Yavne
Encyclopedia
Yavne ( يبنة, Yibnah) is a city in the Central District of Israel
. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
(CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 33,000.
, 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Ashdod, and 7 km (4.35 mi) east of the Mediterranean. Excavations were carried out on the ancient raised tel
which developed on a natural kurkar hill. The tel was inhabited, possibly continuously, until the British Mandate period. During some periods, especially the Byzantine
period, settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tel.
Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the Israel Antiquities Authority
uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tel
. Most of the burials are dated to the later Iron Age
. One burial points to a late Bronze Age
occupation.
The Bible
refers to Yavne'el (sometimes transliterated as Jebneel), a border city between the tribal allotments
of Judah
and Dan
. In Roman times, the city was known as Iamnia, also spelled Jamnia
. It was bequeathed by King Herod
upon his death to his sister Salome
. Upon her death it passed to Caesar Augustus who managed it as a private imperial estate, a status it was to maintain for at least a century.
After the destruction of the Second Temple
in 70 CE, Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakkai moved the Sanhedrin
to Yavne. Some scholars believe the Council of Yavne
met there. The Sanhedrin
left Yavne for Usha in 80 CE and returned in 116 CE.
Byzantine period finds from excavations include an aqueduct east of the tel, and a kiln. In 2007, remains ranging from the Early Islamic period until the British Mandate period were uncovered. An additional kiln, and part of a commercial/industrial area were uncovered at the west of the tel in 2009.
The Crusaders called the city Ibelin
and built a castle there in 1141. Its namesake noble family, Ibelin, was important in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
and later in the Kingdom of Cyprus
. Ibelin was captured by Saladin
in 1187. Salvage excavations at the west of the tel unearthed a stash of 53 Crusader coins of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Maqam Abu Hurayra, described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine", is located in Yavne. Since the 12th century, it has been known as a tomb of Abu Hurairah
, a companion (sahaba
) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
. After 1948 the shrine has been taken over by Sephardic Jews who believe that the tomb is the burial place of Rabbi Gamaliel of Yavne
.
Before the establishment of Israel, the Arab village of Yibna
was located there. In salvage excavations in 2001–2002, remains of the pre-state town were uncovered.
(CBS), in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was Jewish and others, without significant Arab
population. In 2001, the population included 15,800 men and 16,000 women. The population growth rate in 2001 was 0.5%. 103 new residents moved to Yavne in that year.
, Aeronautics Defense Systems
, Avisar and Orbotech
.
is the city's major football club. During the 1980s the club played in the top division and in 1985 won the Toto Cup
. Today they are in Liga Leumit
. and the Basketball team, Elitzur Yavne
play in the Liga Leumit (basketball)
Since 2007.
Omri Casspi, the first Israeli to play in the National Basketball Association grew up in the city and played for some of its teams.
with: Le Raincy
, France
Speyer
, Germany
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , abbreviated CBS, is an Israeli government office established in 1949 to carry out research and publish statistical data on all aspects of Israeli life, including population, society, economy, industry, education and physical infrastructure.It is headed by a...
(CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 33,000.
History
Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern coastal plain, situated 20 km (12.43 mi) south of JaffaJaffa
Jaffa is an ancient port city believed to be one of the oldest in the world. Jaffa was incorporated with Tel Aviv creating the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Jaffa is famous for its association with the biblical story of the prophet Jonah.-Etymology:...
, 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Ashdod, and 7 km (4.35 mi) east of the Mediterranean. Excavations were carried out on the ancient raised tel
TEL
- Acronyms :TEL is a three-letter acronym for:* Tetra-ethyl lead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline* Tokyo Electron, a semiconductor equipment manufacturer* Transporter erector launcher, a mobile missile launch platform...
which developed on a natural kurkar hill. The tel was inhabited, possibly continuously, until the British Mandate period. During some periods, especially the Byzantine
Byzantine
Byzantine usually refers to the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.Byzantine may also refer to:* A citizen of the Byzantine Empire, or native Greek during the Middle Ages...
period, settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tel.
Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the Israel Antiquities Authority
Israel Antiquities Authority
The Israel Antiquities Authority is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of Antiquities. The IAA regulates excavation and conservation, and promotes research...
uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tel
TEL
- Acronyms :TEL is a three-letter acronym for:* Tetra-ethyl lead, a gasoline additive to make leaded gasoline* Tokyo Electron, a semiconductor equipment manufacturer* Transporter erector launcher, a mobile missile launch platform...
. Most of the burials are dated to the later Iron Age
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the archaeological period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing...
. One burial points to a late Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
occupation.
The Bible
Bible
The Bible refers to any one of the collections of the primary religious texts of Judaism and Christianity. There is no common version of the Bible, as the individual books , their contents and their order vary among denominations...
refers to Yavne'el (sometimes transliterated as Jebneel), a border city between the tribal allotments
Tribal allotments of Israel
According to the Book of Joshua, Joshua divided the newly conquered land of Canaan into parcels, and assigned them to the Tribes of Israel by lot. The Book of Joshua describes the parcels by giving landmarks along the borders, or in some cases by listing the included cities...
of Judah
Tribe of Judah
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tribe of Judah was one of the Tribes of Israel.Following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes after about 1200 BCE, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes....
and Dan
Tribe of Dan
The Tribe of Dan, also sometimes spelled as "Dann", was one of the Tribes of Israel. Though known mostly from biblical sources, they were possibly descendants of the Denyen Sea Peoples who joined with Hebrews...
. In Roman times, the city was known as Iamnia, also spelled Jamnia
Jamnia
Jamnia may refer to:*Council of Jamnia, a hypothetical Jewish council in the 1st century CE*Yavne, city in Israel unofficially called Jamnia*Jamnia, a former princely state in India...
. It was bequeathed by King Herod
Herod the Great
Herod , also known as Herod the Great , was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his...
upon his death to his sister Salome
Salome I
Salome I was the sister of Herod the Great and the mother of Berenice by her husband Costobarus, governor of Idumea.Upon the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, she was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, Phasaelis, and 5000 drachmae. Caesar Augustus supplemented this with a...
. Upon her death it passed to Caesar Augustus who managed it as a private imperial estate, a status it was to maintain for at least a century.
After the destruction of the Second Temple
Second Temple
The Jewish Second Temple was an important shrine which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem between 516 BCE and 70 CE. It replaced the First Temple which was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jewish nation was exiled to Babylon...
in 70 CE, Rabban Yochanan Ben Zakkai moved the Sanhedrin
Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was an assembly of twenty-three judges appointed in every city in the Biblical Land of Israel.The Great Sanhedrin was the supreme court of ancient Israel made of 71 members...
to Yavne. Some scholars believe the Council of Yavne
Council of Jamnia
The Council of Jamnia or Council of Yavne is a hypothetical late 1st-century council at which it is postulated the canon of the Hebrew Bible was finalized....
met there. The Sanhedrin
Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was an assembly of twenty-three judges appointed in every city in the Biblical Land of Israel.The Great Sanhedrin was the supreme court of ancient Israel made of 71 members...
left Yavne for Usha in 80 CE and returned in 116 CE.
Byzantine period finds from excavations include an aqueduct east of the tel, and a kiln. In 2007, remains ranging from the Early Islamic period until the British Mandate period were uncovered. An additional kiln, and part of a commercial/industrial area were uncovered at the west of the tel in 2009.
The Crusaders called the city Ibelin
Ibelin
Ibelin was a castle in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th century , which gave its name to an important family of nobles.-The castle:...
and built a castle there in 1141. Its namesake noble family, Ibelin, was important in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Catholic kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. The kingdom lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, was destroyed by the Mamluks, but its history is divided into two distinct periods....
and later in the Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Cyprus
The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader kingdom on the island of Cyprus in the high and late Middle Ages, between 1192 and 1489. It was ruled by the French House of Lusignan.-History:...
. Ibelin was captured by Saladin
Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was an Arabized Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim and Arab opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
in 1187. Salvage excavations at the west of the tel unearthed a stash of 53 Crusader coins of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Maqam Abu Hurayra, described as "one of the finest domed mausoleums in Palestine", is located in Yavne. Since the 12th century, it has been known as a tomb of Abu Hurairah
Abu Hurairah
Abu Hurairah , was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the narrator of Hadith most quoted in the isnad by Sunnis.-Early life:...
, a companion (sahaba
Sahaba
In Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...
) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
. After 1948 the shrine has been taken over by Sephardic Jews who believe that the tomb is the burial place of Rabbi Gamaliel of Yavne
Gamaliel II
Rabban Gamaliel II was the first person to lead the Sanhedrin as Nasi after the fall of the second temple, which occurred in 70 CE. Gamliel was appointed nasi approximately 10 years later. Gamaliel II was the son of Shimon ben Gamaliel, one of Jerusalem's foremost men in the war against the...
.
Before the establishment of Israel, the Arab village of Yibna
Yibna
Yibna was a Palestinian village of 5,420 inhabitants, located 15 kilometers southwest of Ramla. Yibna was occupied by Israeli forces on June 4, 1948, and was depopulated during the military assault and expulsion.-History:...
was located there. In salvage excavations in 2001–2002, remains of the pre-state town were uncovered.
Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of StatisticsIsrael Central Bureau of Statistics
The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics , abbreviated CBS, is an Israeli government office established in 1949 to carry out research and publish statistical data on all aspects of Israeli life, including population, society, economy, industry, education and physical infrastructure.It is headed by a...
(CBS), in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was Jewish and others, without significant Arab
Arab
Arab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
population. In 2001, the population included 15,800 men and 16,000 women. The population growth rate in 2001 was 0.5%. 103 new residents moved to Yavne in that year.
Income
In 2000, there were 10,910 salaried workers and 966 self-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was ILS 5,699. Salaried men had a mean monthly wage of ILS 7,430 compared to ILS 4,042 for women. The mean income for the self-employed was 7,631. 640 citizens received unemployment benefits and 2,396 received an income guarantee.Education
According to CBS figures for 2001, there were 16 schools and 7,445 students in Yavne (11 elementary schools with 4,037 students and 9 high schools with 3,408 students). 59.6% of 12th graders were entitled to a matriculation certificate that year.Economy
Major companies based in Yavne include: Ormat IndustriesOrmat Industries
Ormat Industries Ltd. is a provider of alternative and renewable energy technology. To date the company has installed over 750 power units worldwide...
, Aeronautics Defense Systems
Aeronautics Defense Systems Ltd
Aeronautics Defense Systems Ltd. operates from its headquarters in Yavne, Center District, Israel, specializing in providing comprehensive defence solutions.-UAV:*Dominator UAV*Aerostar UAV*Aerolight UAV...
, Avisar and Orbotech
Orbotech
Orbotech Ltd. is an international developer and producer of automated optical inspection and related imaging and computer-aided manufacturing systems. The company's imaging tools are used in the manufacturing of printed circuit board, flat panel displays, and IC packaging, among other applications...
.
Sports
Maccabi YavneMaccabi Yavne F.C.
Maccabi Yavne is an Israeli football club based in Yavne. They currently play in the South Division of Liga Alef.-History:The club was promoted to Liga Leumit for the first time in 1982. In 1985 they won the Toto Cup, beating Beitar Jerusalem 2-1 in the final...
is the city's major football club. During the 1980s the club played in the top division and in 1985 won the Toto Cup
Toto Cup
The Toto Cup is an association football tournament that exists separately in the two highest divisions in Israel: the Premier League and Liga Leumit....
. Today they are in Liga Leumit
Liga Leumit
Liga Leumit is the second tier in the Israeli football league system below the Premier League.-Structure:There are 16 clubs in the league. At the end of each season, the lowest-placed team are relegated to Liga Alef while the highest-placed team from Liga Alef are promoted in their place...
. and the Basketball team, Elitzur Yavne
Elitzur Yavne B.C.
Elitzur Yavne is a basketball club based in Yavne in Israel. The club play in Liga Leumit, the Second division of Israeli basketball, having been promoted from Liga Arzit at the end of the 2006-07 season....
play in the Liga Leumit (basketball)
Liga Leumit (basketball)
Liga Leumit is the second tier of league basketball competition in Israel, below the Israeli Basketball Super League.-League system:The league contains 14 clubs that compete in a home-and-away round-robin. At the end of the season, the top eight clubs advance to the play-offs. The first round is...
Since 2007.
Omri Casspi, the first Israeli to play in the National Basketball Association grew up in the city and played for some of its teams.
Notable residents
- Meir SheetritMeir SheetritMeir Sheetrit is a Moroccan-born Israeli politician. He is currently a member of the Knesset for Kadima. He has served as Minister of the Interior, Minister of Housing & Construction, Minister of Finance, Minister of Justice, Minister of Transportation and Minister of Education, Culture &...
, Israeli Minister of the Interior - Maor MeliksonMaor MeliksonMaor Melikson is an Israeli-Polish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Wisła Kraków.-Club career:Melikson started in the youth department of Maccabi Yavne. During the 2001–02 season, he made his senior debut in Liga Alef in a match against Ironi Ramat HaSharon. At the end of that season...
, footballer - Shabak SamechShabak SamechShabak Samech is the first recognized rap and hip-hop group to come out of Israel, from the small town of Yavneh. Their sound is primarily hip-hop, but includes elements of rapcore, dancehall, ska and funk...
band members - Omri CasspiOmri CasspiOmri Casspi is an Israeli professional basketball player. He is under contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers, but is playing for Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. during the 2011 NBA lockout...
, NBA basketball player - Ido NehoshtanIdo NehoshtanAluf Ido Nehoshtan, also Nehushtan is a general in the Israel Defense Forces and the current Commander in Chief of the Israeli Air Force. He is the former head of the Planning Directorate...
Twin towns — Sister cities
Yavne is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with: Le Raincy
Le Raincy
Le Raincy is a commune in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Le Raincy is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-Saint-Denis department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Le Raincy....
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
Speyer
Speyer
Speyer is a city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants. Located beside the river Rhine, Speyer is 25 km south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Founded by the Romans, it is one of Germany's oldest cities...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
See also
- List of villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
- Yavneh-YamYavneh-YamYavne-Yam is an archaeological site located on Israel's southern Mediterranean coast, about 15 km south of Tel Aviv. Built on eolianite hills next to a small promontory forming the sole anchorage able to provide shelter to sea-going vessels between Jaffa and the Sinai, Yavne-Yam is notable...
, port of ancient Yavne
External links
- City website
- Tel Yavne
- Yavneh Yields Over a Hundred Philistine Cult Stands Biblical Archaeology Review