Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński
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Saint
Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, SFO
(1 November 1822 – 17 September 1895) was Archbishop of Warsaw and founder of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
. He was canonized on 11 October 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI
.
After completing high school, he studied mathematics at the University of Moscow from 1840-1844. In 1847 he went to Paris where he studied French literature at the Sorbonne and the College de France. In Paris he spent time living with Polish exiles, and knew Adam Mickiewicz
and was a friend of Juliusz Slowacki
.
He participated in 1848 in a Polish uprising against Prussian rule in Poznania.
From 1848-1850 he tutored the sons of Eliza and Zenon Brzozowski in Munich and Paris.
. He was ordained on September 8, 1855 by the Archbishop of Mohilev, Ignacy Holowinski. He was assigned to the Dominican Fathers' parish of St Catherine of Siena in St Petersburg until 1857, when he was appointed spiritual director of the Ecclesiastical Academy and professor of philosophy. In 1856 he founded the charitable organization "Recovery for the poor". In 1857 he founded the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
.
against the Tsar in 1830 that the Pope had condemned in his encyclical Cum Primum in which he stressed the need to obey political rulers).
During the interim between his death and Felinski's appointment, there had been growing patriotic unrest in Warsaw. Opposition leaders held protests within churches both on grounds of safety (as it was presumed the police would not enter the church) and to assure conservative fears that they were not communists. Russia declared martial law in Poland on October 14, 1861, and the following day nationalists staged demonstrations inside Warsaw churches, two of which were broken up by Warsaw police (which led to further scandal, as the public could not accept Russian soldiers in Polish catholic churches). The Cathedral Vicar ordered all Warsaw churches closed in protest.
On January 6, 1862, Felinski was appointed archbishop of Warsaw by Pope Pius IX
, and he was consecrated in St Petersburg by Archbishop Zylinski. He left the Russian capital on January 31 and arrived in Warsaw on February 9.
When Felinski was appointed archbishop, he was greeted with suspicion in Warsaw because he was approved by the Russian government. Felinski ordered the re-opening of Warsaw churches on February 16 (he also reconsecrated the Warsaw cathedral and had all churches opened with a solemn 40 hour exposition of the Blessed Sacrament), thus fulfilling the worst fears of the nationalists; he also banned the singing of patriotic hymns, and forbade the use of church buildings for political functions.
The press of the Polish underground attacked him: an underground catholic magazine called 'The Voice of the Polish Chaplain' wrote about him:
He defended himself as a Polish patriot and used the label 'traitor' for anyone willing to surrender the dream of independence. He wrote:
During his time as archbishop there were almost daily clashes between the Russian occupiers and the nationalists. The Russian government promoted the image of the archbishop as being their collaborator, thus sowing distrust among people toward him.
In 1862, Pope Pius IX
sent a letter to Felinski that criticized the existing civil laws in Russia as being opposed to the teachings, the rights and the freedoms of the Catholic Church, and he called on the archbishop to work for the freedom of those who had been imprisoned for the nationalist cause in Poland. He made every effort to free the imprisoned priests. Felinski worked for the elimination of Russian governmental control of the Polish catholic church. He made regular visits to parishes and charitable organizations in the diocese, to better meet their needs. He reformed the programmes of study at the Ecclesiastical Academy of Warsaw and in diocesan seminaries, to give impetus to spiritual and intellectual developments of clergy. He encouraged priests to proclaim the gospel openly, to catechize their parishioners, to begin parochial schools and to take care that they raise a new generation with virtues.
He looked after the poor and orphans, and started an orphanage in Warsaw that he put in the care of the Sisters of the Family of Mary.
In January 1863 there was a major revolt in Poland against Russian rule that ended in failure, and was brutally repressed. Felinski protested the repression by resigning from the Council of State. He protested the hanging of Captain Fr. Agrypin Konarski.
In March 1863 Felinski wrote to Tsar Alexander II demanding that Poland be granted political autonomy and be restored to its pre-partition boundaries (including the territories that are now part of Lithuania, Belarus and the western Ukraine). The Tsar answered this letter by arresting Felinski and sending him in exile to the town of Yaroslavl
in the Upper Volga (about 300 km to the NE of Moscow; where there was almost no Catholics). The Vatican supported Felinski's protest.
Felinski nevertheless was opposed to the rebellion, as he later wrote in his memoirs:
His concerns were especially reflected in other conservative catholic voices that opposed the 1830 and 1863 rebellions on grounds of the left-wing political radicalism that many of the rebels were associated with, including atheistic ideologies. Felinski claimed that revolution attacked both religion and the established social order.
He called on people to place their trust in Providence's governance of world affairs:
During his exile he organized works of mercy to help his fellow prisoners (especially the priests among them), and collected enough funds (despite police restrictions) to construct a Catholic church that would become a new parish. The local people were struck by his spiritual attitudes and referred to him as the 'holy Polish bishop'.
During his exile he completed written works that he later published after his release. Included among them were: Spiritual Conferences, Faith and Atheism in the search for happiness, Conferences on Vocation, Under the guidance of Providence, Social Commitments in View of Christian Wisdom and Atheism, and Memories.
He died in Krakow on September 17, 1895, and buried on September 20. On October 10 his body was moved to Dzwiniacza, and his remains were removed again in 1920 to Warsaw, wherein on April 14, 1921 they were moved to the crypt of the Cathedral of Saint John, where they still are today.
's claim that Poland was a Christ among nations. Felinski said:
In January 1863 he presented an interpretation of Poland's contemporary history as being a punishment from God for its sins:
This followed from the views of other catholic conservatives at the time who believed that God would never grant Poland independence until it repented of its sins. Felinski believed that God would redeem Poland of its sins, and thereby give it independence, but he criticized the independence movement for failing to believe in the role of Providence and (in his view) thinking as though the governance of the world was entirely up to human will. In the view of contemporary catholic conservatives, in whom Felinski had an important voice, the independence movement, whether it be based on the communist or liberal ideologies that had been adopted by many Polish nationalists, was doomed to failure because of this.
He believed that every nation had a special role given to it by God:
Saint
A saint is a holy person. In various religions, saints are people who are believed to have exceptional holiness.In Christian usage, "saint" refers to any believer who is "in Christ", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth...
Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, SFO
Secular Franciscan Order
thumb|rigth|Lapel pin of Secular Franciscan Order.The Secular Franciscan Order is a community of Catholic men and women, of any of the Rites in communion with Rome , in the world who seek to pattern their lives after Christ in the spirit of St. Francis of Assisi. Secular Franciscans are...
(1 November 1822 – 17 September 1895) was Archbishop of Warsaw and founder of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
The Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary, , also known as Siostry Rodziny Maryi, RM, is a Polish female Catholic order. The congregation was established in St. Petersburg during the Partitions of Poland with the mission to help Polish children stricken by hunger in the Russian Empire, and to...
. He was canonized on 11 October 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI
Pope Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the Sovereign of the Vatican City State and the leader of the Catholic Church as well as the other 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the Holy See...
.
Early life
His parents were Gerard Felinski and Eva Wenderoff. He was born in Wojutyn in Volinia (present-day Ukraine) when it was then part of the Russian empire. He was the third of six children, of which two died at an early age. His father died when was eleven years old. Five years later in 1838 his mother was exiled to Siberia for a nationalist conspiracy (in which she tried to work to improve the social and economic conditions of the farmers), and he only saw her again as a university student.After completing high school, he studied mathematics at the University of Moscow from 1840-1844. In 1847 he went to Paris where he studied French literature at the Sorbonne and the College de France. In Paris he spent time living with Polish exiles, and knew Adam Mickiewicz
Adam Mickiewicz
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz ) was a Polish poet, publisher and political writer of the Romantic period. One of the primary representatives of the Polish Romanticism era, a national poet of Poland, he is seen as one of Poland's Three Bards and the greatest poet in all of Polish literature...
and was a friend of Juliusz Slowacki
Juliusz Slowacki
Juliusz Słowacki was a Polish Romantic poet. He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polish literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period, and the father of modern Polish drama. His works often feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish history, mysticism and orientalism....
.
He participated in 1848 in a Polish uprising against Prussian rule in Poznania.
From 1848-1850 he tutored the sons of Eliza and Zenon Brzozowski in Munich and Paris.
Priesthood
In 1851 he returned to Poland and entered the diocesan seminary of Zytomierz. He studied at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological AcademySaint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy
The Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy was an institution of higher education preparing Roman Catholic theologians in the Russian Empire. The Academy granted master's and doctorate degrees in theology and was designed to prepare officers for senior positions in the Catholic Church...
. He was ordained on September 8, 1855 by the Archbishop of Mohilev, Ignacy Holowinski. He was assigned to the Dominican Fathers' parish of St Catherine of Siena in St Petersburg until 1857, when he was appointed spiritual director of the Ecclesiastical Academy and professor of philosophy. In 1856 he founded the charitable organization "Recovery for the poor". In 1857 he founded the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary
The Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary, , also known as Siostry Rodziny Maryi, RM, is a Polish female Catholic order. The congregation was established in St. Petersburg during the Partitions of Poland with the mission to help Polish children stricken by hunger in the Russian Empire, and to...
.
Appointment
He succeeded Antoni Melchior Fijalkowski as archbishop of Warsaw in 1861. Archbishop Fijalkowski and the Polish hierarchy had emphasized political obedience of the Polish people to Russian rule (there had previously been the November UprisingNovember Uprising
The November Uprising , Polish–Russian War 1830–31 also known as the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress...
against the Tsar in 1830 that the Pope had condemned in his encyclical Cum Primum in which he stressed the need to obey political rulers).
During the interim between his death and Felinski's appointment, there had been growing patriotic unrest in Warsaw. Opposition leaders held protests within churches both on grounds of safety (as it was presumed the police would not enter the church) and to assure conservative fears that they were not communists. Russia declared martial law in Poland on October 14, 1861, and the following day nationalists staged demonstrations inside Warsaw churches, two of which were broken up by Warsaw police (which led to further scandal, as the public could not accept Russian soldiers in Polish catholic churches). The Cathedral Vicar ordered all Warsaw churches closed in protest.
On January 6, 1862, Felinski was appointed archbishop of Warsaw by Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX
Blessed Pope Pius IX , born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal...
, and he was consecrated in St Petersburg by Archbishop Zylinski. He left the Russian capital on January 31 and arrived in Warsaw on February 9.
When Felinski was appointed archbishop, he was greeted with suspicion in Warsaw because he was approved by the Russian government. Felinski ordered the re-opening of Warsaw churches on February 16 (he also reconsecrated the Warsaw cathedral and had all churches opened with a solemn 40 hour exposition of the Blessed Sacrament), thus fulfilling the worst fears of the nationalists; he also banned the singing of patriotic hymns, and forbade the use of church buildings for political functions.
The press of the Polish underground attacked him: an underground catholic magazine called 'The Voice of the Polish Chaplain' wrote about him:
under the scarlet robes and the miter of Father Feliriski hides one of those false prophets, against whom Christ told us to be on guard. . . . Every day brings us all sorts of new evidence that Father Feliriski does not care for the country at all, that his heart is divided between Petersburg and Rome, and that he wants to make the clergy apathetic about the fate of the Fatherland, to turn it into an ultramontane caste that would have nothing in common with the nation."
He defended himself as a Polish patriot and used the label 'traitor' for anyone willing to surrender the dream of independence. He wrote:
The right of nations to independent existence is so holy and undoubted, and the inborn love of the fatherland is so deeply embedded in the heart of every true citizen, that no sophistic argumentation can erase these things from the mass of the nation.... All true Poles not only want to be free and independent in their own country, but all are convinced that they have an undeniable right to this, and they do not doubt that sooner or later they will stand before their desires and once again be an independent nation. Whoever does not demand independence or doubts the possibility of its attainment is not a Polish patriot.
During his time as archbishop there were almost daily clashes between the Russian occupiers and the nationalists. The Russian government promoted the image of the archbishop as being their collaborator, thus sowing distrust among people toward him.
In 1862, Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX
Blessed Pope Pius IX , born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal...
sent a letter to Felinski that criticized the existing civil laws in Russia as being opposed to the teachings, the rights and the freedoms of the Catholic Church, and he called on the archbishop to work for the freedom of those who had been imprisoned for the nationalist cause in Poland. He made every effort to free the imprisoned priests. Felinski worked for the elimination of Russian governmental control of the Polish catholic church. He made regular visits to parishes and charitable organizations in the diocese, to better meet their needs. He reformed the programmes of study at the Ecclesiastical Academy of Warsaw and in diocesan seminaries, to give impetus to spiritual and intellectual developments of clergy. He encouraged priests to proclaim the gospel openly, to catechize their parishioners, to begin parochial schools and to take care that they raise a new generation with virtues.
He looked after the poor and orphans, and started an orphanage in Warsaw that he put in the care of the Sisters of the Family of Mary.
In January 1863 there was a major revolt in Poland against Russian rule that ended in failure, and was brutally repressed. Felinski protested the repression by resigning from the Council of State. He protested the hanging of Captain Fr. Agrypin Konarski.
In March 1863 Felinski wrote to Tsar Alexander II demanding that Poland be granted political autonomy and be restored to its pre-partition boundaries (including the territories that are now part of Lithuania, Belarus and the western Ukraine). The Tsar answered this letter by arresting Felinski and sending him in exile to the town of Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl
Yaroslavl is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historical part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities...
in the Upper Volga (about 300 km to the NE of Moscow; where there was almost no Catholics). The Vatican supported Felinski's protest.
Felinski nevertheless was opposed to the rebellion, as he later wrote in his memoirs:
In my opinion, the question of our behavior in relation to the partitioning governments must not be resolved wholesale, but must be divided into at least three categories: the question of rights, the question of time, and the question of means. Regarding justice: neither natural law, nor religion, nor international law, nor finally historical tradition forbids us from attaining with arms the independence that was taken from us by force. From the position of principle, then, no one can condemn us for rising up in arms, as something unjust by its very nature. The question of time and circumstances is only a question of prudence, and only from that perspective can it be resolved....The only area, then, in which it is permissible to judge the justice or injustice of an armed uprising aimed at regaining independence is the means of conducting the struggle, and in this regard our historians and publicists have not only the right, but the obligation to enlighten the national consciousness, so as to warn patriots against adventures that would be ruinous for the national soul.
His concerns were especially reflected in other conservative catholic voices that opposed the 1830 and 1863 rebellions on grounds of the left-wing political radicalism that many of the rebels were associated with, including atheistic ideologies. Felinski claimed that revolution attacked both religion and the established social order.
He called on people to place their trust in Providence's governance of world affairs:
Whoever manages to always see the finger of Providence in the course of historical events, and trusting in the justice of God, does not doubt that every nation will ultimately receive that which it has earned by its behavior, will recoil with disgust at the thought of committing a crime, even if that would be the only means of fighting an even greater injustice.
Exile
He spent the next 20 years in exile in Yaroslavl. He was not allowed any contact with Warsaw.During his exile he organized works of mercy to help his fellow prisoners (especially the priests among them), and collected enough funds (despite police restrictions) to construct a Catholic church that would become a new parish. The local people were struck by his spiritual attitudes and referred to him as the 'holy Polish bishop'.
During his exile he completed written works that he later published after his release. Included among them were: Spiritual Conferences, Faith and Atheism in the search for happiness, Conferences on Vocation, Under the guidance of Providence, Social Commitments in View of Christian Wisdom and Atheism, and Memories.
Krakow region
In 1883, following negotiations between the Holy See and Russia, he was released from exile and moved to Dzwiniaczka in southeastern Galicia (now Дзвинячка in Ukraine) among Ukrainian and Polish cropfarmers. The Pope transferred him from archbishop of Warsaw to archbishop of the titular see of Tarsus. He was there chaplain of the manor house of Counts Keszycki and Koziebrodski, and he launched an intense pastoral activity. Out of his own money he built the first school and kindergarten in the village. He also built a church and convent for the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary.He died in Krakow on September 17, 1895, and buried on September 20. On October 10 his body was moved to Dzwiniacza, and his remains were removed again in 1920 to Warsaw, wherein on April 14, 1921 they were moved to the crypt of the Cathedral of Saint John, where they still are today.
Views on Poland
Felinski criticized Zygmunt KrasinskiZygmunt Krasinski
Count Napoleon Stanisław Adam Ludwig Zygmunt Krasiński , a Polish count, is traditionally ranked with Mickiewicz and Słowacki as one of Poland's Three National Bards — the trio of great Romantic poets who influenced national consciousness during the period of Poland's political bondage.-Life and...
's claim that Poland was a Christ among nations. Felinski said:
Although my nation was the victim of a cruel injustice," Felinski wrote, "it did not proceed to martyrdom either willingly or without sin, as did our Savior and the martyrs following in His footsteps. Considering our national guilt and mistakes, it would be more appropriate to call Poland, as it pays for its sins, the Mary Magdalene of nations, not the Christ of nations.
In January 1863 he presented an interpretation of Poland's contemporary history as being a punishment from God for its sins:
The mission of Poland is to develop Catholic thinking in internal life... . Poland was great as long as these virtues lived within it, as long as there were no examples in its history of egoism or rapaciousness... When these national virtues fell, when decadence and egoism set in,
then the flogging and the ruin arrived.
This followed from the views of other catholic conservatives at the time who believed that God would never grant Poland independence until it repented of its sins. Felinski believed that God would redeem Poland of its sins, and thereby give it independence, but he criticized the independence movement for failing to believe in the role of Providence and (in his view) thinking as though the governance of the world was entirely up to human will. In the view of contemporary catholic conservatives, in whom Felinski had an important voice, the independence movement, whether it be based on the communist or liberal ideologies that had been adopted by many Polish nationalists, was doomed to failure because of this.
He believed that every nation had a special role given to it by God:
just as every member of the family has an assigned task corresponding to his or her natural abilities, so does every nation receive a mission in accordance with the features Providence deigned to grant it.
From the fact that we lost independent existence, it does not at all follow that our mission has ended. The character of that mission is so spiritual, that not by the force of arms, but by the force of sacrifices will we accomplish that which love demands of us. If independence
would become a condition necessary for fulfilling the task that has been laid upon us, then Providence itself would so manage the course
of events that state existence would again be returned to us, so that we may sufficiently mature in spirit.