Adiponitrile
Encyclopedia
Adiponitrile is the organic compound
with the formula
(CH2)4(CN)2. This dinitrile
, a viscous, colourless liquid, is an important precursor to the polymer
nylon 66
. In 2005, about one billion kilograms were produced annually.
and later by the chlorination
of butadiene to give 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, which with sodium cyanide, converts to 3-hexenedinitrile, which in turn can be hydrogenated to adiponitrile:
Adiponitrile has also been produced from adipic acid, by dehydration of the diamide, but this route is rarely employed.
-catalysed hydrocyanation
of butadiene, as discovered at duPont
. The net reaction is:
The process involves several stages, the first of which involves monohydrocyanation (addition of one molecule of HCN), affording isomers of pentenenitriles as well as 2- and 3-methylbutenenitriles. These unsaturated nitriles are subsequently isomerized to the 3-and 4-pentenenitriles. In the final stage, these pentenenitriles are subjected to a second hydrocyanation, in an anti-Markovnikov sense, to produce adiponitrile.
Research has shown that the 3-pentenenitrile, formed in the first hydrocyanation, can undergo alkene metathesis to give dicyanobutenes, which are readily hydrogenated as described above.
The other major industrial route involves electrosynthesis
, starting from acrylonitrile
, which is dimerized:
The electrolytic coupling of acrylonitrile was discovered at Monsanto Company.
to 1,6-diaminohexane for the production of nylon:
Like other nitriles, adiponitrile is susceptible to hydrolysis. The resulting adipic acid
however is more cheaply prepared by other routes.
In 1990, ACGIH adopted a time weighted average Threshold Limit Value
of 2ppm for work related skin exposure.
The NIOSH recommended skin exposure limit for a work related time weighted average concentration is 4ppm (18mg/m3).
Organic compound
An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon, and cyanides, as well as the...
with the formula
Chemical formula
A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound....
(CH2)4(CN)2. This dinitrile
Nitrile
A nitrile is any organic compound that has a -C≡N functional group. The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile in industrial literature. Nitriles are found in many useful compounds, one example being super glue .Inorganic compounds containing the -C≡N group are not called...
, a viscous, colourless liquid, is an important precursor to the polymer
Polymer
A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds...
nylon 66
Nylon
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first produced on February 28, 1935, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station...
. In 2005, about one billion kilograms were produced annually.
Early routes
Because of the industrial value of adiponitrile, many methods have been developed for its synthesis. Early industrial routes started from furfuralFurfural
Furfural is an organic compound derived from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust. The name furfural comes from the Latin word , meaning bran, referring to its usual source....
and later by the chlorination
Chlorination
Chlorination is the process of adding the element chlorine to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water...
of butadiene to give 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, which with sodium cyanide, converts to 3-hexenedinitrile, which in turn can be hydrogenated to adiponitrile:
- ClCH2CH=CHCH2Cl + 2 NaCN → NCCH2CH=CHCH2CN + 2 NaCl
- NCCH2CH=CHCH2CN + H2 → NC(CH2)4CN
Adiponitrile has also been produced from adipic acid, by dehydration of the diamide, but this route is rarely employed.
Modern routes
The majority of adiponitrile is prepared by the nickelNickel
Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile...
-catalysed hydrocyanation
Hydrocyanation
Hydrocyanation is, most fundamentally, the process whereby H+ and –CN ions are added to a molecular substrate. Usually the substrate is an alkene and the product is a nitrile. When –CN is a ligand in a transition metal complex, its basicity makes it difficult to dislodge, so, in this...
of butadiene, as discovered at duPont
DuPont
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , commonly referred to as DuPont, is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. DuPont was the world's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009...
. The net reaction is:
- CH2=CHCH=CH2 + 2 HCN → NCCH2CH2CH2CH2CN
The process involves several stages, the first of which involves monohydrocyanation (addition of one molecule of HCN), affording isomers of pentenenitriles as well as 2- and 3-methylbutenenitriles. These unsaturated nitriles are subsequently isomerized to the 3-and 4-pentenenitriles. In the final stage, these pentenenitriles are subjected to a second hydrocyanation, in an anti-Markovnikov sense, to produce adiponitrile.
Research has shown that the 3-pentenenitrile, formed in the first hydrocyanation, can undergo alkene metathesis to give dicyanobutenes, which are readily hydrogenated as described above.
The other major industrial route involves electrosynthesis
Electrosynthesis
Electrosynthesis in organic chemistry is the synthesis of chemical compounds in a electrochemical cell The main advantage of electrosynthesis over an ordinary redox reaction is avoidance of the potential wasteful other half-reaction and the ability to precisely tune the required potential...
, starting from acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula C3H3N. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities. It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics. In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile...
, which is dimerized:
- 2 CH2=CHCN + 2 e- + 2 H+ → NCCH2CH2CH2CH2CN
The electrolytic coupling of acrylonitrile was discovered at Monsanto Company.
Applications
Almost all adiponitrile is hydrogenatedHydrogenation
Hydrogenation, to treat with hydrogen, also a form of chemical reduction, is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically...
to 1,6-diaminohexane for the production of nylon:
- NC(CH2)4CN + 4 H2 → H2N(CH2)6NH2
Like other nitriles, adiponitrile is susceptible to hydrolysis. The resulting adipic acid
Adipic acid
Adipic acid is the organic compound with the formula 42. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important dicarboxylic acid: About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually, mainly as a precursor for the production of nylon...
however is more cheaply prepared by other routes.
Safety
The for adiponitrile is 300 mg/kg for oral ingestion by rats.In 1990, ACGIH adopted a time weighted average Threshold Limit Value
Threshold Limit Value
The threshold limit value of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved term of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists...
of 2ppm for work related skin exposure.
The NIOSH recommended skin exposure limit for a work related time weighted average concentration is 4ppm (18mg/m3).