Sun Tzu 孫子; Sūn Zǐ; was a General, military strategist, and author of , an immensely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy; also known as Sun Wu (孫武; Sūn Wǔ), and Chang Qing (長卿; Cháng Qīng).

The Art of War

Quotations from translations of the book

• 知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必殆
  • It is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles; if you do not know your enemies but do know yourself, you will win one and lose one; if you do not know your enemies nor yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle.
  • Ch. 3, the last sentence.
  • Variant translations
  • If you know others and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles; if you do not know others but know yourself, you win one and lose one; if you do not know others and do not know yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle.
  • Know your enemy and know yourself, find naught in fear for 100 battles. Know yourself but not your enemy, find level of loss and victory. Know thy enemy but not yourself, wallow in defeat every time.
  • Literal translation: Know [the] other, know [the] self, hundred battles without danger; not knowing [the] other but know [the] self, one win one loss; not knowing [the] other, not knowing [the] self, every battle must [be] lost.

• 故用兵之法，十則圍之，五則攻之，倍則分之， 敵則能戰之，少則能守之，不若則能避之。
  • It is the rule in war, if ten times the enemy's strength, surround them; if five times, attack them; if double, engage them; if equal, be able to divide them; if fewer, be able to evade them; if weaker, be able to avoid them.
  • Ch. 3

• 是故百戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。
  • For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.
  • Ch. 3
  • Variant translations
  • Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.
  • The best victory is when the opponent surrenders of its own accord before there are any actual hostilities... It is best to win without fighting.

• 古之所善戰者，勝於易勝者也。
  • What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
  • Ch. 3

• The more you read and learn, the less your adversary will know.

• 故兵貴勝，不貴久。
  • What is essential in war is victory, not prolonged operations.
  • Ch. 2

• Be extremely subtle, even to the point of formlessness. Be extremely mysterious, even to the point of soundlessness. Thereby you can be the director of the opponent's fate.

• 兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近，
  • All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must appear inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
  • Ch. 1
  • Variant translations
  • A military operation involves deception. Even though you are competent, appear to be incompetent. Though effective, appear to be ineffective.

• 是故勝兵先勝而後求戰，敗兵先戰而後求勝。
  • Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win.
  • Ch. 4

• 人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知我所以制勝之形。
  • All men can see these tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
  • Ch. 6

• 實而備之，強而避之，怒而撓之，卑而驕之，佚而勞之，親而離之，出其不意，攻其不備。
  • If your enemy is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is temperamental, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. If sovereign and subject are in accord, put division between them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
  • Ch. 1

• 視卒如愛子，故可與之俱死。
  • Treat your men as you would your own beloved sons. And they will follow you into the deepest valley.
  • Ch. 10

• He who knows when he can fight and when he cannot will be victorious.

• He who is prudent and lies in wait for an enemy who is not, will be victorious.

• Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him.

• 凡用兵之法，全國為上；破國次之；全軍為上，破軍次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。
  • In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
  • Ch. 3
  • Variant translations
  • It is best to keep one’s own state intact; to crush the enemy’s state is only second best.

• Management of many is the same as management of few. It is a matter of organization.

• When torrential water tosses boulders, it is because of its momentum. When the strike of a hawk breaks the body of its prey, it is because of timing.

• If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because they are disinclined to longevity.

• It is essential to seek out enemy agents who have come to conduct espionage against you and to bribe them to serve you. Give them instructions and care for them. Thus doubled agents are recruited and used.

• Now the reason the enlightened prince and the wise general conquer the enemy whenever they move and their achievements surpass those of ordinary men is foreknowledge.

• O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible and hence we can hold the enemy's fate in our hands.

• Of all those in the army close to the commander none is more intimate than the secret agent; of all rewards none more liberal than those given to secret agents; of all matters none is more confidential than those relating to secret operations.

• Opportunities multiply as they are seized.

• Pretend inferiority and encourage his arrogance.

• Secret operations are essential in war; upon them the army relies to make its every move.

• Strategy without tactics is the slowest route to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat.

• The art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.

• The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.

• The general who wins the battle makes many calculations in his temple before the battle is fought. The general who loses makes but few calculations beforehand.

• The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.

• The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.

• The ultimate in disposing one's troops is to be without ascertainable shape. Then the most penetrating spies cannot pry in nor can the wise lay plans against you.

• There is no instance of a nation benefitting from prolonged warfare.

• Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.

• Thus, what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy.

• And therefore those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle and are not brought there by him.

• When the enemy is at ease, be able to weary him; when well fed, to starve him; when at rest, to make him move. Appear at places to which he must hasten; move swiftly where he does not expect you.

• Subtle and insubstantial, the expert leaves no trace; divinely mysterious, he is inaudible. Thus he is master of his enemy's fate.

• To a surrounded enemy, you must leave a way of escape.

• Show him there is a road to safety, and so create in his mind the idea that there is an alternative to death. Then strike. --Tu Mu, Ch. 7 (p. 110 in Samuel B. Griffith edition) For "golden bridge," see 'misattributed,' below.

• Too frequent rewards indicate that the general is at the end of his resources; too frequent punishments that he is in acute distress.

• Speed is the essence of war. Take advantage of the enemy's unpreparedness; travel by unexpected routes and strike him where he has taken no precautions.

• Bestow rewards without respect to customary practice; publish orders without respect to precedent. Thus you may employ the entire army as you would one man.

• To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence.

• The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat: — let such a one be dismissed!

• If words of command are not clear and distinct, if orders are not thoroughly understood, the general is to blame. But if his orders are clear, and the soldiers nevertheless disobey, then it is the fault of their officers.

• A leader leads by example not by force.

• A skilled commander seeks victory from the situation and does not demand it of his subordinates.

• If your opponent is of choleric temperment, seek to irritate him.

• One defends when his strength is inadequate, he attacks when it is abundant.

• Being unconquerable lies with yourself; being conquerable lies with your enemy.

• You cannot stop innovation.

• The expert in battle seeks his victory from strategic advantage and does not demand it from his men.

• Engage people with what they expect; it is what they are able to discern and confirms their projections. It settles them into predictable patterns of response, occupying their minds while you wait for the extraordinary moment — that which they cannot anticipate.

• Where the army is, prices are high; when prices rise the wealth of the people is exhausted.

• If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fight even at the ruler's bidding. (Ch. 10, 23)
• In peace prepare for war, in war prepare for peace.

Misattributed

• Keep your friends close, and your enemies closer.
  • This has often been attributed to Sun Tzu and sometimes to Niccolò Machiavelli or Petrarch, but there are no published sources yet found which predate its use by "Michael Corleone" in The Godfather Part II (1974), written by Mario Puzo & Francis Ford Coppola: My father taught me many things here — he taught me in this room. He taught me — keep your friends close but your enemies closer.

• To know your Enemy, you must become your Enemy.
  • This is sometimes attributed to Sun Tzu in combination with the above quote, as well as alone, but it too has not been sourced to any published translation of The Art of War, though it is similar in concept to his famous statement in Ch. 3 : "It is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled in a hundred battles..."

• Build your opponent a golden bridge to retreat across.
  • Actually a quote from Scipio. Sun Tzu's similar quote is to "leave a way of escape." Tu Mu, commenting on Sun Tzu, advises, "Show him there is a road to safety..." Ch. 7