Alliance Atlantis
Encyclopedia
Alliance Atlantis Communications Inc. (formerly traded as TSX
Toronto Stock Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the seventh largest in the world by market capitalisation. Based in Canada's largest city, Toronto, it is owned by and operated as a subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities...

:AAC) was a Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

-based media company that operated primarily as a specialty service operator in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

. Alliance Atlantis also had offices in Halifax, Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...

, London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, Dublin, Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...

, Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...

, Shannon and Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...

.

Alliance Atlantis was acquired by Canwest Global Communications
CanWest Global Communications
Canwest Global Communications Corporation, which operated under the corporate brand Canwest, was a major Canadian media company based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with its head offices at Canwest Place...

 and an affiliate of Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American multinational bulge bracket investment banking and securities firm that engages in global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services primarily with institutional clients...

 in 2007. The movie business now operates independently as Alliance Films
Alliance Films
Alliance Films is a major Canadian motion picture distribution/production company, which serves Canada, the United Kingdom, and Spain.-History:It was formed in 1984 by Stephen Roth, Denis Heroux, John Kemeny, Robert Lantos and Jay...

, headquartered in Montreal
Montreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...

, and the international television distribution businesses is now owned by Echo Bridge Entertainment.

All of the former Alliance Atlantis specialty networks are now owned by Shaw Communications
Shaw Communications
Shaw Communications is Canada's largest telecommunications company that provides telephone, Canada's fastest Internet and television services as well as broadcasting and soon Wifi. Shaw is headquartered in Calgary, Alberta...

 through its Shaw Media Division (formely CW Media) as of October 27, 2010.

Formation and history

Alliance Atlantis was formed in 1998 from the merger of two former production companies, Alliance Communications
Alliance Communications
Alliance Communications was a former Canadian-based movie distribution company. Based in Toronto, Ontario the company was formed in 1984 by Stephen Roth, Denis Heroux, John Kemeny, Robert Lantos and Jay Firestone. It acquired a Montreal-based Francophone production company, Vivafilm, in 1990. In...

 and Atlantis Communications, both founded in 1985. The merger was a bit unusual in that the head of Atlantis, Michael MacMillan
Michael MacMillan
Michael I.M. MacMillan is the Co-founder and Chairman of , a charitable organization that studies citizen engagement with the Canadian democracy. Through its projects, it hopes to strengthen the health of Canada's democracy and encourage others to do the same....

, became CEO of the new firm even though Atlantis was the smaller partner in the transaction; Alliance's CEO, Robert Lantos
Robert Lantos
-Life and career:Lantos was born in Budapest, the son of Agnes and László Lantos, a mechanic and truck company owner. Lantos spent much of his childhood in Montevideo, Uruguay, where his family had fled after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956...

, was specifically interested in moving back into a production role. As President and Board Director of the subsequent combined Alliance Atlantis, Lewis Rose
Lewis Rose
Lewis Rose is a Canadian businessman born in South Africa. He is the Partner at Farber Financial Group, responsible for the Turnaround and Crisis Management Practice...

 was responsible for leading the teams which arranged the merger financing of $545 million and which achieved in excess of $20 million in savings and synergies from the combination of the two companies in the year following the merger. (The merger was also parodied on Made in Canada
Made in Canada
Made in Canada is a Canadian television situation comedy which aired on CBC Television from 1998 to 2003. Rick Mercer co-created the program and starred as mercenary TV producer Richard Strong....

, when that show's Pyramid Productions merged with a company called Prodigy.)

At the time of the merger, both companies had launched various Canadian specialty television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...

 services; in 1995, Alliance launched Showcase Television
Showcase Television
Showcase is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. Showcase is a predominantly fiction-based service centred around scripted television series and films....

 while Atlantis launched Life Network
Life Network
Slice is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. Slice is a lifestyle channel directed towards women with programming including talk shows, reality television and more.-History:...

 (which has since been renamed "Slice"); in fall 1997 the companies launched History Television
History Television
History Television is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel that presents programming about history and some non-historical programming of military, science and technology interest. It is owned by Shaw Media. Its French language counterpart is Historia.The channel operates two...

 and HGTV Canada
HGTV Canada
HGTV is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned and operated by Shaw Media and Scripps Networks Interactive. It consists of programs regarding home and garden...

 respectively. Atlantis had also been a major investor in YTV in its first few years before selling out to what is now Corus Entertainment
Corus Entertainment
Corus Entertainment Inc. is a publicly traded Canadian media and entertainment conglomerate.Corus is a leading Canadian specialty television and radio producer, with additional assets in pay television, advertising services, television broadcasting, children's book publishing and children's...

.

In 2003, the company purchased Salter Street Films
Salter Street Films
Salter Street Films was a Canadian television and film production company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia.- History :The company was founded by brothers Paul and Michael Donovan in 1983. Paul Donovan was trained as a director at the London Film School; Michael graduated from Dalhousie University’s...

, which produced a number of television shows for both the Canadian and international market. However, soon after the acquisition, Salter Street was disbanded and its active projects were transferred to Alliance Atlantis' own television production/development division.

Citing lower profits, Alliance Atlantis has all but closed its production arm, aside from the highly-profitable CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is an American crime drama television series, which premiered on CBS on October 6, 2000. The show was created by Anthony E. Zuiker and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer...

family of series, which it co-produces with CBS Television Studios. It briefly maintained Salter Street's long-running This Hour Has 22 Minutes
This Hour Has 22 Minutes
This Hour Has 22 Minutes is a weekly Canadian television comedy that airs on CBC Television. Launched in 1993 during Canada's 35th general election, the show focuses on Canadian politics, combining news parody, sketch comedy and satirical editorials...

before transferring the show to the Halifax Film Company, made up of former Salter Street employees.

Its primary business became its ownership of a number of Canadian specialty services, which, in addition to those listed above, now include Food Network, Discovery Health
Discovery Health (Canada)
Twist TV is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. Twist TV is a reality channel aimed primarily at women with programming featuring what the channel calls "people facing extraordinary situations", meaning the channel primarily features situational and...

, BBC Canada
BBC Canada
BBC Canada is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel. It presents programming primarily from the BBC. BBC Canada is a joint venture between Shaw Media and BBC Worldwide.-Programming:Main article: List of programs broadcast by BBC Canada...

, BBC Kids
BBC Kids
BBC Kids is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Knowledge Network Corporation and BBC Worldwide. It's a commercial-free channel that airs programming aimed at youth ranging from pre-schoolers to teens.-Overview:...

 and more.

In 2007, Alliance Atlantis was named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers
Canada's Top 100 Employers
Canada's Top 100 Employers is an annual competition that recognizes the best places in Canada to work. First held in 1999, the project aims to single out the employers that lead their industries in offering exceptional working conditions and progressive human resources policies. Winners are...

, as published in Maclean's
Maclean's
Maclean's is a Canadian weekly news magazine, reporting on Canadian issues such as politics, pop culture, and current events.-History:Founded in 1905 by Toronto journalist/entrepreneur Lt.-Col. John Bayne Maclean, a 43-year-old trade magazine publisher who purchased an advertising agency's in-house...

 magazine, the only broadcaster to be included on the list.

Sale to Canwest / Goldman Sachs

On December 20, 2006, the company announced it was "exploring strategic alternatives", effectively putting the company up for sale. Expected bidders included Canwest Global, Corus Entertainment
Corus Entertainment
Corus Entertainment Inc. is a publicly traded Canadian media and entertainment conglomerate.Corus is a leading Canadian specialty television and radio producer, with additional assets in pay television, advertising services, television broadcasting, children's book publishing and children's...

, Astral Media
Astral Media
Astral Media Inc. is a Canadian media corporation. It is Canada's largest radio broadcaster with 83 radio stations in eight provinces, and is a major player in premium and specialty television in Canada, including The Movie Network, Super Écran, Family, Teletoon, Canal D, Canal Vie, VRAK.TV,...

, and Rogers Communications
Rogers Communications
Rogers Communications Inc. is one of Canada's largest communications companies, particularly in the field of wireless communications, cable television, home phone and internet with additional telecommunications and mass media assets...

. The rights to CSI were expected to be sold separately, with CBS as the most likely bidder. A similar announcement was made previously regarding the Motion Picture Distribution unit, which is also expected to be sold separately.

On January 10, 2007, it was announced that Alliance Atlantis would be acquired by a consortium of Canwest Global and GS Capital Partners, an affiliate of Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American multinational bulge bracket investment banking and securities firm that engages in global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services primarily with institutional clients...

. The company was broken up as follows:
  • The Entertainment and Production division, consisting mainly of AAC's 50% stake in the lucrative CSI franchise, was acquired by GS Capital Partners. CBS Paramount gained Alliance Atlantis' international distribution rights to the programs.
    • Alliance Atlantis' international television distribution operations were sold by Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
      Goldman Sachs Capital Partners
      Goldman Sachs Capital Partners is the private equity arm of Goldman Sachs, focused on leveraged buyout and growth capital investments globally....

       to Echo Bridge Entertainment.
  • Motion Picture Distribution, including its publicly-traded income fund, was acquired by Canadian-based EdgeStone Capital Partners and GS Capital Partners. On January 15, 2008, Edgemont's 51% voting stake (and 38.5% equity stake) in the Alliance label was purchased by Société générale de financement du Québec
    Société générale de financement
    The Société générale de financement is a holding company owned by the Government of Quebec. Its mission is to attract investment to Quebec by investing in other companies....

    , an investment agency of the provincial government. Since the breakup, the company's films have been distributed under the "Alliance" banner for English and "Alliance Vivafilm" for French releases.

  • The Broadcasting division was jointly acquired by Canwest and GS Capital Partners, with the former owning a majority voting interest and the latter a majority of the equity. Canwest owns 66.67% and GS owns 33.32% of CW Media, the holding company for the former AAC channels. Initially, Canwest still managed the channels it owned before the merger separately. It was expected that the Canwest and CW Media broadcasting divisions would eventually be merged, potentially also giving GS a sizable interest in Global
    Global Television Network
    Global Television Network is an English language privately owned television network in Canada, owned by Calgary-based Shaw Communications, as part of its Shaw Media division...

     and other Canwest channels (these plans became moot after Canwest's creditor protection filings).


Following Canwest seeking creditor protection in late 2009, Shaw Communications subsequently took over most of Alliance Atlantis's former broadcasting assets as of October 27, 2010. after CRTC approval for the sale was announced on October 22. Alliance Atlantis (CW Media) is now part of the new Shaw Media
Shaw Media
Shaw Media is the television broadcasting division of Shaw Communications. Shaw Media owns the Global Television Network, which broadcasts via 11 television stations, as well as various specialty channels including HGTV Canada, Showcase, Food Network Canada, and History Television.Despite also...

 division.

Broadcasting

Specialty Channels
  • BBC Canada
    BBC Canada
    BBC Canada is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel. It presents programming primarily from the BBC. BBC Canada is a joint venture between Shaw Media and BBC Worldwide.-Programming:Main article: List of programs broadcast by BBC Canada...

    (80%)
  • BBC Kids
    BBC Kids
    BBC Kids is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Knowledge Network Corporation and BBC Worldwide. It's a commercial-free channel that airs programming aimed at youth ranging from pre-schoolers to teens.-Overview:...

    (80%) (Now owned by Knowledge BC
  • Discovery Health Canada
    Discovery Health (Canada)
    Twist TV is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. Twist TV is a reality channel aimed primarily at women with programming featuring what the channel calls "people facing extraordinary situations", meaning the channel primarily features situational and...

    (80%)
  • Fine Living Canada (80.24%)
  • Food Network Canada (57.58%)
  • HGTV Canada
    HGTV Canada
    HGTV is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned and operated by Shaw Media and Scripps Networks Interactive. It consists of programs regarding home and garden...

    (80.24%)
  • History Television
    History Television
    History Television is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel that presents programming about history and some non-historical programming of military, science and technology interest. It is owned by Shaw Media. Its French language counterpart is Historia.The channel operates two...

  • IFC Canada
  • National Geographic Channel Canada (80%)
  • Showcase
  • Showcase Action
    Showcase Action
    Action is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. The channel features action-related films and television series.-History:...

  • Showcase Diva
    Showcase Diva
    Showcase Diva is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Shaw Media. The channel airs programs aimed toward women in the form of films and dramatic television series.-Noted series:*About a Girl*Blue Murder*Bones...

  • Slice

  • Historia
    Historia
    Historia is a Canadian French language Category A specialty channel which presents informative and entertainment programming related to history in the form of dramas, films, documentaries, human interests programs and more...

     (50%)
  • One: the Body, Mind & Spirit channel
    One: The Body, Mind & Spirit Channel
    One is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel. It offers lifestyle and entertainment programming devoted to programming on yoga and meditation, weight loss and fitness, sex and relationships, natural health and nutrition, and alternative medicine...

     (37.77%)
  • SCREAM
    SCREAM (TV channel)
    Dusk is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment and Shaw Media that was launched in September 2001...

     (49%)
  • Séries+
    Séries+
    Séries+ is a Canadian French language Category A specialty channel devoted to scripted comedy and dramatic programming. The channel is a joint venture between Astral Media and Shaw Media.-History:...

     (50%)

  • Score Media Inc. (25.93%)
    • HARDtv
    • OUTtv
      OUTtv
      OUTtv is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel that airs entertainment and lifestyle programming for LGBT audiences.OUTtv's licensee is OUTtv Network Inc. which is 55.9% owned by Shavick Entertainment, 24.94% owned by Pink Triangle Press, 15% owned by Peace Point Entertainment...

    • The Score


Websites

NOTE: Channels marked in BOLD lettering indicates Alliance Atlantis was the managing partner.

Entertainment

This division of Alliance Atlantis developed and distributed various television programmes to Canadian, American and International broadcasters. The programs ranged from children's shows, series, lifestyle and documentaries. They include:

Children's Programs
  • Degrassi: The Next Generation
    Degrassi: The Next Generation
    Degrassi: The Next Generation is a Canadian teen drama television series set in the Degrassi universe, which was created by Linda Schuyler and Kit Hood in 1979. Degrassi is the fourth fictional series in the Degrassi franchise, and follows The Kids of Degrassi Street, Degrassi Junior High, and...

     (2001–2007)
  • Dragon Booster
    Dragon Booster
    Dragon Booster is a Canadian animated series first broadcast in 2004. It follows the story of young Artha Penn, a stable boy who rides Beaucephalis , the dragon of legend...

     (2004)
  • Connie The Cow
  • Henry's World
    Henry's World
    Henry's World is a Canadian animated children's series made for Canada's Family Channel by Cuppa Coffee Animation and Alliance Atlantis Communications. It was first aired from 2002 to 2003, with reruns still currently seen on Family as well as Disney Junior Canada and Nick Jr. in Germany...

  • Lunar Jim
    Lunar Jim
    Lunar Jim is a preschool-oriented stop-motion television show produced in Canada by Halifax Film and Alliance Atlantis, and aired in the USA as well on Discovery Channel and V-Me. The show is based on an original concept created by Alexander Bar, and was script-edited in Season one by Peter Sauder....

  • Peep and the Big Wide World
    Peep and the Big Wide World
    Peep and the Big Wide World is an animated cartoon that teaches nature and basic science concepts to preschoolers. The main characters include a baby chicken named Peep and his friends Quack, a blue duck, and Chirp, a red robin with purple eyelids...

     (2004–2007)
  • The Famous Jett Jackson
    The Famous Jett Jackson
    The Famous Jett Jackson is a joint Canadian and American Disney Channel Original Series coming-of-age television series for children ages 12–16 about a boy named Jett Jackson who plays a teenage secret-agent on a fictional TV show-within-a-show called Silverstone...

     (1998–2001)
  • In A Heartbeat
    In a Heartbeat
    In a Heartbeat is a Disney Channel Original Series inspired by real life EMT squads whose staff consists of high school students located all over the country that premiered in 2000 and ran from 2000-2001. The series follows the lives of several teenagers who volunteer as part-time EMTs while going...

     (2000–2001)


Drama Programs
  • Earth: Final Conflict
    Earth: Final Conflict
    Earth: Final Conflict is a Canadian science fiction television series based on story ideas created by Gene Roddenberry, and produced under the guidance of his widow, Majel Barrett-Roddenberry. It was not produced, filmed or broadcast until after his death...

     (1997-2002)
  • Cold Squad
    Cold Squad
    Cold Squad is a Canadian police procedural television series first broadcast in 1998 that followed the investigations of a part of the Vancouver Police Department Homicide Division tasked with solving cold cases, the titular Cold Squad, as led by Sergeant Ali McCormick .The cast of Cold Squad was...

     (1998-2005)
  • Little Men
    Little Men (TV series)
    Little Men is a Canadian television show that first aired on November 7, 1998 on the PAX TV network and was shown in Canada on CTV beginning January 1, 1999. The show is set as a continuation from the 1871 Louisa May Alcott novel Little Men as a follow-up to Little Women...

     (1998-1999)
  • CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
    CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
    CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is an American crime drama television series, which premiered on CBS on October 6, 2000. The show was created by Anthony E. Zuiker and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer...

     (2000–2007)
  • Haven (TV miniseries) (2001)
  • The Associates
    The Associates (Canadian TV series)
    The Associates is a Canadian television drama series that aired on CTV in 2001 and 2002. The show features five junior associate lawyers at a Toronto law firm, played by Demore Barnes, Shaun Benson, Tamara Hickey, Gabriel Hogan and Jennie Raymond. R.H. Thomson also stars as the firm's senior partner...

     (2001-2002)
  • CSI: Miami
    CSI: Miami
    CSI: Miami is an American police procedural television series, which premiered on September 23, 2002 on CBS. The series is a spin-off of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation....

     (2002-2007)
  • The Eleventh Hour (2002-2005)
  • CSI: NY
    CSI: NY
    CSI: NY is an American police procedural television series that premiered on September 22, 2004, on CBS. The show follows the investigations of a team of NYPD forensic scientists and police officers as they unveil the circumstances behind mysterious and unusual deaths as well as other crimes...

     (2004-2007)
  • Due South
    Due South
    Due South is a Canadian crime drama series with elements of comedy. The series was created by Paul Haggis, produced by Alliance Communications, and stars Paul Gross, David Marciano, and latterly Callum Keith Rennie...



Comedy Programs
  • Trailer Park Boys
    Trailer Park Boys
    Trailer Park Boys is a Canadian comedy mockumentary television series created and directed by Mike Clattenburg that focuses on the misadventures of a group of trailer park residents, some of whom are ex-convicts, living in the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. The...

  • Kenny vs Spenny
  • Rent-a-Goalie
    Rent-a-Goalie
    Rent-a-Goalie is a half-hour comedy television series from Canada that aired on Showcase from 2006 - 2008. Its third season premiered 20 October 2008. The first season was nominated for three Gemini Awards, including Best Comedy Series...

  • Weeds
    Weeds (TV series)
    Weeds is an American television comedy created by Jenji Kohan and produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television. The central character is Nancy Botwin , a widowed mother of two boys who begins selling marijuana to support her family after her husband dies suddenly of a...

  • Slings and Arrows
    Slings and Arrows
    Slings and Arrows is a Canadian TV series set at the fictional New Burbage Festival, a Shakespearean festival similar to the real-world Stratford Festival...



Other Programs
  • Holmes on Homes
    Holmes on Homes
    Holmes on Homes is a Canadian television series featuring general contractor Mike Holmes visiting homeowners who are in need of help, mainly due to unsatisfactory home renovations performed by hired contractors....

  • Crash Test Mommy
  • The Mom Show
  • Design Inc.
    Design Inc.
    Design Inc. is a Canadian television series, which airs on HGTV in Canada and Fine Living in the United States. The show also airs in SIC Mulher in Portugal....

  • David Rocco's Dolce Vita
    David Rocco's Dolce Vita
    David Rocco's Dolce Vita is a television show hosted by David Rocco. The show is shot on location in and around the cities and countrysides of Italy, following the cultural, social, and culinary escapades of David and his friends. Besides cooking, the show explores the Italian ways of life and ways...

  • Opening Soon
  • The Surreal Gourmet
    The Surreal Gourmet
    The Surreal Gourmet is a program on Food Network hosted by Bob Blumer. The show features creative techniques for cooking and the memorable Toastermobile. Generally the foods prepared on The Surreal Gourmet are intended to be served at parties or other get-togethers...

  • Debbie Travis' Facelift
    Debbie Travis' Facelift
    Debbie Travis' Facelift was a home improvement reality television show that ran from January 28, 2003 to December 30, 2005. It was produced in Canada for Home & Garden Television and also aired in the United States on the American version of the network, Home & Garden Television...

  • The Crocodile Hunter
    The Crocodile Hunter
    The Crocodile Hunter was a wildlife documentary television series that was hosted by Steve Irwin and his wife Terri. The show became a popular franchise due to its unconventional approach and Irwin's approach to wildlife...



Alliance Atlantis also produced some French-language programming—both original shows and dubbed versions of its English output—under the Alliance Atlantis Vivafilm banner.

Alliance Films

Alliance Films is a major motion picture distribution/production company which serves Canada, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Formally known as Motion Picture Distribution LP, it was re branded and relaunched in 2007 due to the break-up of its preceding company, Alliance Atlantis, which was sold off piece by piece to Canwest Global, GS Capital Partners, along with several other smaller companies.

Alliance Atlantis and Vivafilm home video releases were, and continue to be, manufactured and distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Universal Studios Home Entertainment is the home video division of Universal Pictures...

.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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