Andean Flamingo
Encyclopedia
The Andean flamingo, or Phoenicopterus
andinus, is one of the rarest flamingos in the world. It has a pale pink body with brighter upperparts, deep vinaceous-pink lower neck, breast, and wing-coverts. It is the only flamingo species with yellow legs and three-toed feet. The bill of the Andean flamingo is pale yellow and black. This flamingo is native to the wetlands of the high Andes mountain
range from southern Perú to northwestern Argentina and northern Chile. The Andean flamingo is a migratory bird with the ability to travel up to 700 miles in one day. These flamingos are filter-feeders
and their diet ranges over the entire spectrum of available foods, from fish to invertebrates, from vascular plants to microscopic algae.
. Andean flamingos have a deep-keeled bill; the upper jaw is narrower than the lower jaw and this creates a gape on the dorsal
surface of the bill. The Andean flamingo’s bill morphology creates a feeding mechanism that aids in their feeding of diatoms called inertial impaction. This mechanism entails that food particles denser than water, such as diatoms, would impact the filtering surface in the bill causing water to flow out of the mouth and leaving diatoms in the flamingo’s bill. As mentioned, Andean flamingos forage in shallow salty waters for resources. Andean flamingos exhibit the most flexible foraging
pattern compared to that of the Chilean and James flamingos. A study showed that grouping the Andean flamingos with Chilean
flamingos or with James flamingos, the Andean flamingo would adopt the foraging patterns of the species it is grouped with.Thus, when grouped with the Chilean flamingo, it will use a moderate and deep foraging depth strategy more than or the same as expected. If they are grouped with James flamingo they will adopt the edge and the shallow foraging strategy.However, the overall foraging behavior of Andean flamingo remains unclear and further studies are needed to determine this process.
due to unnatural changes in its habitat. The major changes are due to the mining business and human disturbances.
The Andean flamingo’s habitat is constantly changing due to human activity. The primary threat to the flamingo population is foreign mining excavations, which occur at the end of the summer rainy season.
The habitat of the Andean flamingo is rich in boron
compounds, specifically borax. Borax
is fairly toxic at high dosages to animals such as the Andean flamingo, but not to humans. Studies testing the effects of borax exposure in animals show that excess boron causes skeletal malformations, cardiovascular defects and degeneration
of the testis. Borax is a derivative of boric acid; a study comparing the toxicology
of borates determined that salts of boric acid produce comparable effects. A study on the mining environment determined as little as five grams of borax can produce adverse effects in animal populations, but human workers remain unaffected at these concentrations. Therefore, the miners remain unaffected while the animals suffer from developmental and reproductive toxicity
.
A study on Salinas Lake in Peru shows that mining companies have established themselves adjacent to the flamingos’ nesting sites, and some mining is performed near flamingo breeding grounds and feeding sites. Flamingos abandoned their nesting sites if mining was initiated after the establishment of nesting colonies and in close proximity. Results from this study showed that an increase of hydrocarbon
exploration resulted in a decreased success rate for breeding. Less than one percent of the flamingos observed were juveniles. The decreased reproductive success may be due to borax exposure or to an altered environment caused by bulldozers disturbing the lake bed. Mining creates a muddy environment, which entraps flamingos, thus increasing mortality. Surveys conducted on residents near the mining activities report sightings of dead flamingos exhumed by the bulldozers.
The extraction process also affects the water availability. Andean flamingo filter surface water for food, but borax mining pollutes this water. Along with the pollution, the extractions expedite the removal of lake moisture. By limiting the amount of water in the lake, mining companies can increase visibility, thus contributing to more optimal mining. A study comparing the correlation between water availability and flamingo population determined that the number of flamingos was strongly correlated to the proportion of water in the lake. With an insufficient food supply and a disturbed habitat, the decrease in offspring seems inevitable.
Not only are the flamingos’ offspring numbers diminished by mining activities, but they are also affected by the egg collection by locals. This illegal hunting has increased overtime due to an increase in international demand for flamingo eggs. Poaching is conducted by organized groups within Chile; the group members trap the flamingos and export them to Europe, the United States, and other oversea destinations. The exportation process in conducted mainly in the Altiplano
, which is an area that has deep cultural roots in egg poaching. During the reproductive season, local families also take eggs from flamingo nests eggs. The removal of eggs can disturb the nesting process and cause the flamingo to abandon its nest, even if some eggs remain. Egg removal might be acceptable if the local populations were malnourished, but studies on the diets of the local people show no protein deficiency.In the area of study, the common people raise llamas and alpacas, which offer a higher content of protein than flamingo eggs.
Alongside mining activities, unregulated tourism has placed its toll on the flamingos’ habitat. Over time, numerous peat
bogs have accrued throughout the land. These bogs gradually build up and begin to overflow into the lake. When the bogs enter the lake, they decrease the surface area of the water and prevent the flamingos from entering the lake to feed.
As a result of the mining and the tourism, new infrastructure
, such as highways, are being implemented into the Andes
. There are now highways that run alongside the flamingos’ habitat. With the addition of these roads, accessibility to the flamingos’ habitat increases, leading to more commercial mining and tourism, which in turn results in detrimental effects to the Andean flamingo population. The development of new infrastructure has caused severe fragmentation of the lake, diminishing the biodiversity and increasing the possibility of extinction for all species.
The demand for surface and underground water, energy production, and transportation, as well as unregulated tourism have all increased in the last two decades. These increases were documented to be most significant in Chile, the main location for Andean flamingo breeding colonies.As a consequence, these areas are concentrated with toxic compounds due to mineral and hydrocarbon
exploration; this exploitation has increased in the last two decades. Since the 1980s, the number of successful breeding colonies and the total production of chicks of Andean flamingos declined. As a result, the Andean flamingos are threatened species.
. Most of the areas in which the flamingos reside, both in the summer and the winter, have been covered by the implementation of National Parks. However, these parks are absent in habitats occurring changes. Thus, the main breeding grounds are still susceptible to outside disturbances that decrease the population of the flamingos. Because the Andean flamingo is a recent addition to the endangered species list, there have been few implemented plans to protect their species. However, the National Institution of Natural Resources (http://www.nri.org/) is currently developing a plan. This group is working with conversationalists to find a way to solve the problems of borate extraction, egg collecting and poaching. The plan they are developing consists of an environmental education strategy to inform businessmen, workers, villagers, and any other people who pose as a threat to the flamingos. Increasing awareness is already creating its place in society. For local authorities in the Salinas Lake district have created a watch out post to prevent illicit actions from happening and to find possible solutions to present problems. Creation of National Parks has decreased the egg collecting; however, environmental education will be necessary to completely eliminate this activity.
The Flamingo Specialist Group, established in 1971, is actively trying to inform the public on the vulnerability of flamingos. They produce an annual newsletter to tell readers the current status of several species. In the year 2000 this group conducted a census that revealed a total population of less than 34,000 Andean flamingos, giving them the label of most rare species. This group also makes great strides to develop new contacts across the world to inform everyone possible. Recently, this group has joined sides with the International Union for Conservation of Nature in order to create an action plan for the flamingos. A meeting was held in Miami, Florida in 2000 to develop a group to control an action place to protect the six species and subspecies of flamingos.
Flamingo
Flamingos or flamingoes are gregarious wading birds in the genus Phoenicopterus , the only genus in the family Phoenicopteridae...
andinus, is one of the rarest flamingos in the world. It has a pale pink body with brighter upperparts, deep vinaceous-pink lower neck, breast, and wing-coverts. It is the only flamingo species with yellow legs and three-toed feet. The bill of the Andean flamingo is pale yellow and black. This flamingo is native to the wetlands of the high Andes mountain
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
range from southern Perú to northwestern Argentina and northern Chile. The Andean flamingo is a migratory bird with the ability to travel up to 700 miles in one day. These flamingos are filter-feeders
Filter feeder
Filter feeders are animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fish and some sharks. Some birds,...
and their diet ranges over the entire spectrum of available foods, from fish to invertebrates, from vascular plants to microscopic algae.
Diet
Andean flamingos feed from the bottom layer of the lake for small particles, mainly diatomsDiatom
Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular, although they can exist as colonies in the shape of filaments or ribbons , fans , zigzags , or stellate colonies . Diatoms are producers within the food chain...
. Andean flamingos have a deep-keeled bill; the upper jaw is narrower than the lower jaw and this creates a gape on the dorsal
Dorsum (anatomy)
In anatomy, the dorsum is the upper side of animals that typically run, fly, or swim in a horizontal position, and the back side of animals that walk upright. In vertebrates the dorsum contains the backbone. The term dorsal refers to anatomical structures that are either situated toward or grow...
surface of the bill. The Andean flamingo’s bill morphology creates a feeding mechanism that aids in their feeding of diatoms called inertial impaction. This mechanism entails that food particles denser than water, such as diatoms, would impact the filtering surface in the bill causing water to flow out of the mouth and leaving diatoms in the flamingo’s bill. As mentioned, Andean flamingos forage in shallow salty waters for resources. Andean flamingos exhibit the most flexible foraging
Foraging
- Definitions and significance of foraging behavior :Foraging is the act of searching for and exploiting food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce...
pattern compared to that of the Chilean and James flamingos. A study showed that grouping the Andean flamingos with Chilean
Chilean Flamingo
The Chilean Flamingo is a large species closely related to Caribbean Flamingo and Greater Flamingo, with which it was sometimes considered conspecific...
flamingos or with James flamingos, the Andean flamingo would adopt the foraging patterns of the species it is grouped with.Thus, when grouped with the Chilean flamingo, it will use a moderate and deep foraging depth strategy more than or the same as expected. If they are grouped with James flamingo they will adopt the edge and the shallow foraging strategy.However, the overall foraging behavior of Andean flamingo remains unclear and further studies are needed to determine this process.
Migration
In the summer, Andean flamingos live in salt lakes and migrate to the lower wetlands for the winter. The cause of this migration from summer to winter is possibly due to the extreme aridity of salt-flats during the winter. The path of migration is unknown, but it is thought to occur between the Chilean breeding grounds and the wetlands of central and western Argentina.Andean Flamingos' Species Status
The Andean flamingo is considered a vulnerable speciesVulnerable species
On 30 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 9694 Vulnerable species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations.-References:...
due to unnatural changes in its habitat. The major changes are due to the mining business and human disturbances.
- Mining
The Andean flamingo’s habitat is constantly changing due to human activity. The primary threat to the flamingo population is foreign mining excavations, which occur at the end of the summer rainy season.
The habitat of the Andean flamingo is rich in boron
Boron
Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a metalloid. Because boron is not produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the...
compounds, specifically borax. Borax
Borax
Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid. It is usually a white powder consisting of soft colorless crystals that dissolve easily in water.Borax has a wide variety of uses...
is fairly toxic at high dosages to animals such as the Andean flamingo, but not to humans. Studies testing the effects of borax exposure in animals show that excess boron causes skeletal malformations, cardiovascular defects and degeneration
Degeneration
The idea of degeneration had significant influence on science, art and politics from the 1850s to the 1950s. The social theory developed consequently from Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution...
of the testis. Borax is a derivative of boric acid; a study comparing the toxicology
Toxicology
Toxicology is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms...
of borates determined that salts of boric acid produce comparable effects. A study on the mining environment determined as little as five grams of borax can produce adverse effects in animal populations, but human workers remain unaffected at these concentrations. Therefore, the miners remain unaffected while the animals suffer from developmental and reproductive toxicity
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage a living or non-living organisms. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ , such as the liver...
.
A study on Salinas Lake in Peru shows that mining companies have established themselves adjacent to the flamingos’ nesting sites, and some mining is performed near flamingo breeding grounds and feeding sites. Flamingos abandoned their nesting sites if mining was initiated after the establishment of nesting colonies and in close proximity. Results from this study showed that an increase of hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls....
exploration resulted in a decreased success rate for breeding. Less than one percent of the flamingos observed were juveniles. The decreased reproductive success may be due to borax exposure or to an altered environment caused by bulldozers disturbing the lake bed. Mining creates a muddy environment, which entraps flamingos, thus increasing mortality. Surveys conducted on residents near the mining activities report sightings of dead flamingos exhumed by the bulldozers.
The extraction process also affects the water availability. Andean flamingo filter surface water for food, but borax mining pollutes this water. Along with the pollution, the extractions expedite the removal of lake moisture. By limiting the amount of water in the lake, mining companies can increase visibility, thus contributing to more optimal mining. A study comparing the correlation between water availability and flamingo population determined that the number of flamingos was strongly correlated to the proportion of water in the lake. With an insufficient food supply and a disturbed habitat, the decrease in offspring seems inevitable.
- Human Disturbance
Not only are the flamingos’ offspring numbers diminished by mining activities, but they are also affected by the egg collection by locals. This illegal hunting has increased overtime due to an increase in international demand for flamingo eggs. Poaching is conducted by organized groups within Chile; the group members trap the flamingos and export them to Europe, the United States, and other oversea destinations. The exportation process in conducted mainly in the Altiplano
Altiplano
The Altiplano , in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet...
, which is an area that has deep cultural roots in egg poaching. During the reproductive season, local families also take eggs from flamingo nests eggs. The removal of eggs can disturb the nesting process and cause the flamingo to abandon its nest, even if some eggs remain. Egg removal might be acceptable if the local populations were malnourished, but studies on the diets of the local people show no protein deficiency.In the area of study, the common people raise llamas and alpacas, which offer a higher content of protein than flamingo eggs.
Alongside mining activities, unregulated tourism has placed its toll on the flamingos’ habitat. Over time, numerous peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
bogs have accrued throughout the land. These bogs gradually build up and begin to overflow into the lake. When the bogs enter the lake, they decrease the surface area of the water and prevent the flamingos from entering the lake to feed.
As a result of the mining and the tourism, new infrastructure
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function...
, such as highways, are being implemented into the Andes
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
. There are now highways that run alongside the flamingos’ habitat. With the addition of these roads, accessibility to the flamingos’ habitat increases, leading to more commercial mining and tourism, which in turn results in detrimental effects to the Andean flamingo population. The development of new infrastructure has caused severe fragmentation of the lake, diminishing the biodiversity and increasing the possibility of extinction for all species.
The demand for surface and underground water, energy production, and transportation, as well as unregulated tourism have all increased in the last two decades. These increases were documented to be most significant in Chile, the main location for Andean flamingo breeding colonies.As a consequence, these areas are concentrated with toxic compounds due to mineral and hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls....
exploration; this exploitation has increased in the last two decades. Since the 1980s, the number of successful breeding colonies and the total production of chicks of Andean flamingos declined. As a result, the Andean flamingos are threatened species.
Conservation Plans
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the Andean flamingo is an “insufficiently known species." Thus, despite being negatively affected for at least the previous two decades, it was finally declared endangered in September of 2010. In this announcement, it was stated that this flamingo would be protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973Endangered Species Act
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is one of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s. Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and...
. Most of the areas in which the flamingos reside, both in the summer and the winter, have been covered by the implementation of National Parks. However, these parks are absent in habitats occurring changes. Thus, the main breeding grounds are still susceptible to outside disturbances that decrease the population of the flamingos. Because the Andean flamingo is a recent addition to the endangered species list, there have been few implemented plans to protect their species. However, the National Institution of Natural Resources (http://www.nri.org/) is currently developing a plan. This group is working with conversationalists to find a way to solve the problems of borate extraction, egg collecting and poaching. The plan they are developing consists of an environmental education strategy to inform businessmen, workers, villagers, and any other people who pose as a threat to the flamingos. Increasing awareness is already creating its place in society. For local authorities in the Salinas Lake district have created a watch out post to prevent illicit actions from happening and to find possible solutions to present problems. Creation of National Parks has decreased the egg collecting; however, environmental education will be necessary to completely eliminate this activity.
The Flamingo Specialist Group, established in 1971, is actively trying to inform the public on the vulnerability of flamingos. They produce an annual newsletter to tell readers the current status of several species. In the year 2000 this group conducted a census that revealed a total population of less than 34,000 Andean flamingos, giving them the label of most rare species. This group also makes great strides to develop new contacts across the world to inform everyone possible. Recently, this group has joined sides with the International Union for Conservation of Nature in order to create an action plan for the flamingos. A meeting was held in Miami, Florida in 2000 to develop a group to control an action place to protect the six species and subspecies of flamingos.
External links
- Andean Flamingo from the IUCN/Wetlands International Flamingo Specialist Group
- Flamingo Resource Centre
- National Institution of Natural Resources
- Porex: Filtration Properties