Alcanede
Encyclopedia
Alcanede is a civil parish in the municipality of Santarém
, in old district of the same name, of the Ribatejo
. Although between 1163 and 1855 it was the municipal seat (with a population of 6408 inhabitants in 1801), today its only a local government with approximately 5048 residents (2001) in an area of 108.84 km².
During the Roman occupation, the region of Alcanede constituted the western limit of the Santarém colonia; it was a secondary Roman transit roadway.
Afonso Henriques donated the village of Alcanede to Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, while the ecclesiastical rights were transferred to the Monastery of Coimbra, in 1163, resulting in the construction of a religious temple that records referred to as Santa Maria de Alcanede. The first prior
was Father Fernão Anes (1299).
In 1179, the castle's garrison assisted Fuas Roupinho to defeat Moorish incursions and attacks on the Castle of Porto de Mós, and in 1187 King Sancho I
donated the castle in Alcanede to the militia in Évora (the future Order of Aviz).
King Ferdinand
had the castle remodelled in 1370, at the same time while the men of Alcanede participated in the public works in the Castle of Santarém. In 1372, Vasco Fernandes de Camões (descendent of Luís de Camões
) was appointed the Alcaide-mor of the Castle of Alcanede, just as the garrison allied itself with the Master of Aviz (per the chronicler Fernão Lopes).
In 1514, King Manuel
provided a regal charter . During the accession crisis, the municipality supported Philip II of Spain, yet for a while, António, Prior of Crato
, sought refuge in Alcanede, on his escape from the country. In July of 1679, Father António Vieira stayed in Alcanede, as revealed from his correspondence with diplomat Duarte Ribeiro de Macedo.
On 16 July 1719, the local population revolted against taxes imposed by the Order of Aviz
, going as far as marching to Lisbon and receiving a favourable hearing from King John V.
During the third French invasion, between November 1810 and March 1811, the main village is occupied an pillaged by French troops from Massena's 8th Corp.
After the 1820 Liberal revolution, the Municipal Chamber of Alcanede aligned itself with the new regime. During the Patuleia (1846) Alcanede and its region were sites of many confrontations between Cartistas and Setemberistas forces.
, situated 26 kilometres from the regional capital. It is bordered by its former parishes: Gançaria, Abrã
, Abitureiras and Tremês.
, forestry and saw-milling, construction, bread-making and small commercial businesses.
Santarém Municipality
Santarém Municipality is located in Santarém District and contains the city of Santarém.-Parishes:* Abitureiras* Abrã* Achete* Alcanede* Alcanhões* Almoster* Amiais de Baixo* Arneiro das Milhariças* Azoia de Baixo* Azoia de Cima* Casével...
, in old district of the same name, of the Ribatejo
Ribatejo
The Ribatejo is the most central of the traditional provinces of Portugal, with no coastline or border with Spain. The region is crossed by the Tagus River...
. Although between 1163 and 1855 it was the municipal seat (with a population of 6408 inhabitants in 1801), today its only a local government with approximately 5048 residents (2001) in an area of 108.84 km².
History
Between 1163 and 1855, with a population around 6408 (1801), it was the municipal seat of a municipality consisting of Louriceira, Malhou, Alcobertas, Fráguas, Abrã, Alcanede and Arneiro das Milhariças.During the Roman occupation, the region of Alcanede constituted the western limit of the Santarém colonia; it was a secondary Roman transit roadway.
Afonso Henriques donated the village of Alcanede to Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, while the ecclesiastical rights were transferred to the Monastery of Coimbra, in 1163, resulting in the construction of a religious temple that records referred to as Santa Maria de Alcanede. The first prior
Prior
Prior is an ecclesiastical title, derived from the Latin adjective for 'earlier, first', with several notable uses.-Monastic superiors:A Prior is a monastic superior, usually lower in rank than an Abbot. In the Rule of St...
was Father Fernão Anes (1299).
In 1179, the castle's garrison assisted Fuas Roupinho to defeat Moorish incursions and attacks on the Castle of Porto de Mós, and in 1187 King Sancho I
Sancho I of Portugal
Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded his father...
donated the castle in Alcanede to the militia in Évora (the future Order of Aviz).
King Ferdinand
Ferdinand of Portugal
-Kings:* Ferdinand I of Portugal * Ferdinand II of Portugal , King Consort to Mary II of Portugal-Infantes:* Infante Fernando, Count of Flanders , son of Sancho I of Portugal...
had the castle remodelled in 1370, at the same time while the men of Alcanede participated in the public works in the Castle of Santarém. In 1372, Vasco Fernandes de Camões (descendent of Luís de Camões
Luís de Camões
Luís Vaz de Camões is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Vondel, Homer, Virgil and Dante. He wrote a considerable amount of lyrical poetry and drama but is best remembered for his epic work Os Lusíadas...
) was appointed the Alcaide-mor of the Castle of Alcanede, just as the garrison allied itself with the Master of Aviz (per the chronicler Fernão Lopes).
In 1514, King Manuel
Manuel of Portugal
-Kings:* Manuel I of Portugal , 14th King of Portugal* Manuel II of Portugal , 34th and last King of -Infante:* Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém , son of Peter II of Portugal...
provided a regal charter . During the accession crisis, the municipality supported Philip II of Spain, yet for a while, António, Prior of Crato
António, Prior of Crato
António, Prior of Crato , was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal, claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis, who was King of Portugal as António I of Portugal during 33 days in the continent in 1580, and, after the crowning of Philip II of Spain as King of Portugal,...
, sought refuge in Alcanede, on his escape from the country. In July of 1679, Father António Vieira stayed in Alcanede, as revealed from his correspondence with diplomat Duarte Ribeiro de Macedo.
On 16 July 1719, the local population revolted against taxes imposed by the Order of Aviz
Order of Aviz
The Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St. Benedict of Aviz or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese Order of Chivalry...
, going as far as marching to Lisbon and receiving a favourable hearing from King John V.
During the third French invasion, between November 1810 and March 1811, the main village is occupied an pillaged by French troops from Massena's 8th Corp.
After the 1820 Liberal revolution, the Municipal Chamber of Alcanede aligned itself with the new regime. During the Patuleia (1846) Alcanede and its region were sites of many confrontations between Cartistas and Setemberistas forces.
Geography
Alcanede is a parish of the district and municipality of SantarémSantarém Municipality
Santarém Municipality is located in Santarém District and contains the city of Santarém.-Parishes:* Abitureiras* Abrã* Achete* Alcanede* Alcanhões* Almoster* Amiais de Baixo* Arneiro das Milhariças* Azoia de Baixo* Azoia de Cima* Casével...
, situated 26 kilometres from the regional capital. It is bordered by its former parishes: Gançaria, Abrã
Abra
- Places :* Abra, Burkina Faso* Abra, Côte d'Ivoire* Abra , a province of the Philippines* Abra River, in the Philippines* El Abra, an archaeological excavation site in Colombia* Abra, Lebanon, a municipality of Lebanon- Other uses :...
, Abitureiras and Tremês.
Economy
The agricultural community, in addition to being supported by domestication of herd species, it is involved in meat processing, in addition to the extraction of limestoneLimestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
, forestry and saw-milling, construction, bread-making and small commercial businesses.
Military
- Castle of Alcanede - dating to the RomanRoman EmpireThe Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
epoch, it was situated on an ancient castroCastro cultureCastro culture is the archaeological term for naming the Celtic archaeological culture of the northwestern regions of the Iberian Peninsula from the end of the Bronze Age until it was subsumed in local Roman culture...
, which was expanded and renovated during the high Middle AgesMiddle AgesThe Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
. Conquered from the Moors by Afonso Henriques in 1091 during his campaigns in Santarém and Lisbon, the castle was commanded by Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, who renovated and reconstructed the walled citadel, in addition to settling and organizing the village. During the reign of Dinis the village and castle passed into the hands of the Order of AvizOrder of AvizThe Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St. Benedict of Aviz or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese Order of Chivalry...
, resulting in new remodelling, with the construction of the keepKeepA keep is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word keep, but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the...
. The loss of its military importance, directly affected the village's importance; the monarchy considered the reconstruction of ruined castle (affected by the 1755 earthquake) as a possible solution to the region's problems (which the Order of Aviz supported). By 1926, the fort was in an advance stage of ruin; in 1941, the DGEMN - Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais initiated public works to reconstruct the aged structure, which lasted nine years, and involved reconstruction of many of the walls, towers and interior spaces.
Religious
- Church of Senhora da Conceição - the Matriz Church, originally the Church of Santa Maria de Alcanede, it was constructed in 1163 by Gonçalo de Sousa, and consists of a church with one nave, wooden roof, along with arched main and lateral chapels that were elaborated in the late part of the 17th century during extensive renovations that included azulejoAzulejoAzulejo from the Arabic word Zellige زليج is a form of Portuguese or Spanish painted, tin-glazed, ceramic tilework. They have become a typical aspect of Portuguese culture, having been produced without interruption for five centuries...
tiling of the pulpit. Similar tiles were completed in the 18th century, followed by exterior walls around 1874, and extensive interior remodelling. A Manualine-style baptisteryBaptisteryIn Christian architecture the baptistry or baptistery is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistry may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral and be provided with an altar as a chapel...
located alongside the church was completed during the first half of the 16th century, and includes a simple baptismal fountain accessed through a Manueline archway. - Chapel of Misericórdia