940, until France was occupied by Germany. Afterwards he was the Chinese Ambassador to the Court of St. James's
Court of St. James's
The Court of St James's is the royal court of the United Kingdom. It previously had the same function in the Kingdom of England and in the Kingdom of Great Britain .-Overview:...
until 1946. In 1945 Koo was one of the founding members of the United Nations. He later became the Chinese Ambassador to the United States and focused in maintaining the alliance between the Republic of China and the United States as the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
began losing to the Chinese Communists and had to retreat to Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
.
Koo retired from the Chinese diplomatic service in 1956. In 1956 he became a judge of the International Court of Justice
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands...
at The Hague and served as Vice-President of the Court during the final three years of his term. In 1967 he retired and moved to New York City where he lived until his death in 1985.
Marriages
- Koo's first wife, surname Chang, married 1908, divorced prior to 1912.
- Pao-yu "May" Tang (circa 1895-1918), who was the youngest daughter of the former Chinese prime minister Tang ShaoyiTang ShaoyiTáng Shàoyí , was a Chinese diplomat, politician. He was the father-in-law of Wellington Koo and Lee Seng Gee.-Career:...
and a first cousin of the painter and actress Mai-Mai Sze.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786326,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,751602,00.htmlhttp://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/Wellington-wife-and-Koo.htm Their marriage took place soon after Koo's return to China in 1912; she died in an influenza epidemic in 1918. The Koos had two children: a son, Teh-chang Koo (1916–1998),http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDE1E3FF937A25754C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print and a daughter, Patricia Koo (b. 1918).
- Hui-lan Oei (黃蕙蘭) (1899–1992),http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFD91F3AF931A2575BC0A966958260http://216.239.51.104/search?q=cache:1i1zrOKAPJAJ:lafayette.150m.com/asia.html+%22wellington+koo%22+wife+stoker&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ushttp://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/2888 married to Koo in BrusselsBrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
, BelgiumBelgiumBelgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, 1921.http://lafayette.150m.com/asia.html (She was reportedly previously the wife of Count Wittingham or of Count Hoey Stoker.) Much admired for her adaptations of traditional Manchu fashion, which she wore with lace trousers and jade necklaces, Hui-lan Oei was one of the 42 acknowledged children of the Peranakan ChinesePeranakanPeranakan Chinese and Baba-Nyonya are terms used for the descendants of late 15th and 16th-century Chinese immigrants to the Indonesian archipelago of Nusantara during the Colonial era....
sugar magnate Oei Tiong HamOei Tiong HamOei Tiong Ham was a Chinese businessman. He was the son of Oei Tjie Sien , the founder of the Kian Gwan Kong Si , a multinational trading company. He was born in Semarang, Central Java, Dutch East Indies . He became one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in Semarang and, in his time...
and wrote two memoirs: Hui-Lan Koo (Mrs. Wellington Koo): An Autobiography (written with Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer, Dial Press, 1945) and No Feast Lasts Forever (written with Isabella Taves, Quadrangle/The New York Times, 1975).http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/4/1/lifearts/17275500&sec=lifearts By her, Koo had two sons: Yu-chang Koo (b. 1922, a.k.a. Wellington Koo Jr) and Fu-chang Koo (b. 1923, a.k.a. Freeman Koo).http://www.macjannet.org/files/Publications/schoolmaster/book2.pdf The Koos were divorced after World War II.
- Yen Yu-ying (aka Juliana Yen), the widow of Clarence Kuangson Young, whom he married on 3 September 1959. Koo had three stepdaughters from this marriage: Genevieve, Shirley, and Frances Loretta Young.
Sources
- "Ku Wei-chun," in Howard Boorman, Richard Howard, eds. Biographical Dictionary of Republican China New York: Columbia University Press, 1968, Vol 2 pp. 255–259.
- Clements, Jonathan. Makers of the Modern World: Wellington Koo. London: Haus Publishing, 2008.
- Craft, Stephen G. V.K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003.
- Hui-lan Oei Koo, with Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer, Hui-Lan Koo: An Autobiography New York: Dial Press, 1943.