Woodilee Hospital
Encyclopedia
Woodilee Hospital, situated in Lenzie
, East Dunbartonshire
, Scotland
, opened on 22 October 1875, as Woodilee Lunatic Pauper Asylum
. Originally housing 400 inmates, the asylum expanded to 1250 capacity by 1930, making it the largest psychiatric unit in Scotland.
. It extended to 167 acre (0.67582562 km²), larger than the Board wanted, but at £58 per acre it was cheaper than any other site. By March 1871 they had their estate.
Seven architects tendered for the contract and James Salmon, Sons and Ritchie of West George Street in Glasgow were appointed. By the autumn the plans were approved and the main contractor, James Grant Jnr and his sub-contractors were engaged. Work was formally started in November 1871 when Andrew Menzies cut the first sod. A railway siding to bring building materials, and later to supply the finished hospital, was laid into the site from the adjacent line. It was completed in time for the ceremony to lay the foundation stone on 4 October 1872, when a special train brought the guests out from Glasgow to a temporary platform erected specially for the occasion.
The first patients were moved into Woodilee on 16 September 1875 and a month later, on 22 October 1875 the new ‘Barony Parochial Asylum’ was officially opened.
Glasgow had been growing steadily up to the 1870s and the years that followed saw a more rapid expansion in the city’s industrial development and with it, a population explosion. The numbers of mentally ill grew in proportion and the years between the asylum’s opening and the outbreak of the First World War were ones of almost continuous building and rebuilding on the site. Each new development created vacant space, but no sooner was it available than a seemingly inexhaustible supply of new patients filled it up, a problem compounded by changing social attitudes and a growing tendency for people to hustle elderly relatives into asylums.
Forty years after the asylum opened it had expanded from 400 beds to 1300. With such a massive increase, and costs rising in proportion, the heady days of innovation gave way to a regime shackled by everyday chores and, in line with practice at other Scottish asylums, the open doors policy was gradually abandoned. The status of the asylum was changing too. The legal and statutory framework which governed them also changed. Barony and City Parishes became separate Lunacy Districts in 1887, with the responsibility to provide care for mentally ill people in their areas. Barony was already doing this at Woodilee but city Parish, which earlier turned down an offer to build Woodilee as a joint venture, had to build a new asylum at Gartloch. It was opened in 1897. A year later the two Parish Councils were amalgamated and the two asylums came under the control of a new Glasgow District Lunacy Board.
The hospital continued to function through the First World Ward but, as the conflict dragged on, patients from other hospitals were moved to Woodilee to vacate space for wounded servicemen. Overcrowding became a serious problem, made worse by a government embargo that stopped all building work. Throughout the 1920s the numbers of elderly patients grew and the small ‘hospital’ wards were placed under severe strain. Clinical rooms were added to them and more space was created by erecting veranda wards and adapting day rooms and other wards, but the lack of ‘hospital’ space was a constant concern.
In 1929, the Local Government Act
swept away the old Poor Law provisions and much of the old terminology. The Asylum was now a mental hospital. The Act also transferred control to Glasgow Corporation Public Health Department. A period of redevelopment and rebuilding followed, sanitary arrangements were upgraded, the nurses’ home expanded and the sanatorium and reception house rebuilt, but patient numbers remained high.
Physician Superintendent Dr Henry Carr, who had maintained the standard of care, retired in December 1936 and was replaced by Dr John Robb. He was interested in the law as it related to mental illness and favoured a system of custodial care which kept patients in locked wards and restricted exercise to accompanied walks or the confines of enclosures. Patients had to be certified before being admitted.
The Second World War again found the already crowded institution having to absorb patients, decanted from hospitals taken over by the Red Cross, and after the war having to cope with financial constraints. Funding, and to some extent staff salaries, were dictated by patient numbers and so when the War was over the Physician Superintendent was reluctant to let patients go back to where they had come from, but such a recipe for overcrowding was soon to change.
in 1948 the hospital came under the Board of Management for Glasgow North Eastern Mental Hospitals, part of the Western Regional Hospital Board. It was zoned with a catchment area of Northern Glasgow. Furniture was improved, but outwardly little changed until a new Physician Superintendent, William Cramond, arrived in 1955. Just before his appointment the drug chlorpromazine
(or Largactil) had been introduced for the treatment of mental illness and Dr Cramond’s application of it at Woodilee, along with other reforms, was to have a profound effect on the hospital. Bed-ridden patients became ambulant and those with long term illness started to improve.
In a period of rapid and far-reaching change, the policy of confinement was abandoned in favour of a more therapeutic regime and much of the hospital returned to the open doors policy that it had started out with eighty years earlier. The wards were redecorated and refurnished. Voluntary admissions started to replace the old culture of admission only by certification. An out-patient department providing a diagnostic and therapeutic service was started at Oakbank Hospital in Port Dundas
. It was subsequently moved to Maryhill
and later to the old Corporation Welfare Clinic in Denmark Street, but it brought about more voluntary admissions. A club, the Fernbank Club, was opened in Springburn
for ex-patients and out-patients. Psychiatric social workers were introduced. Patients were allowed to wear their own clothes. Wards were classified – all the male patients were moved into new wards on one hectic Sunday, but the female patients were moved at a more dignified pace. Wards were equipped with baths and the old communal bathrooms were converted into a gymnasium and staff trained in its use. Lectures on psychiatry were given to GP
s in the catchment area, and the hospital was designated as a teaching hospital
for Psychological Medicine by Glasgow University. Toilets were upgraded and the hundreds of chamber pot
s, which patients had used at night, were thrown out.
The reforms in mental health care in the 1950s were not confined to Woodilee and a decade of change was capped by the Mental Health (Scotland) Act of 1960 which superseded all of the old legislation. It also replaced the Board of Control with a Mental Welfare Commission. Further, more profound, change was signalled in a speech to the 1961 annual conference of the National Association for Mental Health by the then Minister of Health, Enoch Powell
. He suggested that the new drug regimes and consequent falling patient numbers would mean that within fifteen years only half the beds available at that time would be needed.
Lenzie
Lenzie is a small town by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in the East Dunbartonshire council area of Scotland. It is about six miles north-east of Glasgow city centre and one mile south of Kirkintilloch. It has a population of about 10,000.-Name:...
, East Dunbartonshire
East Dunbartonshire
This article is about the East Dunbartonshire council area of Scotland. See also East Dunbartonshire .East Dunbartonshire is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the north-west of the City of Glasgow. It contains many of the suburbs of Glasgow as well as containing many of...
, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
, opened on 22 October 1875, as Woodilee Lunatic Pauper Asylum
Psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental hospitals, are hospitals specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialise only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients...
. Originally housing 400 inmates, the asylum expanded to 1250 capacity by 1930, making it the largest psychiatric unit in Scotland.
The Move to Woodilee
In 1869 the Parochial Board of the Barony Parish of Glasgow set up a special committee, under Andrew Menzies of Balornock, to examine the problem of the provision of asylums in Glasgow. The Board of Lunacy favoured asylums in the countryside that offered a peaceful refuge from a hostile world for vulnerable people and gave them opportunities for employment and activity. It was a radical idea which no other Parochial Board had tried, and so before the committee could consider it they first had to clarify the law. After resolving that they could legally build a separate asylum for "pauper lunatics", a site was chosen at the junction of Woodilee estate and Lenzie Junction on the Glasgow to Edinburgh railwayGlasgow to Edinburgh via Falkirk Line
The Glasgow to Edinburgh via Falkirk Line is a mainline railway line linking Glasgow and Edinburgh via Falkirk in Scotland. It is the principal route out of the four rail links between Scotland's two biggest cities, hosting the flagship "Shuttle" service between and .- Places served :The route...
. It extended to 167 acre (0.67582562 km²), larger than the Board wanted, but at £58 per acre it was cheaper than any other site. By March 1871 they had their estate.
Seven architects tendered for the contract and James Salmon, Sons and Ritchie of West George Street in Glasgow were appointed. By the autumn the plans were approved and the main contractor, James Grant Jnr and his sub-contractors were engaged. Work was formally started in November 1871 when Andrew Menzies cut the first sod. A railway siding to bring building materials, and later to supply the finished hospital, was laid into the site from the adjacent line. It was completed in time for the ceremony to lay the foundation stone on 4 October 1872, when a special train brought the guests out from Glasgow to a temporary platform erected specially for the occasion.
The first patients were moved into Woodilee on 16 September 1875 and a month later, on 22 October 1875 the new ‘Barony Parochial Asylum’ was officially opened.
From Parish Council to City Corporation, 1875–1948
The patients coming from other institutions found a vastly different culture at Woodilee. Under the pioneering influence of the first Medical Superintendent, Dr James Rutherford, doors were not locked and instead of prison-like wards, chemical and physical restraints, patients were given work to do. There were a variety of activities ranging from craft and hand work to physical work in the grounds, wards, laundry or on the farms servicing the hospital. After their exertions the patients could wander freely in the grounds.Glasgow had been growing steadily up to the 1870s and the years that followed saw a more rapid expansion in the city’s industrial development and with it, a population explosion. The numbers of mentally ill grew in proportion and the years between the asylum’s opening and the outbreak of the First World War were ones of almost continuous building and rebuilding on the site. Each new development created vacant space, but no sooner was it available than a seemingly inexhaustible supply of new patients filled it up, a problem compounded by changing social attitudes and a growing tendency for people to hustle elderly relatives into asylums.
Forty years after the asylum opened it had expanded from 400 beds to 1300. With such a massive increase, and costs rising in proportion, the heady days of innovation gave way to a regime shackled by everyday chores and, in line with practice at other Scottish asylums, the open doors policy was gradually abandoned. The status of the asylum was changing too. The legal and statutory framework which governed them also changed. Barony and City Parishes became separate Lunacy Districts in 1887, with the responsibility to provide care for mentally ill people in their areas. Barony was already doing this at Woodilee but city Parish, which earlier turned down an offer to build Woodilee as a joint venture, had to build a new asylum at Gartloch. It was opened in 1897. A year later the two Parish Councils were amalgamated and the two asylums came under the control of a new Glasgow District Lunacy Board.
The hospital continued to function through the First World Ward but, as the conflict dragged on, patients from other hospitals were moved to Woodilee to vacate space for wounded servicemen. Overcrowding became a serious problem, made worse by a government embargo that stopped all building work. Throughout the 1920s the numbers of elderly patients grew and the small ‘hospital’ wards were placed under severe strain. Clinical rooms were added to them and more space was created by erecting veranda wards and adapting day rooms and other wards, but the lack of ‘hospital’ space was a constant concern.
In 1929, the Local Government Act
Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929
The Local Government Act 1929 reorganised local government in Scotland from 1930, introducing joint county councils, large and small burghs and district councils...
swept away the old Poor Law provisions and much of the old terminology. The Asylum was now a mental hospital. The Act also transferred control to Glasgow Corporation Public Health Department. A period of redevelopment and rebuilding followed, sanitary arrangements were upgraded, the nurses’ home expanded and the sanatorium and reception house rebuilt, but patient numbers remained high.
Physician Superintendent Dr Henry Carr, who had maintained the standard of care, retired in December 1936 and was replaced by Dr John Robb. He was interested in the law as it related to mental illness and favoured a system of custodial care which kept patients in locked wards and restricted exercise to accompanied walks or the confines of enclosures. Patients had to be certified before being admitted.
The Second World War again found the already crowded institution having to absorb patients, decanted from hospitals taken over by the Red Cross, and after the war having to cope with financial constraints. Funding, and to some extent staff salaries, were dictated by patient numbers and so when the War was over the Physician Superintendent was reluctant to let patients go back to where they had come from, but such a recipe for overcrowding was soon to change.
Into the National Health Service
With the creation of the National Health ServiceNational Health Service
The National Health Service is the shared name of three of the four publicly funded healthcare systems in the United Kingdom. They provide a comprehensive range of health services, the vast majority of which are free at the point of use to residents of the United Kingdom...
in 1948 the hospital came under the Board of Management for Glasgow North Eastern Mental Hospitals, part of the Western Regional Hospital Board. It was zoned with a catchment area of Northern Glasgow. Furniture was improved, but outwardly little changed until a new Physician Superintendent, William Cramond, arrived in 1955. Just before his appointment the drug chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic...
(or Largactil) had been introduced for the treatment of mental illness and Dr Cramond’s application of it at Woodilee, along with other reforms, was to have a profound effect on the hospital. Bed-ridden patients became ambulant and those with long term illness started to improve.
In a period of rapid and far-reaching change, the policy of confinement was abandoned in favour of a more therapeutic regime and much of the hospital returned to the open doors policy that it had started out with eighty years earlier. The wards were redecorated and refurnished. Voluntary admissions started to replace the old culture of admission only by certification. An out-patient department providing a diagnostic and therapeutic service was started at Oakbank Hospital in Port Dundas
Port Dundas
Port Dundas is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, located to the north of the city centre. It lies to the north of Cowcaddens, and to the west of Sighthill, with Hamiltonhill and Possilpark to the north-west.-History:...
. It was subsequently moved to Maryhill
Maryhill
Maryhill is an area of the City of Glasgow in Scotland. Maryhill is a former burgh. The population of Maryhill is about 52,000. Maryhill stretches over along Maryhill Road...
and later to the old Corporation Welfare Clinic in Denmark Street, but it brought about more voluntary admissions. A club, the Fernbank Club, was opened in Springburn
Springburn
Springburn is an inner city district in the north of the Scottish city of Glasgow, home to various working and middle-class households.Springburn developed from a small rural hamlet at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Its industrial expansion began with the establishment of a chemical...
for ex-patients and out-patients. Psychiatric social workers were introduced. Patients were allowed to wear their own clothes. Wards were classified – all the male patients were moved into new wards on one hectic Sunday, but the female patients were moved at a more dignified pace. Wards were equipped with baths and the old communal bathrooms were converted into a gymnasium and staff trained in its use. Lectures on psychiatry were given to GP
General practitioner
A general practitioner is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. They have particular skills in treating people with multiple health issues and comorbidities...
s in the catchment area, and the hospital was designated as a teaching hospital
Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital is a hospital that provides clinical education and training to future and current doctors, nurses, and other health professionals, in addition to delivering medical care to patients...
for Psychological Medicine by Glasgow University. Toilets were upgraded and the hundreds of chamber pot
Chamber pot
A chamber pot is a bowl-shaped container with a handle, and often a lid, kept in the bedroom under a bed or in the cabinet of a nightstand and...
s, which patients had used at night, were thrown out.
The reforms in mental health care in the 1950s were not confined to Woodilee and a decade of change was capped by the Mental Health (Scotland) Act of 1960 which superseded all of the old legislation. It also replaced the Board of Control with a Mental Welfare Commission. Further, more profound, change was signalled in a speech to the 1961 annual conference of the National Association for Mental Health by the then Minister of Health, Enoch Powell
Enoch Powell
John Enoch Powell, MBE was a British politician, classical scholar, poet, writer, and soldier. He served as a Conservative Party MP and Minister of Health . He attained most prominence in 1968, when he made the controversial Rivers of Blood speech in opposition to mass immigration from...
. He suggested that the new drug regimes and consequent falling patient numbers would mean that within fifteen years only half the beds available at that time would be needed.