1229    Ögedei Khan was proclaimed Qaghan of the Mongol Empire in Kodoe Aral, Khentii: Mongolia.

1249    Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with Mongol Khagan of the Mongol Empire.

1260    Kublai Khan becomes ruler of the Mongol Empire.

1260    The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

1281    The Mongolian fleet of Kublai Khan is destroyed by a typhoon while approaching Japan.