Amateur radio callsigns of the Middle East
Encyclopedia
Amateur radio or ham radio
call signs
are unique identifiers for about 9,100 licensed operators in the Middle East. Call signs
are regulated internationally by the IInternational Telegraph Union (ITU) and nationally by local government and international agencies in Israel
, Jordan
, Lebanon
, Syria
, The Palestine Authority
, occupied territories and other nations or DXCC entities. Since callsign allocation from the ITU is administered by national political authorities and international mandates, it is a story of transition, compromise, and internationally unrecognized operation to follow the history of such allocations in the 20th century in this area.
the following call sign blocks for all radio communication, broadcasting or transmission:
The DXCC deleted entities list notes that for the British Protectorate prefix of ZC6 and the Palestine prefix of 4X1, only contacts made June 30, 1968, and before, count for Palestine as an entity. Contacts made July 1, 1968, and after, count as Israel (4X).
4W used to be a prefix for Yemen, but only contacts made May 21, 1990, and before, count for this entity. With the merger of North and South Yemen, only "7O" is used. However, amateur operation from this entity is extremely rare.
While not directly related to call signs, the ITU further has divided all countries assigned amateur radio prefixes into three regions; the Middle East is located in ITU Region 1. It is assigned ITU Zone 39 with Egypt being mainly in ITU Zone 38 and Iran in ITU Zone 40, and CQ Zones 20 & 21 with Egypt mainly in CQ Zone 34.
.
However, as early as 1931 the prefix "AP" (i.e., for Asia/Pacific) arose for the region. Today that is used for Pakistan
.
Before 1945 the prefixes ZC1 and ZC6 were used for Transjordan and Palestine respectively, still seen as a British Protectorate.
The 1947 Atlantic City ITU Conference reallocated call sign blocks to Iraq (HNA-HNZ, YIA-YIZ), Egypt (SSA-SUZ), Turkey (TAA-TCZ, YMA-YMZ), and to British Colonies and Protectorates (ZBA-ZJZ, ZNA-ZOZ, ZQA-ZQZ, and 4PA-4SZ). The United Nations was assigned 4UA-4UZ which sometimes was used in the Middle East.
includes two DXCC entities as well as one other recognized only by the government of Turkey.
The Republic of Cyprus became independent from Great Britain in 1960. It has de jure
governance over most of the island of Cyprus, except for the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas (SBA) of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
in the south and east of the island. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
is a de facto
state occupying 37% of the island in the north-east. This situation came about after a Turkish invasion of the island in 1974 and a unilateral declaration of independence for the north in 1983. The international community, including the United Nations and the European Union, recognises the de jure sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island, less the SBAs.
The ITU has assigned "5B", "C4", "H2", "P3", "P3Ø", and "P36" prefixes to the Republic of Cyprus. As the SBAs are not under the sovereignty of Cyprus, Great Britain assigns the pre-1960 colonial call sign prefix "ZC4" to roughly 50 amateur radio operators in the SBAs.
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus uses the ITU unallocated prefix block of "1BA-1BZ" for its radio operation. There is regular tension with the block's use, especially for visitors to the north who sign with a "1B/" prefix. Operators in the south tell them to use "5B/".
until World War I
. In 1920 it became a League of Nations
French Mandate, which included Lebanon. Syria became republic in 1946 with France's withdrawal.
Intermediate callsign prefixes of "AR" were available to amateurs in the region until after World War II
. In 1949 the Syrian Amateur Radio League was formed and YK1 was adopted as the Syrian prefix. Syria has made use of the "6C" prefix for special events. United Nations
peacekeepers in the border area with Israel have used their callsigns with a "/YK" added.
Jordan changed to the JY prefix under the use of British personnel in the area. King Hussein in the 1950s was an amateur radio operator and popularized the use of the JY1 prefix for foreigners and citizens following the British exodus from the region.
Palestine was added to the DXCC List under paragraph b) effective 1 October 1999, with start date of 1 February 1999. The only prefix acceptable is E4 since the call-sign group ZC6 is registered for Great Britain and its overseas possessions. Under the DXCC rules, contacts with the deleted entity of Palestine made prior to June 30, 1968 do not count for this entity. There is no commonality of territory or administration. E4 is in WAZ Zone 20, ITU Zone 39.
4X and 4Z were activated when the state of Israel was proclaimed, however afterwards some individual operators adopted call signs assuming that the territory was still "Arab Palestine". The UN Headquarters signed "Jerusalem" in 1947 and "Jerusalem, Palestine" in 1957, with callsigns ZC6UNJ and ZC6UNU.
During the Suez crisis in 1957, some Israeli operators signed in the Sinai with an Israelis prefix, but with a /SINAI appended to their call sign.
Israel can issue a National Israeli call sign in the series 4Z8 to foreign amateurs whose countries participate in the CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-02.
The Israeli Amateur Radio Club (IARC) was founded on February 18, 1948, and is a member at IARU. Presently call signs are issued within Israel by the Ministry of Communications according to this table:
After Egypt's loss of Gaza to Israel in 1967, amateur radio operation by civilians was generally forbidden. UN stations sometimes added "/4U" to their national call signs and one added the British Protectorate prefix "/ZC6" to his.
On 2 December 1994 the Palestine Authority for Gaza and Jericho issued the call-signs to Palestine nationals, ZC6A to Ali Yashruti and ZC6B to Dr. Sama Tarazi (previously KF2GJ) who ran a short operation from the Gaza strip, using the historic call sign ZC6B. Designations used by foreigners have been /GAZA and /ZC6 following their own national call signs. This practise continued until as late as 2001.
In 1999 Palestine was allocated the E4 block of call signs and the Palestine Authority granted visitor licenses. Some Hungarian and Japanese nationals used /E4 following their call signs from that date.
The ITU assigns the call sign block ODA-ODZ to Lebanon. Until the mid-1950s amateurs there operated with an AR8 prefix.
HZ1AB was originally the United States Military Training Mission and the station formally closed in 2004. The call sign is now issued to a Saudi national.
After deregulation, there are now about 500 licensed radio amateurs in Saudia Arabia. Class 1 licensees (HF,VHF & SHF) are using the prefixes HZ1 or 7Z1, HZ2, 7Z2 stations have licenses class 2 (VHF & SHF only).
Saudi Arabia has constructed OSCAR
satellites for amateur use. Saudi-OSCAR 41 (SO-41, Saudisat 1A) and Saudi-OSCAR 42 (SO-42, Saudisat 1B) were both launched on 2000-09-26 and are now non-operational. Saudi-OSCAR 50
(SO-50, Saudisat-1C) was launched 2002-12-20 and remains operational.
and Yemen remain the only two national jurisdictions which do not issue amateur radio licenses to its citizens.
In an editorial by W3UR, Bernie McClenny, in "The Daily DX", McClenny says, "after the deletion of the two and the creation of the one Yemen 9K2CS, 9K2DR and 9K2EC operated 7O1AA in late May and early June of 1990. Less than 30 days later F2VX and F6EXV operated 7O8AA during late July and early August 1990. And finally OH2YY was QRV as 7O/OH2YY in early May of 2002. Each of these counted for DXCC. I have personally seen the paper work on 7O8AA, thanks to several DXers from Europe. There have been several operations from 7O that did not count for DXCC (7O1A - 1996, 7O1YGF - 2000)."
The ARRL DXCC desk does recognize the Yemen operation by Pekka Ahlqvist, OH2YY, in May 2002 as it was conducted with written approval from the Yemeni government.ARRL Newsletter Sept 20, 2002
Amateur radio
Amateur radio is the use of designated radio frequency spectrum for purposes of private recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, and emergency communication...
call signs
Call Signs
Call Signs is the third studio album by Melbourne electronica band Black Cab, released in 2009.The album evokes the atmosphere of the former totalitarian state of East Germany, set to a soundtrack of post-punk and atmospheric electronics. In an interview, the band explained the album's sound was...
are unique identifiers for about 9,100 licensed operators in the Middle East. Call signs
Call Signs
Call Signs is the third studio album by Melbourne electronica band Black Cab, released in 2009.The album evokes the atmosphere of the former totalitarian state of East Germany, set to a soundtrack of post-punk and atmospheric electronics. In an interview, the band explained the album's sound was...
are regulated internationally by the IInternational Telegraph Union (ITU) and nationally by local government and international agencies in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
, Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
, Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
, The Palestine Authority
Palestinian National Authority
The Palestinian Authority is the administrative organization established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip...
, occupied territories and other nations or DXCC entities. Since callsign allocation from the ITU is administered by national political authorities and international mandates, it is a story of transition, compromise, and internationally unrecognized operation to follow the history of such allocations in the 20th century in this area.
Call sign blocks for telecommunication
The ITU has assigned countries in the Middle EastMiddle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
the following call sign blocks for all radio communication, broadcasting or transmission:
| Call sign block | DXCC Entity | Apprx. # hams |
|---|---|---|
| A4A-A4Z | Oman | 170 |
| A6A-A6Z | United Arab Emirates | 64 |
| A7A-A7Z | Qatar | 65 |
| A9A-A9Z | Bahrain | 52 |
| EPA-EQZ, 9B-9D | Iran | 4(?) |
| E4A-E4Z | Palestinian Authority | 28 |
| HZA-HZZ, 7Z, 8Z | Saudi Arabia | 61 |
| JYA-JYZ | Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of) | 92 |
| ODA-ODZ | Lebanon | 511 |
| SUA-SUZ, 6A-6B, SSA-SSM | Egypt | 113 |
| TAA-TCZ, YMA-YMZ | Turkey | 4,689 |
| YIA-YIZ, HNA-HNZ | Iraq | 219 |
| YKA-YKZ, 6CA-6CZ | Syria | 30 |
| ZC4 | Cyprus, UK Sovereign Base Area | 52 |
| 1BA-1BZ | Northern Cyprus, Turkish, not recog. by DXCC | ? |
| 4ZA-4ZZ | Israel | 2,135 |
| 5B, C4, H2, P3, P3Ø, P36 | Cyprus, Republic of | 643 |
| 7OA-7OZ | Yemen Republic | 13 |
| 9KA-9KZ | Kuwait | 240 |
The DXCC deleted entities list notes that for the British Protectorate prefix of ZC6 and the Palestine prefix of 4X1, only contacts made June 30, 1968, and before, count for Palestine as an entity. Contacts made July 1, 1968, and after, count as Israel (4X).
4W used to be a prefix for Yemen, but only contacts made May 21, 1990, and before, count for this entity. With the merger of North and South Yemen, only "7O" is used. However, amateur operation from this entity is extremely rare.
While not directly related to call signs, the ITU further has divided all countries assigned amateur radio prefixes into three regions; the Middle East is located in ITU Region 1. It is assigned ITU Zone 39 with Egypt being mainly in ITU Zone 38 and Iran in ITU Zone 40, and CQ Zones 20 & 21 with Egypt mainly in CQ Zone 34.
History of call sign allocation
The callsign allocation history of this region is complex and follows the political interests of various countries who exercised political control in the region. It also changed in relation to various independence movements, particularly following World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
.
However, as early as 1931 the prefix "AP" (i.e., for Asia/Pacific) arose for the region. Today that is used for Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
.
Before 1945 the prefixes ZC1 and ZC6 were used for Transjordan and Palestine respectively, still seen as a British Protectorate.
International Radiotelegraph Conferences
The conference held in 1927 assigned call prefixes to Persia (RVA-RVZ), Egypt (SUA-SUZ), Turkey (TAA-TCZ), and Iraq (YIA-YIZ). These, however, did not necessarily include amateur radio operation. Middle East areas administered politically by mandated countries (i.e., Great Britain's mandate over Palestine) adopted call sign regulations of those entities.The 1947 Atlantic City ITU Conference reallocated call sign blocks to Iraq (HNA-HNZ, YIA-YIZ), Egypt (SSA-SUZ), Turkey (TAA-TCZ, YMA-YMZ), and to British Colonies and Protectorates (ZBA-ZJZ, ZNA-ZOZ, ZQA-ZQZ, and 4PA-4SZ). The United Nations was assigned 4UA-4UZ which sometimes was used in the Middle East.
Cyprus, including UK Sovereign Base Areas and Turkish Republic
The island of CyprusCyprus
Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
includes two DXCC entities as well as one other recognized only by the government of Turkey.
The Republic of Cyprus became independent from Great Britain in 1960. It has de jure
De jure
De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".De jure = 'Legally', De facto = 'In fact'....
governance over most of the island of Cyprus, except for the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas (SBA) of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are two British-administered areas comprising a British Overseas Territory on the island of Cyprus administered as Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom...
in the south and east of the island. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Northern Cyprus or North Cyprus , officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus...
is a de facto
De facto
De facto is a Latin expression that means "concerning fact." In law, it often means "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established." It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or...
state occupying 37% of the island in the north-east. This situation came about after a Turkish invasion of the island in 1974 and a unilateral declaration of independence for the north in 1983. The international community, including the United Nations and the European Union, recognises the de jure sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island, less the SBAs.
The ITU has assigned "5B", "C4", "H2", "P3", "P3Ø", and "P36" prefixes to the Republic of Cyprus. As the SBAs are not under the sovereignty of Cyprus, Great Britain assigns the pre-1960 colonial call sign prefix "ZC4" to roughly 50 amateur radio operators in the SBAs.
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus uses the ITU unallocated prefix block of "1BA-1BZ" for its radio operation. There is regular tension with the block's use, especially for visitors to the north who sign with a "1B/" prefix. Operators in the south tell them to use "5B/".
Syria
What is known today as Syria was part of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
until World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
. In 1920 it became a League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
French Mandate, which included Lebanon. Syria became republic in 1946 with France's withdrawal.
Intermediate callsign prefixes of "AR" were available to amateurs in the region until after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. In 1949 the Syrian Amateur Radio League was formed and YK1 was adopted as the Syrian prefix. Syria has made use of the "6C" prefix for special events. United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
peacekeepers in the border area with Israel have used their callsigns with a "/YK" added.
Palestine and Transjordan/Jordan
Callsigns until 1945 were split between ZC1 for Transjordan and ZC6 for Palestine, as part of Great Britain's scheme for overseas radio. All the stations were allocated to people who were members of the British Forces. Palestine counted as a separate DXCC country from the 2 July 1968, as the British still granted licences mainly to their own nationals. Even after the creation of the State of Israel, UN Headquarters retained the use of the ZC6 prefix with station ZC6UNJ at the Jerusalem headquarters.Jordan changed to the JY prefix under the use of British personnel in the area. King Hussein in the 1950s was an amateur radio operator and popularized the use of the JY1 prefix for foreigners and citizens following the British exodus from the region.
Palestine was added to the DXCC List under paragraph b) effective 1 October 1999, with start date of 1 February 1999. The only prefix acceptable is E4 since the call-sign group ZC6 is registered for Great Britain and its overseas possessions. Under the DXCC rules, contacts with the deleted entity of Palestine made prior to June 30, 1968 do not count for this entity. There is no commonality of territory or administration. E4 is in WAZ Zone 20, ITU Zone 39.
Israel
The September before the creation of the State of Israel, the station ZC6AA identified its location as "Tel Aviv, Israel."4X and 4Z were activated when the state of Israel was proclaimed, however afterwards some individual operators adopted call signs assuming that the territory was still "Arab Palestine". The UN Headquarters signed "Jerusalem" in 1947 and "Jerusalem, Palestine" in 1957, with callsigns ZC6UNJ and ZC6UNU.
During the Suez crisis in 1957, some Israeli operators signed in the Sinai with an Israelis prefix, but with a /SINAI appended to their call sign.
Israel can issue a National Israeli call sign in the series 4Z8 to foreign amateurs whose countries participate in the CEPT Recommendation T/R 61-02.
The Israeli Amateur Radio Club (IARC) was founded on February 18, 1948, and is a member at IARU. Presently call signs are issued within Israel by the Ministry of Communications according to this table:
| Call sign block | License Category |
|---|---|
| 4ZØ, 4Z2 | vanity calls |
| 4X1, 4Z1 | Advanced |
| 4X4, 4Z4, 4X5, 4Z5, 4X6 | General (with 2-letter suffixes) |
| 4Z9 | Novice (with 3-letter suffixes) |
| 4Z7 | Technician (3-letter suffixes) |
Gaza
Gaza became part of the British Mandate following World War I. After the 1948 Arab/Israeli war Gaza was administered by Egypt, but was captured by Israel in the 1967 war. In 1993 the area was transferred to the Palestinian National Authority.After Egypt's loss of Gaza to Israel in 1967, amateur radio operation by civilians was generally forbidden. UN stations sometimes added "/4U" to their national call signs and one added the British Protectorate prefix "/ZC6" to his.
On 2 December 1994 the Palestine Authority for Gaza and Jericho issued the call-signs to Palestine nationals, ZC6A to Ali Yashruti and ZC6B to Dr. Sama Tarazi (previously KF2GJ) who ran a short operation from the Gaza strip, using the historic call sign ZC6B. Designations used by foreigners have been /GAZA and /ZC6 following their own national call signs. This practise continued until as late as 2001.
In 1999 Palestine was allocated the E4 block of call signs and the Palestine Authority granted visitor licenses. Some Hungarian and Japanese nationals used /E4 following their call signs from that date.
Lebanon
Amateur radio in Lebanon is governed by the Ministry of Telecommunications including the Ministry of Defense- Intelligence Unit and Ministry of Transport-Civil aviation. Reciprocal and temporary licenses are offered in Lebanon by the Ministry of Telecommunications on a case by case basis, as Lebanon has no agreements with any other country.The ITU assigns the call sign block ODA-ODZ to Lebanon. Until the mid-1950s amateurs there operated with an AR8 prefix.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi public amateur radio licensing commenced in 2004, as the Saudi Communications and Information Technology Commission took over regulation within the HZ, 7Z and 8Z ITU call sign area. Foreign hams before then could operate from club stations, like the Dhahran Amateur Radio Club (HZ1AB).HZ1AB was originally the United States Military Training Mission and the station formally closed in 2004. The call sign is now issued to a Saudi national.
After deregulation, there are now about 500 licensed radio amateurs in Saudia Arabia. Class 1 licensees (HF,VHF & SHF) are using the prefixes HZ1 or 7Z1, HZ2, 7Z2 stations have licenses class 2 (VHF & SHF only).
Saudi Arabia has constructed OSCAR
OSCAR
OSCAR is an acronym for Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio. OSCAR series satellites use amateur radio frequencies to facilitate communication between amateur radio stations. These satellites can be used for free by licensed amateur radio operators for voice and data communications...
satellites for amateur use. Saudi-OSCAR 41 (SO-41, Saudisat 1A) and Saudi-OSCAR 42 (SO-42, Saudisat 1B) were both launched on 2000-09-26 and are now non-operational. Saudi-OSCAR 50
Saudi-OSCAR 50
The Saudi-OSCAR 50 is a Saudi amateur radio satellite which was launched on December 12th, 2002 by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology.This satellite lunched after a series of other amateur satellites, only this operational now....
(SO-50, Saudisat-1C) was launched 2002-12-20 and remains operational.
Yemen
The club station 7O1AA operated for six months in 1990. On May 22, 1990 Yemen Arab Republic (4W) and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (7O) were deleted from the DXCC list as the two countries united into one becoming Yemen (7O). There have been various claims that no amateur station licenses have been issued since. North KoreaNorth Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
and Yemen remain the only two national jurisdictions which do not issue amateur radio licenses to its citizens.
In an editorial by W3UR, Bernie McClenny, in "The Daily DX", McClenny says, "after the deletion of the two and the creation of the one Yemen 9K2CS, 9K2DR and 9K2EC operated 7O1AA in late May and early June of 1990. Less than 30 days later F2VX and F6EXV operated 7O8AA during late July and early August 1990. And finally OH2YY was QRV as 7O/OH2YY in early May of 2002. Each of these counted for DXCC. I have personally seen the paper work on 7O8AA, thanks to several DXers from Europe. There have been several operations from 7O that did not count for DXCC (7O1A - 1996, 7O1YGF - 2000)."
The ARRL DXCC desk does recognize the Yemen operation by Pekka Ahlqvist, OH2YY, in May 2002 as it was conducted with written approval from the Yemeni government.ARRL Newsletter Sept 20, 2002
Deleted or changed DXCC entities in the Middle East
| Call sign block | Deleted entity | Changed to |
|---|---|---|
| 4W, 7O | Yemen | |
| 8Z4 | Saudi Arabia/Iraq neutral zone | |
| VS9A | Saudi Arabia/Iraq neutral zone | |
| 8Z5 | Saudi Arabia/Kuwait neutral zone | |
| ZC6 | Palestine, pre-1948 | |
| ZC1 | Transjordan, pre-1948 | |
| VS9O, MP4M | Oman | A4 |
| MP4D,T | United Arab Emirates | A6 |
| MP4Q | Qatar | A7 |
| MP4B | Bahrain | A9 |
| ZC4 | Cyprus | 5B |
See also
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