Yaroslav Senyshyn
Encyclopedia
Yaroslav Senyshyn, also known as Slava, was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is a Canadian Pianist, Author and Professor of Music and Philosophy. Within his career as pianist, he has been referred to as a "pianist of enormous power and sophisticated finger work". As a professor of philosophy of music aesthetics, philosophy and moral education at Simon Fraser University
’s Faculty of Education, it is evident that Senyshyn's vast contributions are not simply limited to musical performance.
. He has also studied with Damjana Bratuz, Howard Munn, Clifford von Kuster, Katherine Wolpe and Pierre Souverain.
Senyshyn is a Professor of Music and Philosophy of Aesthetics and Moral Education at Simon Fraser University
’s Faculty of Education. He publishes extensively in journals such as Philosophy of Music Education Review, the Journal of Educational Thought, Educational Leadership, and the Canadian Journal of Education. He has the unique ability to combine the performance of music with a thoughtful and scholarly philosophical consideration of topics such as performance anxiety, curriculum theory, and musical aesthetics. In the field of music education, Senyshyn has contributed to teacher education and the professional development of music educators nationally and internationally through his lecture-recitals and publications that focus on the teacher-as-artist and the unique contribution that music makes to arts education.
Senyshyn is noted for his prodigious technique and beauty of sound. He has a huge dynamic range coupled with highly variegated nuances of pianistic tone colour, especially evident, in the pianissimo range. But his highly developed intellect never loses sight of the music’s form and innate structure. His repertoire is vast. He is especially known for his Liszt performances that are highly charged and infused with subtle pianistic colors and a blazing virtuosity. He performs and records the standard repertoire along with contemporary works by Larysa Kuzmenko, Donald Cochrane, Reeves Miller, and others.
Senyshyn is also one of the co-investigators on the Research For Youth, Music and Education
project, which focuses on researching youth participation and engagement in musical activities.
Senyshyn discusses techniques and tips for dealing with performance anxiety.
Yaroslav Senyshyn Live Volume II: Schubert Schumann Tchaikovsky Liszt (2010)
Yaroslav Senyshyn Live Volume III: The Kennedy Center: Beethoven Chopin Brahms Revutsky Schubert Smith (2010)
Yaroslav Senyshyn & Suzie O'Neill-Senyshyn: Live at Von Kuster Hall (Piano and Flute) (2009)
Yaroslav Senyshyn was one of two pianists chosen to represent Canada at the International Tschaikovsky Competition, 1974 in Moscow. More recently he has been a guest performer at various venues and institutions, including the University of Western Ontario. He regularly performs benefit concerts to raise awareness of social justice issues, including annual benefit concerts in Ottawa with his wife Susan O’Neill-Senyshyn in support of Discovery University’s courses for the homeless. The benefit concerts contribute to Discovery University and its program of university courses for low-income and homeless people in Ottawa, Ontario.
Senyshyn is also a well-established musical collaborator. He has collaborated with sitar player Sanjoy Bandopadhyay.
Senyshyn, Y. (2004) “Essay Review: CREATIVITY IN SPORT: Originality, Transformation, Indeterminacy, and New Concepts in the Arts” by author, John Eisenberg, with contributions from Malcom Levin, Michael Eben, Herbert Eisenberg, Michael Katz, Stan Adamson, David Cheifetz, Mark Hanna, Bob Moffat, The Triumph of Imagination: Creativity in Sport, (Toronto: Chestnut Publishing Group, 2004), ISBN 1-894601-07-6 (in press with the Journal of Educational Thought).
Senyshyn, Y. (1996) “A Critical Notice of Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend” compiled and edited by David Dubal, New York: Schirmer Books, 1993, xxix + 383 pages “Horowitz and the Enigma of Art”. Interchange, Vol. 27(1), 79-84.
Senyshyn, Y. (1993) “A Critical Notice of The Limits of Reason: Indeterminacy in Law, Education, and Morality” by John A. Eisenberg, Toronto: OISE Press, 1992, vii + 184 pages “Reason as Crapshoot”. Interchange, Vol. 24/3, 317-321, 1993.
Senyshyn, Y. (2009) “Wittgenstein and the Aesthetics of Educational Administration: Philosophical Biography and Thought”. Journal of Educational Administration and Foundations (JEAF), 19(1).
Senyshyn, Y. (2008). “The Good and its Relation to Music Education.” Philosophy of Music Education Review, 17(2), 80-93.
Abramson, N. & Senyshyn, Y. Effective Punishment Through Forgiveness: Rediscovering Kierkegaard’s Knight of Faith in the Abraham Story (under review with Organization Studies).
Senyshyn, Y. “Understanding and Working with Performance Anxiety in Education” (under review).
Senyshyn, Y. “ ‘Once Upon a time in the West’: Opera and Soundscape” (in preparation).
Senyshyn, Y. “Respecting Students, Acquiring Humility and Ignoring the Curriculum” (under review).
Senyshyn, Y. (2004/2005) “The Hegelian Exhaustiblity of Art and Danto’s End of Philosophy: Existential Thought and Polymetric Music in Di Cicco’s Poetry” (Italian Canadiana (University of Toronto), 18, 37-48.
Senyshyn, Y. (2005) “Rise of Authoritarianism in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of the Research Assessment Exercise in British Universities”. Journal of Educational Thought, 39(3), 229 – 244).
Senyshyn, Y. (2005) “Old Texts and Opera—Inciting Students to Read”. Educational Leadership - “The Adolescent Learner”, 62(7), 74-77.
Senyshyn, Y. “Musical Aphorisms and Common Aesthetic Quandaries”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, Pages 4 to 21, Fall, 2003.
Senyshyn, Y. & Vezina, D. (2002) “Wittgenstein, Collingwood and the Aesthetic and Ethical Conundrum of the Opera”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 10(1), 27 - 35.
Senyshyn, Y. & O’Neill, S. (2001). “Subjective Experience of Anxiety and Musical Performance: A Relational Perspective”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 9(1), 42-53.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “A Kierkegaardian Perspective on Society and the Status of the Individual as a Performing Musician”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 7(2), 80-93.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “The Passionate Teacher and the Curriculum Police: Perspectives on Modes of Subjectivity and the Curriculum as Art”. Journal of Educational Thought, 33(2), 153-173.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Perspectives on Performance and Anxiety and their Implications for Creative Teaching.” The Canadian Journal of Education, 24(1), 30-41.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Computational Thinking and Cognitive Hangovers” The International Society for the Study of Music Education: Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 141, 135-138.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Opera and Co-authorship: Implications for Ethics and Aesthetics”. Musica-Realta, 55.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Kierkegaardian Implications of Punishment, Guilt and Forgiveness for Education”. Interchange, 29(4), 425-437.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Kierkegaard’s Aesthetic Stage of Existence and its Relation to Live Musical Performance.” Philosophy of Music Education Review, 4(1), 50-63.
Senyshyn, Y. (1995) “‘The Crisis’: The Practical Realization of Kierkegaard’s Aesthetic Philosophy”. Interchange, 26(3), 257-264.
Senyshyn, Y. (1995) “Kierkegaard, Musical Performance and the Relation and Differentiation of the Sexes”. Interchange, 26(2), 105-126.
Senyshyn, Y. (2004) “Popular Music and the Intolerant Classroom” in Questioning the Music Education Paradigm Published by the Canadian Music Educators’ Association as Volume 2 of The Biennial Series, Research to Practice, Lee R. Bartel, Series Editor. Toronto: Canadian Music Educators' Association. pp. 110–120.
Senyshyn, Y. (2007) “Philosophy and Music in the Art of a Poet” in The Last Effort of Dreams by Francesco Loriggio, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press. ISBN 1-55458-019-6. ISBN13: 978-1-55458-019-4.
Senyshyn, Y. (2009) Chapter 3: Kierkegaard, emotion, and the individual: passion of the infinite as the truth for educational leadership (pp. 41–52) in Emotional Dimensions of Educational Administration and Leadership (Eds. Eugenie A. Samier & Michèle Schmidt) Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge.
O’Neill, S. and Senyshyn, Y. “Philosophical and Psychological Learning Theories: How They Shape Our Understanding of Musical Learning” (book chapter to appear in: Colwell, R. and Webster, P. (forthcoming). MENC Handbook of Research on Music Learning. New York: Oxford University Press).
Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) Upside Down and Inside Out: a Fresh Look at Teachers and Teaching in Education
Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) A Tractatus of Music
Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) Essential Issues in Music Performance
Senyshyn, Y. (2002) “The Philosophy and Psychology of Performance Anxiety and its Subjective, Relational, and Discursive Potentiality” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition, Sydney, 2002, 117-120. C. Stevens, D. Burnham, G. McPherson, E. Schubert, J. Renwick (Eds.). Adelaide: Causal Productions. ISBN 1 876346 39 6
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Wittgenstein, Music and Colour: Implications of Scientism and Inwardness”. Toward Scientific Literacy: The History and Philosophy of Science and Science Teaching” Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference, Canada, June 21–24, 1997. Edited by Linda Lentz and Ian Winchester. Faculty of Education, University of Calgary Publications, 671-681 (CD of Conference Proceedings: 1999).
Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The main campus in Burnaby, located from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 34,000...
’s Faculty of Education, it is evident that Senyshyn's vast contributions are not simply limited to musical performance.
Education
Senyshyn was one of two prize pupils of the great teacher, Antonina Yaroshevich, from the Kiev Conservatory along with renowned Canadian pianist and composer, Larysa KuzmenkoLarysa Kuzmenko
Larysa Kuzmenko is a Juno Awards-nominated Canadian composer and pianist based in Toronto. Many of her works have been published by Boosey and Hawkes and she has been commissioned to write pieces by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Hannaford Street Silver Band, the International Women's...
. He has also studied with Damjana Bratuz, Howard Munn, Clifford von Kuster, Katherine Wolpe and Pierre Souverain.
Year | Degree | University |
---|---|---|
1992 | Ed.D., Philosophy of Education Philosophy of education Philosophy of education can refer to either the academic field of applied philosophy or to one of any educational philosophies that promote a specific type or vision of education, and/or which examine the definition, goals and meaning of education.... |
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto |
1976 | B.Ed., Education | University of Toronto University of Toronto The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada... |
1975 | M.Mus., Music Performance | University of Toronto University of Toronto The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada... |
1973 | B.Mus., Music Performance | University of Western Ontario University of Western Ontario The University of Western Ontario is a public research university located in London, Ontario, Canada. The university's main campus covers of land, with the Thames River cutting through the eastern portion of the main campus. Western administers its programs through 12 different faculties and... |
Contributions
Senyshyn is the former President of the SFUFA (Simon Fraser University Faculty Association) and sat as a member-at-large on the CAUT (Canadian Association of University Teachers) Executive for three years (2006–2009). Within these roles he explored the ethical dimensions under the auspices of moral and aesthetic concerns into national and international problems of governmental authoritarianism in higher education.Senyshyn is a Professor of Music and Philosophy of Aesthetics and Moral Education at Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University
Simon Fraser University is a Canadian public research university in British Columbia with its main campus on Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, and satellite campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. The main campus in Burnaby, located from downtown Vancouver, was established in 1965 and has more than 34,000...
’s Faculty of Education. He publishes extensively in journals such as Philosophy of Music Education Review, the Journal of Educational Thought, Educational Leadership, and the Canadian Journal of Education. He has the unique ability to combine the performance of music with a thoughtful and scholarly philosophical consideration of topics such as performance anxiety, curriculum theory, and musical aesthetics. In the field of music education, Senyshyn has contributed to teacher education and the professional development of music educators nationally and internationally through his lecture-recitals and publications that focus on the teacher-as-artist and the unique contribution that music makes to arts education.
Senyshyn is noted for his prodigious technique and beauty of sound. He has a huge dynamic range coupled with highly variegated nuances of pianistic tone colour, especially evident, in the pianissimo range. But his highly developed intellect never loses sight of the music’s form and innate structure. His repertoire is vast. He is especially known for his Liszt performances that are highly charged and infused with subtle pianistic colors and a blazing virtuosity. He performs and records the standard repertoire along with contemporary works by Larysa Kuzmenko, Donald Cochrane, Reeves Miller, and others.
Research
Senyshyn’s research interests have been consistently related to interdisciplinary research in arts and moral education. His method of philosophical analysis draws mainly, but not exclusively, on an existential-phenomenological approach. More recently, his work included a discursive analysis of students’ discourse related to performance anxiety that combined a theoretical exploration of social constructionism based on Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Within these broad parameters he has focused on various specific topics related to creative performance, teaching and music aesthetics vis-à-vis co-authorship of musical texts, subjectivity, objectivity, and anxiety in the moral-aesthetic fabric of society. Musical concerns have acted as analogies for interdisciplinary and curricular-theoretical educational issues.Senyshyn is also one of the co-investigators on the Research For Youth, Music and Education
Research For Youth, Music and Education
RYME - Research For Youth, Music & Education is a Canadian research project that researches youth participation and engagement in musical activities, the research project is also known as Youth Participation in Music or as...
project, which focuses on researching youth participation and engagement in musical activities.
Anxiety and Musical Performance
He is a highly reclusive pianist and chooses his concert venues and publications carefully. He is the author of the book “The Artist in Crisis: Kierkegaard's Philosophy of the Aesthetic Stage of Existence and Live Musical Performance” that probes profoundly into the topics of live performance and anxiety, subjectivity, self-punishment, despair, the aesthetic life and gender issues in performance. He explores this in the context of Kierkegaard’s aesthetic, religious, and ethical philosophy.Senyshyn discusses techniques and tips for dealing with performance anxiety.
Discography
Yaroslav Senyshyn Live: Bach-Siloti Beethoven Liszt Miller Cochrane (2010)Yaroslav Senyshyn Live Volume II: Schubert Schumann Tchaikovsky Liszt (2010)
Yaroslav Senyshyn Live Volume III: The Kennedy Center: Beethoven Chopin Brahms Revutsky Schubert Smith (2010)
Yaroslav Senyshyn & Suzie O'Neill-Senyshyn: Live at Von Kuster Hall (Piano and Flute) (2009)
Performances
Senyshyn’s appearances have won him acclaim in many major concert halls throughout the world including New York’s Carnegie Hall, Washington’s John F. Kennedy Centre, Toronto’s St. Lawrence Centre and Massey Hall, and the Bolshoi Hall at the Moscow Conservatory. Georgetown University Radio featured Senyshyn in a program about Canadian pianists, including Glenn Gould, Louis Lortie, Angela Hewitt, and Anton Kuerti.Yaroslav Senyshyn was one of two pianists chosen to represent Canada at the International Tschaikovsky Competition, 1974 in Moscow. More recently he has been a guest performer at various venues and institutions, including the University of Western Ontario. He regularly performs benefit concerts to raise awareness of social justice issues, including annual benefit concerts in Ottawa with his wife Susan O’Neill-Senyshyn in support of Discovery University’s courses for the homeless. The benefit concerts contribute to Discovery University and its program of university courses for low-income and homeless people in Ottawa, Ontario.
Senyshyn is also a well-established musical collaborator. He has collaborated with sitar player Sanjoy Bandopadhyay.
Essay Reviews
Senyshyn, Y. (2008) “Essay Review of Plato: His Precursors, His Educational Philosophy, and His Legacy" By Robin Barrow. London: The Continuum International Publishing Group. Paideusis, Volume 17(2), 91-98.Senyshyn, Y. (2004) “Essay Review: CREATIVITY IN SPORT: Originality, Transformation, Indeterminacy, and New Concepts in the Arts” by author, John Eisenberg, with contributions from Malcom Levin, Michael Eben, Herbert Eisenberg, Michael Katz, Stan Adamson, David Cheifetz, Mark Hanna, Bob Moffat, The Triumph of Imagination: Creativity in Sport, (Toronto: Chestnut Publishing Group, 2004), ISBN 1-894601-07-6 (in press with the Journal of Educational Thought).
Senyshyn, Y. (1996) “A Critical Notice of Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend” compiled and edited by David Dubal, New York: Schirmer Books, 1993, xxix + 383 pages “Horowitz and the Enigma of Art”. Interchange, Vol. 27(1), 79-84.
Senyshyn, Y. (1993) “A Critical Notice of The Limits of Reason: Indeterminacy in Law, Education, and Morality” by John A. Eisenberg, Toronto: OISE Press, 1992, vii + 184 pages “Reason as Crapshoot”. Interchange, Vol. 24/3, 317-321, 1993.
Refereed Papers
Abramson, N. and Senyshyn, Y. (2009) (Authors alphabetically listed) “Punishment and Forgiveness: A Phenomenological Analysis of Archetypal Leadership Patterns and the Implications for Educational Practice ” Interchange, 40(4), 1-30.Senyshyn, Y. (2009) “Wittgenstein and the Aesthetics of Educational Administration: Philosophical Biography and Thought”. Journal of Educational Administration and Foundations (JEAF), 19(1).
Senyshyn, Y. (2008). “The Good and its Relation to Music Education.” Philosophy of Music Education Review, 17(2), 80-93.
Abramson, N. & Senyshyn, Y. Effective Punishment Through Forgiveness: Rediscovering Kierkegaard’s Knight of Faith in the Abraham Story (under review with Organization Studies).
Senyshyn, Y. “Understanding and Working with Performance Anxiety in Education” (under review).
Senyshyn, Y. “ ‘Once Upon a time in the West’: Opera and Soundscape” (in preparation).
Senyshyn, Y. “Respecting Students, Acquiring Humility and Ignoring the Curriculum” (under review).
Senyshyn, Y. (2004/2005) “The Hegelian Exhaustiblity of Art and Danto’s End of Philosophy: Existential Thought and Polymetric Music in Di Cicco’s Poetry” (Italian Canadiana (University of Toronto), 18, 37-48.
Senyshyn, Y. (2005) “Rise of Authoritarianism in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of the Research Assessment Exercise in British Universities”. Journal of Educational Thought, 39(3), 229 – 244).
Senyshyn, Y. (2005) “Old Texts and Opera—Inciting Students to Read”. Educational Leadership - “The Adolescent Learner”, 62(7), 74-77.
Senyshyn, Y. “Musical Aphorisms and Common Aesthetic Quandaries”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, Pages 4 to 21, Fall, 2003.
Senyshyn, Y. & Vezina, D. (2002) “Wittgenstein, Collingwood and the Aesthetic and Ethical Conundrum of the Opera”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 10(1), 27 - 35.
Senyshyn, Y. & O’Neill, S. (2001). “Subjective Experience of Anxiety and Musical Performance: A Relational Perspective”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 9(1), 42-53.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “A Kierkegaardian Perspective on Society and the Status of the Individual as a Performing Musician”. Philosophy of Music Education Review, 7(2), 80-93.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “The Passionate Teacher and the Curriculum Police: Perspectives on Modes of Subjectivity and the Curriculum as Art”. Journal of Educational Thought, 33(2), 153-173.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Perspectives on Performance and Anxiety and their Implications for Creative Teaching.” The Canadian Journal of Education, 24(1), 30-41.
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Computational Thinking and Cognitive Hangovers” The International Society for the Study of Music Education: Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 141, 135-138.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Opera and Co-authorship: Implications for Ethics and Aesthetics”. Musica-Realta, 55.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Kierkegaardian Implications of Punishment, Guilt and Forgiveness for Education”. Interchange, 29(4), 425-437.
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Kierkegaard’s Aesthetic Stage of Existence and its Relation to Live Musical Performance.” Philosophy of Music Education Review, 4(1), 50-63.
Senyshyn, Y. (1995) “‘The Crisis’: The Practical Realization of Kierkegaard’s Aesthetic Philosophy”. Interchange, 26(3), 257-264.
Senyshyn, Y. (1995) “Kierkegaard, Musical Performance and the Relation and Differentiation of the Sexes”. Interchange, 26(2), 105-126.
Book Chapters
Senyshyn, Y. (1998) “Subjectivity Revisited: Passion as Truth in Music Education”. In Eunshik Choi and Myng-sook Auh (Eds.), “Searching for a New Paradigm of Music Education Research”. Editors: The Korean Music Education Society, Hawoo Publishers.Senyshyn, Y. (2004) “Popular Music and the Intolerant Classroom” in Questioning the Music Education Paradigm Published by the Canadian Music Educators’ Association as Volume 2 of The Biennial Series, Research to Practice, Lee R. Bartel, Series Editor. Toronto: Canadian Music Educators' Association. pp. 110–120.
Senyshyn, Y. (2007) “Philosophy and Music in the Art of a Poet” in The Last Effort of Dreams by Francesco Loriggio, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Press. ISBN 1-55458-019-6. ISBN13: 978-1-55458-019-4.
Senyshyn, Y. (2009) Chapter 3: Kierkegaard, emotion, and the individual: passion of the infinite as the truth for educational leadership (pp. 41–52) in Emotional Dimensions of Educational Administration and Leadership (Eds. Eugenie A. Samier & Michèle Schmidt) Milton Park, Abingdon: Routledge.
O’Neill, S. and Senyshyn, Y. “Philosophical and Psychological Learning Theories: How They Shape Our Understanding of Musical Learning” (book chapter to appear in: Colwell, R. and Webster, P. (forthcoming). MENC Handbook of Research on Music Learning. New York: Oxford University Press).
Books
Senyshyn, Y. (2010) The Artist in Crisis: Kierkegaard's Philosophy of the Aesthetic Stage of Existence and Live Musical Performance. Vancouver, BC: Platon Promotions Publishing. ISBN 9780557523443 and 9780557560936Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) Upside Down and Inside Out: a Fresh Look at Teachers and Teaching in Education
Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) A Tractatus of Music
Senyshyn, Y. (In preparation) Essential Issues in Music Performance
Published Conference Papers (Refereed)
Senyshyn, Y. (2005) “Anxiety and Memory in Live Musical Performance” published in the Proceedings of the APSCOM 2 (The Second International Conference of Asia Pacific Society for The Cognitive Science of Music) held in Seoul, Korea from August 4 – 6, 2005, pages 190-194, ISBN 89-5708-090-2.Senyshyn, Y. (2002) “The Philosophy and Psychology of Performance Anxiety and its Subjective, Relational, and Discursive Potentiality” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition, Sydney, 2002, 117-120. C. Stevens, D. Burnham, G. McPherson, E. Schubert, J. Renwick (Eds.). Adelaide: Causal Productions. ISBN 1 876346 39 6
Senyshyn, Y. (1999) “Wittgenstein, Music and Colour: Implications of Scientism and Inwardness”. Toward Scientific Literacy: The History and Philosophy of Science and Science Teaching” Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference, Canada, June 21–24, 1997. Edited by Linda Lentz and Ian Winchester. Faculty of Education, University of Calgary Publications, 671-681 (CD of Conference Proceedings: 1999).