1516    The Treaty of Noyon between France and Spain is signed. Francis I of France recognises Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor recognises Francis's claim to Milan.

1519    Charles V is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

1521    Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms.

1521    Martin Luther's first appearance before the Diet of Worms to be examined by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the other estates of the empire.

1521    Battle of Villalar: King Charles I of Spain defeats the Comuneros.

1521    The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.

1527    Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 147 Swiss Guards, including their commander, die fighting the forces of Charles V in order to allow Pope Clement VII to escape into Castel Sant'Angelo.

1532    Henry VIII and François I sign a secret treaty against Emperor Charles V.

1539    Treaty of Toledo signed by King Francis I of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

1548    The city of Nuestra Senora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace) was founded by Captain Alonso de Mendoza by appointment of the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

1555    The Peace of Augsburg is signed in Augsburg by Charles V and the princes of the Schmalkaldic League.

1556    Departing from Vlissingen, ex-Holy Roman Emperor Charles V returns to Spain.