William Parker and the Christiana Resistance

William Parker, a former slave from Roedown Plantation in Anne Arundel County

Anne Arundel County, Maryland

Anne Arundel County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is named for Anne Arundell , a member of the ancient family of Arundells in Cornwall, England and the wife of Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Its county seat is Annapolis, which is also the capital of the state...

, Maryland

Maryland

Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east...

, was an anti-slavery activist and a principal character in the events of September 11, 1851 in Christiana, Pennsylvania

Christiana, Pennsylvania

Christiana is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,124 at the 2000 census. In 1851 it was the site of the Battle of Christiana .-Geography:...

. The events at Christiana (Christiana incident (or riot), 1851) resulted in the death of a Maryland slaveowner (Edward Gorsuch). The events also brought the attention of the country to the perils and challenges of attempting to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened...

.

The tension between the slave state

Slave state

In the United States of America prior to the American Civil War, a slave state was a U.S. state in which slavery was legal, whereas a free state was one in which slavery was either prohibited from its entry into the Union or eliminated over time...

s and non-slave states (or free states) was substantial throughout the union. The trials that resulted in Christiana were one of the first significant tests of the Fugitive Slave Law. That law had been updated to appease southerners who were losing ground in the union with 17 non-slave states to their 16 slave states. With the balance of power in the union already tilted, the acquittal of all those accused of treason in Christiana only added fuel to the fire. Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing...

in his autobiography discusses a number of incidents of resistance and challenge to the fugitive slave law that contributed to the law's demise. However, he recognized that the events at Christiana, "more than all else, destroyed the fugitive slave law". Ten years before the Civil War, the events in Christiana brought the following headlines, Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...

, The First Blow Struck, foreshadowing events to come and highlighting the historical significance of the tragedy.

William Parker was renowned in the area for his activism

Activism

Activism consists of intentional efforts to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing...

against slavery

Slavery

Slavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...

and his bravery in the protection of his and other blacks' civil and political rights. He assisted many runaway slaves and was one of many people in the area involved in the underground railroad

Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. The term is also applied to the abolitionists,...

. It was his boldness and leadership in the resistance at his house in Christiana that sparked the events that fateful day; although it was many years before history began to reflect his role in the events. The "riot" had been largely attributed to the leadership of white Quakers; who were from most accounts largely there in support of their black neighbors' plight and not openly engaged in the resistance. The Christiana Historical Society has recognized Parker's actions as distinguished from others and pivotal to the outcomes that day. A plaque in Parker's honor now accompanies the riot memorial (pictures to be inserted) in Christiana.

Early life

Parker himself was an escaped slave. He was born on Roedown Plantation in Anne Arundel County, Maryland to Louisa Simms. Louisa died when Parker was very young. Parker in his own account of his life in The Freedman's Story indicated that he learned how to fight as a young boy where he had to fight for a spot by the fire against older boys. He thought often of being free especially as he was quite disturbed by the regular sale and separation of family members and loved ones. Although the slave owners in Maryland were said to be kinder than those further south, Parker likened the experience to a funeral as loved ones were often never seen again. William was approximately seventeen when he ran away to seek his freedom.

A Free Man

Parker eventually made his way to the free state of Pennsylvania and settled in Christiana, where he met and married Eliza Ann Elizabeth Howard. After being inspired by speeches by William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison

William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United...

and Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass

, Parker encouraged the formation of a mutual protection society of members from the community. Christiana was not far across the Maryland border and slave catchers would often come into the area looking for escaped slaves to return to their slaveholders. They were paid handsomely for their services and in many cases would capture freed blacks as well. Parker and other members of the mutual protection society were well known for using whatever force necessary to prevent the recapture of blacks in the area. They had a great intelligence network to know when slave catchers were about and would readily spring into action to retrieve any captives before they could be taken back across state lines. If the laws of the country would not protect them, their family, friends and neighbors, then they would protect themselves.

The Resistance at Christiana (also known as Christiana Riot)

One such incident of resistance occurred on September 11, 1851 when a slaveholder from Maryland (Edward Gorsuch) came bearing a warrant to recover his slaves. Gorsuch had information that his slaves were at Parker's farmhouse. Parker had received intelligence that Gorsuch, a federal marshal and others were on their way to his farmhouse. So when Gorsuch arrived, Parker and his cohorts were prepared. Eliza, Parker's wife, sounded a horn alerting neighbors that slave catchers were out and that help was needed. Both sides were resolute in their determination to prevail - Parker convinced of the immorality of slavery - Gorsuch confident in the law and his right to own slaves. There are conflicting stories of why and how the shooting started but in the end Gorsuch was dead and his son (Dickinson) severely wounded.

38 MEN ACCUSED OF TREASON - U.S. Marines were brought in to stabilize the situation. There was significant pressure from the South to obtain justice for Gorsuch, the slain white slaveowner. Following an extensive search and inquisition of the locals, a group of 38 men (including four white Quakers) were accused of treason for their defiance of the federal order. Four of the men, including William Parker, had already fled the area. One of the Quakers, Castner Hanway, was erroneously thought to be the leader of the resistance and so he was the first to be tried for treason as a test case. Authorities felt that a good first win would make wins on the remaining cases of treason a certainty. Authorities were unable to convince the jury that treason had been committed and Hanway was found not guilty. As a result all of the accused were eventually released, signalling a major win in the fight against slavery and strengthening the resolve of anti-slavery forces across the country. The 38 men accused of treason were as follows:

1. Castner Hanway	8. Benjamin Johnson	15. William Williams	22. William Brown	29. Nelson Carter	36. Washington Williams
2. Joseph Scarlet	9. Daniel Caulsberry	16. Benjamin Pindergast	23. Isaiah Clarkson	30. William Parker	37. William Thomas
3. Elijah Lewis	10. Alson Pernsley	17. John Morgan	24. Henry Simms	31. John Berry	38. Nelson Ford
4. James Jackson	11. William Brown, 2nd	18. Ezekiel Thompson	25. Charles Hunter	32. William Berry
5. George Williams	12. Henry Green	19. Thomas Butler	26. Lewis Gates	33. Samuel Williams
6. Jacob Moore	13. Elijah Clark	20. Collister Wilson	27. Peter Woods	34. Josh Hammond
7. George Reed	14. John Holliday	21. John Jackson	28. Lewis Clarkson	35. Henry Curtis

William Parker went into hiding that fateful evening. Using the underground railroad he later made his way to Rochester, New York

Rochester, New York

Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Known as The World's Image Centre, it was also once known as The Flour City, and more recently as The Flower City...

where Frederick Douglass assisted him into Canada. He, his wife Eliza and their three children eventually found their way to a black settlement in Buxton, Ontario

South Buxton, Ontario

South Buxton is an unincorporated community in Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada. The population is approximately 78. The majority of the population is retirees. South Buxton has only two roads and a single church. It is near the South Buxton raceway...

where they purchased a 50 acres (202,343 m²) lot of land and had more children.

Beyond Freedom - Continuing the Fight

Parker continued his activism against slavery from his new home in Canada. While in the United States, Parker embraced an attitude of Freedom or Death and dared any man to challenge his convictions. To some he was considered an agitator and murderer. To others "they (Parker and his cohorts) were heroic defenders of the just rights of man against manstealers and murderers".

Now in Canada, where there was much less of a need (if any) to physically defend oneself against "manstealers", Parker turned his attention to gaining new skills for the "fight". Not being able to read or write until into his early thirties, Parker attended school in Buxton and learned how to read and write. Shortly thereafter he became Frederick Douglass' Kent County

Kent County, Ontario

Kent County, area 2,458 sq km is a historic county in the Canadian province of Ontario. Population in 2006 was 108,589.The county was created in 1792 and named by John Graves Simcoe in honour of the English County. The county is in an alluvial plain between Lake St...

correspondent for the North Star, Douglass' newspaper published in Rochester, New York promoting freedom and the intellectual and moral improvement of blacks. Parker was also elected to and wrote many communications for the Court of Arbitration (the governing body of the Buxton settlement, a self-governed community). He was also given the honor of representing Buxton on the Raleigh Township Council, to which he was re-elected year after year by both white and black voters.

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