William Thomas Calman
Encyclopedia
William Thomas Calman was a Scottish
zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea
.
He was born in Dundee
, studying at the High School
. In the scientific societies in the city, he met D'Arcy Thompson
. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at University College, Dundee for free. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the University, where he remained for eight years.
He later worked at the Natural History Museum
, where he became assistant curator of Crustacea and Pycnogonida and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester
's Treatise on Zoology, where he introduced the superorders Eucarida
, Peracarida
and Hoplocarida
as well as the concept of the caridoid facies, a hypothetical ancestral malacostraca
n. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
. He also established the current division of the Branchiopoda
into the four orders Anostraca, Notostraca
, Conchostraca
and Cladocera
. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to do so. Calman retired to Tayport
in 1936, but returned to teaching during the Second World War at Queen's College, Dundee and St Andrews
. He was president of the Linnean Society
from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the Linnean Medal
in 1946.
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea
Crustacean
Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...
.
He was born in Dundee
Dundee
Dundee is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and the 39th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea...
, studying at the High School
High School of Dundee
The High School of Dundee is an independent, co-educational, day school in the city of Dundee, Scotland which provides both primary and secondary education to just over one thousand pupils...
. In the scientific societies in the city, he met D'Arcy Thompson
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson CB FRS FRSE was a Scottish biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar. A pioneering mathematical biologist, he is mainly remembered as the author of the 1917 book On Growth and Form, written largely in Dundee in 1915...
. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at University College, Dundee for free. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the University, where he remained for eight years.
He later worked at the Natural History Museum
Natural History Museum
The Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, England . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
, where he became assistant curator of Crustacea and Pycnogonida and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester
Ray Lankester
Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS was a British zoologist, born in London.An invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist, he held chairs at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal...
's Treatise on Zoology, where he introduced the superorders Eucarida
Eucarida
Eucarida is a superorder of the Malacostraca, a class of the crustacean subphylum, comprising the decapods, krill and Amphionides. They are characterised by having the carapace fused to all thoracic segments, and by the possession of stalked eyes....
, Peracarida
Peracarida
The superorder Peracarida is a large group of malacostracan crustaceans, having members in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are chiefly defined by the presence of a brood pouch, or marsupium, formed from thin flattened plates borne on the basalmost segments of the legs Other...
and Hoplocarida
Hoplocarida
Hoplocarida is a subclass of crustaceans. The only extant members are the mantis shrimp , but two other orders existed in the Palaeozoic: Aeschronectida and Palaeostomatopoda....
as well as the concept of the caridoid facies, a hypothetical ancestral malacostraca
Malacostraca
Malacostraca is the largest of the six classes of crustaceans, containing over 25,000 extant species, divided among 16 orders. Its members display a greater diversity of body forms than any other class of animals, and include crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill, woodlice, scuds , mantis shrimp and many...
n. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. It was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time...
. He also established the current division of the Branchiopoda
Branchiopoda
Branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans. It is the sister group to the remaining crustaceans, and comprises fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Cladocera, Notostraca and the Devonian Lepidocaris...
into the four orders Anostraca, Notostraca
Notostraca
The order Notostraca comprises the single family Triopsidae, containing the tadpole shrimp or shield shrimp. The two genera, Triops and Lepidurus, are considered living fossils, having not changed significantly in outward form since the Triassic. They have a broad, flat carapace, which conceals the...
, Conchostraca
Conchostraca
Clam shrimp are a taxon of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans that resemble the unrelated bivalved molluscs. They are extant, and known from the fossil record, from at least the Devonian period and perhaps before...
and Cladocera
Cladocera
Cladocera is an order of small crustaceans commonly called water fleas. Around 620 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed. They are ubiquitous in inland aquatic habitats, but rare in the oceans. Most are long, with a down-turned head, and a carapace covering the apparently...
. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to do so. Calman retired to Tayport
Tayport
Tayport is located in Fife, Scotland.Te oportet alte ferri - "It is encumbent on you to carry yourself high." This actually a rather terrible pun on:"Tayport at auld Tay Ferry"....
in 1936, but returned to teaching during the Second World War at Queen's College, Dundee and St Andrews
St Andrews
St Andrews is a university town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.St Andrews has a population of 16,680, making this the fifth largest settlement in Fife....
. He was president of the Linnean Society
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a zoological journal, as well as botanical and biological journals...
from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the Linnean Medal
Linnean Medal
The Linnean Medal of the Linnean Society of London was established in 1888, and is awarded annually to alternately a botanist or a zoologist or to one of each in the same year...
in 1946.
Taxa named by Calman
Taxa named by W. T. Calman include:- Acanthephyra faxoni Calman, 1939
- AnaspidaceaAnaspidaceaAnaspidacea is an order of crustaceans, comprising eleven genera in four families. Species in the family Anaspididae vary from being strict stygobionts to species living in lakes, streams and moorland pools, and are found only in Tasmania...
Calman, 1904 - Anchicolurus occidentalis (Calman, 1912)
- Anoplodactylus cribellatus Calman, 1923
- Anthracocaris Calman, 1933
- Aristaeomorpha woodmasoni Calman, 1925
- Ascorhynchus extenuata (Calman, 1938)
- Atyella brevirostris Calman, 1906a
- Atyella longirostris Calman, 1906a
- Atyella Calman, 1906a
- Austropallene tibicina Calman, 1915
- Austroraptus juvenilis Calman, 1915
- Austroraptus praecox Calman, 1915
- Bankia australis (Calman, 1920)
- Bathycuma longicaudatum Calman, 1912
- Bathycuma longirostre Calman, 1905
- Bathypallenopsis annandalei (Calman, 1923)
- Bathyzetes extenuata (Calman, 1938)
- Bodotria parva Calman, 1907
- Bodotria similis Calman, 1907
- Bodotria sublevis Calman, 1907
- Bresilia atlantica Calman, 1896
- Bresilia Calman, 1896
- Bresiliidae Calman, 1896
- BresilioideaBresilioideaBresilioidea is a superfamily of shrimp. It is likely to be an artificial group, containing five families which may or may not be related....
Calman, 1896 - Brevitalitrus hotulanus (Calman, 1912)
- Callipallene pectinata (Calman, 1923)
- Calocarcinus africanus Calman, 1909
- Calocarcinus Calman, 1909
- Campylaspis antarctica Calman, 1907
- Campylaspis orientalis Calman, 1911
- Campylaspis platyuropus Calman, 1911
- Campylaspis rostrata Calman, 1905
- Campylaspis spinosa Calman, 1906
- Campylaspis vitrea Calman, 1906
- Caridella cunningtoni Calman, 1906a
- Caridella minuta Calman, 1906a
- Caridella paski Calman, 1928
- Caridella Calman, 1906a
- Caridina indistincta indistincta Calman, 1926
- Caridinides wilkinsi Calman, 1926
- Caridinides Calman, 1926
- Ceratocuma horridum Calman, 1905
- Ceratocuma Calman, 1905
- CeratocumatidaeCeratocumatidaeCeratocumatidae is a family of crustaceans of the order Cumacea. Ceratocumatidae have a small free telson. The endopods of the uropods are present on only one segment. Males have 5, 4 or 3 pairs of pleopods. All maxillipeds and some of the pereiopods bear exopods . The gill apparatus has no...
Calman, 1905 - Cilunculus sewelli Calman, 1938
- Colossendeis drakei Calman, 1915
- Colossendeis scotti Calman, 1915
- Colossendeis wilsoni Calman, 1915
- Colurostylis lemurum Calman, 1917
- Colurostylis pseudocuma Calman, 1911
- Colurostylis Calman, 1911
- Cryptocnemus haddoni Calman, 1900
- Cumella australis Calman, 1907
- Cumella clavicauda Calman, 1911
- Cumella forficula Calman, 1911
- Cumella gracilima Calman, 1905
- Cumella hispida Calman, 1911
- Cumella laevis Calman, 1911
- Cumella leptopus Calman, 1911
- Cumella serrata Calman, 1911
- Cumellopsis helgae Calman, 1905
- Cumellopsis puritani Calman, 1906
- Cumellopsis Calman, 1905
- Cyclaspis cingulata Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis coelebs Calman, 1917
- Cyclaspis costata Calman, 1904
- Cyclaspis elegansCyclaspis elegansCyclaspis elegans is a species of small marine crustacean in the genus Cyclaspis that lives in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand....
Calman, 1907 - Cyclaspis herdmani Calman, 1904
- Cyclaspis hornelli Calman, 1904
- Cyclaspis longipes Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis persculpta Calman, 1905
- Cyclaspis picta Calman, 1904
- Cyclaspis sibogae Calman, 1905
- Cyclaspis similis Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis thomsoni Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis triplicata Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis unicornis Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis uniplicata Calman, 1907
- Cyclaspis varians Calman, 1912
- Diastylis alaskensis Calman, 1912
- Diastylis argentata Calman, 1912
- Diastylis aspera Calman, 1912
- Diastylis bidentata Calman, 1912
- Diastylis dalli Calman, 1912
- Diastylis insularum (Calman, 1908)
- Diastylis koreana Calman, 1911
- Diastylis mawsoni Calman, 1918
- Diastylis nucella Calman, 1912
- Diastylis planifrons Calman, 1912
- Diastylis sulcata Calman, 1912
- Diastylopsis crassior Calman, 1911
- Diastylopsis elongata Calman, 1911
- Dipteropeltis hirundo Calman, 1912
- Dodecolopoda mawsoni Calman & Gordon, 1933
- Dodecolopoda Calman & Gordon, 1933
- Ekleptostylis walkeri (Calman, 1907)
- Endeis flaccida Calman, 1923
- Eocuma affine Calman, 1904
- Eocuma dollfusi Calman, 1907
- Eocuma latum Calman, 1907
- Eocuma longicorne Calman, 1907
- Eocuma stelliferum Calman, 1907
- Eocuma taprobanicum Calman, 1904
- EucaridaEucaridaEucarida is a superorder of the Malacostraca, a class of the crustacean subphylum, comprising the decapods, krill and Amphionides. They are characterised by having the carapace fused to all thoracic segments, and by the possession of stalked eyes....
Calman, 1904 - Eudorella monodon Calman, 1912
- Eudorella similis Calman, 1907
- Eudorellopsis biplicata Calman, 1912
- Eudorellopsis resima Calman, 1907
- Gennadas capensis Calman, 1925
- Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
- Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
- Glyphocrangon mabahissae Calman, 1939
- Glyptelasma hamatum (Calman, 1919)
- Gynodiastylis bicristata Calman, 1911
- Gynodiastylis carinata Calman, 1911
- Gynodiastylis costata Calman, 1911
- Gynodiastylis Calman, 1911
- Hemileucon comes Calman, 1907
- Hemileucon uniplicatus Calman, 1907
- Hemileucon Calman, 1907
- Heteroleucon akaroensis Calman, 1907
- Heteroleucon Calman, 1907
- Heteromysoides cotti (Calman, 1932)
- Holthuisana wollastoni (Calman, 1914)
- HoplocaridaHoplocaridaHoplocarida is a subclass of crustaceans. The only extant members are the mantis shrimp , but two other orders existed in the Palaeozoic: Aeschronectida and Palaeostomatopoda....
Calman, 1904 - Hyastenus uncifer Calman, 1900
- Lamprops beringi Calman, 1912
- Leucon heterostylis Calman, 1907
- Leucon siphonatus Calman, 1905
- Lioxanthodes alcocki Calman, 1909
- LioxanthodesLioxanthodesLioxanthodes is a genus of crabs in the family Xanthidae, containing the following species:* Lioxanthodes alcocki Calman, 1909* Lioxanthodes madagascariensis Serene, 1984* Lioxanthodes pacificus Edmondson, 1935...
Calman, 1909 - Litogynodiastylis laevis (Calman, 1911)
- Litoscalpellum juddi (Calman, 1918)
- Lophopilumnus cristipes (Calman, 1900)
- Makrokylindrus cingulatus (Calman, 1905)
- Makrokylindrus fistularis (Calman), 1911
- Makrokylindrus tubulicauda (Calman, 1905)
- Namlacium crepidatum (Calman, 1925)
- Nannastacus agnatus Calman, 1911
- Nannastacus brevicaudatus Calman, 1905
- Nannastacus gibbosus Calman, 1911
- Nannastacus gurneyi Calman, 1927
- Nannastacus minor Calman, 1911
- Nannastacus pardus Calman, 1905
- Nannastacus reptans Calman, 1911
- Nannastacus stebbingi Calman, 1904
- Nannastacus tardus Calman, 1911
- Nannastacus zimmeri Calman, 1911
- Nebaliacea Calman, 1904
- Nematobrachion boopis (Calman, 1905)
- NematobrachionNematobrachionNematobrachion is a genus of krill, small shrimp-like invertebrate animals living in the oceans. It contains the following three species:*Nematobrachion boopis *Nematobrachion flexipes...
Calman, 1905 - Nymphon andamanense Calman, 1923
- Nymphon arabicum Calman, 1938
- Nymphon foxi Calman, 1927
- Nymphon proximum Calman, 1915
- Oxyurostylis smithi Calman, 1912
- Oxyurostylis Calman, 1912
- Pallenopsis alcocki Calman, 1923
- Pandalina Calman, 1899
- Paradiastylis brachyura Calman, 1904
- Paradiastylis longipes Calman, 1905
- Paradiastylis Calman, 1904
- Paralamprops orbicularis (Calman, 1905)
- Paraleucon suteri Calman, 1907
- Paraleucon Calman, 1907
- Paralimnoria andrewsi (Calman, 1910)
- Parapallene challengeri Calman, 1937
- Parapallene longipes Calman, 1938
- Parapotamon spinescens (Calman, 1905)
- PeracaridaPeracaridaThe superorder Peracarida is a large group of malacostracan crustaceans, having members in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. They are chiefly defined by the presence of a brood pouch, or marsupium, formed from thin flattened plates borne on the basalmost segments of the legs Other...
Calman, 1904 - Periclimenaeus arabicus (Calman, 1939)
- Periclimenaeus crassipes (Calman, 1939)
- Pigrogromitus timsanus Calman, 1927
- Pigrogromitus Calman, 1927
- Platycuma holti Calman, 1905
- Platycuma Calman, 1905
- Plesionika minor Calman, 1939
- Polycheria osborni Calman, 1898
- Pontonides unciger Calman, 1939
- Potamonautes warreni (Calman, 1918)
- Procampylaspis bonnieri Calman, 1906
- Propallene kempi (Calman, 1923)
- Pseudione giardi Calman, 1898
- Pseudodiastylis ferox Calman, 1905
- Pseudodiastylis Calman, 1905
- Pseudolambrus confragosus (Calman, 1900)
- Pseudoleptocuma minus (Calman, 1912)
- Pycnogonum africanum Calman, 1938
- Rouxana ingrami (Calman, 1908)
- Rouxana plana (Calman, 1914)
- Scherocumella brachydactyla (Calman, 1905)
- Scherocumella gurneyi (Calman, 1927)
- Scherocumella lepturus Calman, 1911
- Schizotrema bifrons Calman, 1911
- Schizotrema depressum Calman, 1911
- Schizotrema sordidum Calman, 1911
- Schizotrema Calman, 1911
- Seguapallene echinata (Calman, 1938)
- Sesarma boulengeri Calman, 1920
- Spinoserolis beddardi (Calman, 1920)
- Squilla brasiliensis Calman, 1917
- Styloptocuma gracillimum (Calman, 1905)
- Sympodomma diomedeae (Calman), 1912
- Sympodomma weberi (Calman, 1905)
- Teloscalpellum ecaudatum (Calman, 1918)
- Thaumastocheles japonicus Calman, 1913
- Trachycaris Calman, 1906b
- Trianguloscalpellum annandalei (Calman, 1918)
- Tropichelura insulae (Calman, 1910)
- Vaunthompsonia arabica Calman, 1907
- Zanclopus cephalodisci Calman, 1908
- Zanclopus Calman, 1908
- Zygosiphon mortenseni Calman, 1907
- Zygosiphon Calman, 1907