Abdurashid Khan
Encyclopedia
Abdurashid Khan was the ruler of Yarkand Khanate
in Uyghurstan (Eastern Turkestan) between 1533 and 1560 years.
Khan was a descendant of the first moghul khan-Tughluk Timur
Khan (1347-1363 AD) and was born in 1508. He came to power in 1533 when his father and predecessor Sultan Said Khan
died of asthma
during a military expedition in Tibet
.
with the Moghul Empire in India
. During negotiations with Shaybanid Ubaid Ullah, a famous Naqshbandi
Sufi teacher Ahmad Kasani (1462–1542), known as Makhdum-i ' Azam (the Great Master) came to Kashgar
from Samarkand
and was granted large possessions there. His descendants, known as Makhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja
", played an important role in Eastern Turkestan history in 16th-19th centuries.
The descendants of Makhdum's eldest son Muhammad Amin (died in 1598), or Ishan Kalan, the founder of the Ishakiya branch of the Sufi order (tariqa) Naqshbandi khojagan, established themselves in Kashgar and became known as the Aq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", i.e. the Tangri Tagh (Tian Shan
). The descendants of his second son- Ishaq Wali (died in 1599), founder of branch Ishakiya of sufi order Naqshbandi khojagan, established themselves in Yarkand and became known as the Kara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", i.e. the Pamir
s, Karakorum
and Kunlun
. The activities of both branches of Makhdum Zadas had ultimate and sudden success and very soon the whole population of Eastern Turkestan (including Khans) was divided into followers (murid
s) or opponents of one of two rival branches.
Abdurashid Khan was succeeded in Yarkand state after his death in 1560 year by his second son Abdul Karim Khan (1560–1591).
The historian and ruler of Kashmir
, on behalf of Babur
's descendants, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
wrote in 1541-1546 the book "Tarih-i-Rashidi" (The history of Rashid). He devoted it to Abdurashid Khan, despite the fact that he himself was expelled by the Khan, with many of his relatives from Kashgaria. It had been under the rule of his ancestors, the Dughlat Amirs, for about 300 years (1219–1514), beginning from Dughlat Amir Babdaghan (Tarkhan), who was granted the country "Mangalai Suyah" (Faced to Sun) by Chagatai Khan
, second son of Chengiz Khan.
Khanate
Khanate, or Chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık, and in modern Azeri of the republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the Khanate...
in Uyghurstan (Eastern Turkestan) between 1533 and 1560 years.
Khan was a descendant of the first moghul khan-Tughluk Timur
Tughlugh Timur
Tughlugh Timur was the Khan of Moghulistan from c. 1347 and Khan of the whole Chagatai Khanate from c. 1360 until his death. He is believed to be the son of Esen Buqa...
Khan (1347-1363 AD) and was born in 1508. He came to power in 1533 when his father and predecessor Sultan Said Khan
Sultan Said Khan
Sultan Said Khan ruled the state of Yarkand in Uyghurstan/Eastern Turkestan from September, 1514, to July, 1533. He was born in 1487 in Moghulistan and was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, Tughlugh Timur, who had founded the state of Moghulistan in 1348...
died of asthma
Asthma
Asthma is the common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath...
during a military expedition in Tibet
Tibet
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
.
Achievements
In 1538, Abdurashid Khan concluded the Treaty of Peace and Alliance with Shaybanid Ubaid Ullah, who ruled in West Turkestan at the time (1533–1539). He also completed the same treatyTreaty
A treaty is an express agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an agreement, protocol, covenant, convention or exchange of letters, among other terms...
with the Moghul Empire in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. During negotiations with Shaybanid Ubaid Ullah, a famous Naqshbandi
Naqshbandi
Naqshbandi is one of the major Sufi spiritual orders of Sufi Islam. It is considered to be a "Potent" order.The Naqshbandi order is over 1,300 years old, and is active today...
Sufi teacher Ahmad Kasani (1462–1542), known as Makhdum-i ' Azam (the Great Master) came to Kashgar
Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately...
from Samarkand
Samarkand
Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest . In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came...
and was granted large possessions there. His descendants, known as Makhdum Zadas and bearing title "Khoja
Khoja (Turkestan)
Khwāja or Khoja, , a Persian word literally meaning 'master', was used in Central Asia as a title of the descendants of the famous Central Asian Naqshbandi Sufi teacher, Ahmad Kasani . The most powerful religious figure in the late Timurid era was the Naqshbandi Shaykh Khoja Ahrar...
", played an important role in Eastern Turkestan history in 16th-19th centuries.
The descendants of Makhdum's eldest son Muhammad Amin (died in 1598), or Ishan Kalan, the founder of the Ishakiya branch of the Sufi order (tariqa) Naqshbandi khojagan, established themselves in Kashgar and became known as the Aq Taghliks, those of the "White Mountains", i.e. the Tangri Tagh (Tian Shan
Tian Shan
The Tian Shan , also spelled Tien Shan, is a large mountain system located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak , ....
). The descendants of his second son- Ishaq Wali (died in 1599), founder of branch Ishakiya of sufi order Naqshbandi khojagan, established themselves in Yarkand and became known as the Kara Taghliks, those of the "Black Mountains", i.e. the Pamir
Pamir
Pamir may refer to:* a pamir, a U-shaped grassy valley in the Pamir Mountains**Great Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan on the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan**Little Pamir, a high valley in the Wakhan, Afghanistan...
s, Karakorum
Karakorum
Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, and of the Northern Yuan in the 14-15th century. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the Övörkhangai Province of Mongolia, near today's town of Kharkhorin, and adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery...
and Kunlun
Kunlun Mountains
The Kunlun Mountains are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia, extending more than 3,000 km. In the broadest sense, it forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin and the Gansu Corridor and continues east south of the Wei River to end at the North China Plain.The...
. The activities of both branches of Makhdum Zadas had ultimate and sudden success and very soon the whole population of Eastern Turkestan (including Khans) was divided into followers (murid
Murid
Murid is a Sufi term meaning 'committed one' from the root meaning "willpower" or "self-esteem". It refers to a person who is committed to a Murshid in a Tariqa of Sufism. Also known as a Salik , a murid is an initiate into the mystic philosophy of Sufism. When the Talib makes a pledge to a...
s) or opponents of one of two rival branches.
Abdurashid Khan was succeeded in Yarkand state after his death in 1560 year by his second son Abdul Karim Khan (1560–1591).
The historian and ruler of Kashmir
Kashmir
Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range...
, on behalf of Babur
Babur
Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of South Asia. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother...
's descendants, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat
Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat was a Chagatai Turko-Mogol military general, ruler of Kashmir, and a historical writer. He was a Turkic speaking Dughlat prince who wrote in Persian and Chagatai languages. Prince Haider was a first cousin of Prince Zahir .-Life:He first campaigned in Kashmir in 1533,...
wrote in 1541-1546 the book "Tarih-i-Rashidi" (The history of Rashid). He devoted it to Abdurashid Khan, despite the fact that he himself was expelled by the Khan, with many of his relatives from Kashgaria. It had been under the rule of his ancestors, the Dughlat Amirs, for about 300 years (1219–1514), beginning from Dughlat Amir Babdaghan (Tarkhan), who was granted the country "Mangalai Suyah" (Faced to Sun) by Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan
Chagatai Khan was the second son of Genghis Khan and first khan and origin of the names of the Chagatai Khanate, Chagatai language and Chagatai Turks....
, second son of Chengiz Khan.