Andong
Encyclopedia
Andong is a city
in Gyeongsangbuk-do
Province, South Korea
. It is the largest city in the northern part of the province with a population of 167,821 in October 2010. The Nakdong River
flows through the city. Andong is a market centre for the surrounding agricultural areas.
Since the 1970s Andong has developed rapidly, although the population has fallen by nearly seventy thousand as people have moved away to Seoul
and other urban centers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s it became a tourism and cultural centre.
Andong is known as a centre of culture and folk traditions. The surrounding area maintains many ancient traditions, so in mid October the Andong Folk Festival is held every year. One of the most famous aspects of these cultural festivities are the Andong mask
s.
Andong National University
, specialising in education and Korean folklore has grown rapidly since the 1970s. Other tertiary institutions include Andong Institute of Information Technology
, Andong Science College
, and Catholic Sangji College
.
Around 1 BC, Andong was founded by the Jinhan
people, and it was known as Gochang. During the Three Kingdoms period
, the area was controlled by the Silla
kingdom. The Battle of Gochang in 930 was fought here between Hubaekje
forces and the Goryeo
army led by Wanggeon
, who won control of the city and renamed it Andong.
After the ascent of the Joseon dynasty
to the throne of Korea, Andong became a centre of Confucianism
. The area was extremely conservative for a long time and produced many leading confucian scholars. Toe-gye Yi Hwang
(1501–70), one of the most prominent of all Korean scholars, came from Andong. Yi Hwang retired back to his homeland late in life and started the establishment of the great Confucian academy Dosan Seowon
there, which was finished after his death. During this period Andong and its principal families were influential within Korean political circles, including, but not limited to, Andong Kim, Andong Jo, Andong Kwon and Andong's Pungsan Hong clans.
After the 16th century Andong became less influential until the early 19th century, when a marriage of the local Kim family resulted in strong influence on the royal family.
Andong was the site of intense fighting during the Korean War
in the early 1950s, the Battle of Andong
. Although the city was almost destroyed, it was quickly rebuilt. In 1976 the Andong Dam
was built, providing the city with a reliable source of electricity.
In 1999, Queen Elizabeth II
of the United Kingdom
celebrated her 73rd birthday
in the city. There is an exhibit dedicated to this historic visit at Hahoe folk village museum . Andong Soju is made using traditional methods that are centuries old unlike its popular modern counterparts. It is protected by government regulation to preserve authenticity and commands a steep premium in the marketplace.
Andong has famous local foods that originated in the city such as heotjesabap
, Andong jjimdak
, Andong soju
(a rice wine), Andong sikhye
(a punch), Geonjin guksu
(a noodle dish), and salted mackerel
.
Heotjesabap is a variety of bibimbap
, served with soy sauce
(ganjang) instead of the gochujang
(hot pepper paste) that is more commonly used. Heotjesa bab consists mainly of several types of namul
(young sprouted vegetables) over white rice. It is also served with grilled fish, shark, and jeon
(Korean pancake). The dish originated in Andong. The term, Heotjesa bap literally means "dishes for fake jesa" that are ceremonies for death anniversary
and ancestor veneration held in Korea. The reason it is considered fake is that it is not covered in incense ash, as would happen to any food sacrificed in a jesa ritual.
Andong jjimdak is a variety of jjim
(a Korean steamed or braised dish), made with chicken, cellophane noodles
, and various vegetables marinated
in a ganjang (Korean soy sauce) based sauce. The name literally means "steamed chicken of Andong." There are many speculations on the origins of the dish. One is that the it is a specialty food of the inner rich village of Andong during the Joseon period, prepared and eaten for special occasions. The more likely explanation is that during the 1980s in the Dak golmok (닭골목, literally "chicken alley") of the "Andong Old Market," restaurant owners there made a dish including ingredients that regulars demanded, which became the current Andong jjimdak. Restauranteurs in the area claim it was invented by five local old women who had limited chicken supplies and wanted to stretch it out. The most plausible speculation among existing assumptions is that merchants of the Dak golmok at the market created the dish to keep their position against the rapid expansion of Western fried chicken shops.
Andong Soju is a specialty of the region. It is made with natural ingredients, unlike mass-produced brands, Historically it was historically used for medicinal purposes, and was developed during the Silla dynasty. The traditions of Andong Soju were almost lost during the '60s and '70s due to government legislation, but they were brought back by Cho Ok-hwa, the current skillholder. Andong soju was traditionally made by the wife of a household, and she passed down the secrets to her daughters-in-law.
Mackerel
is another popular local delicacy. Caught downstream where the Nakdong River
meets the sea, in ancient times the fish would spoil before being brought further inland. Using special salting techniques, Andong was the furthest inland the fish could be brought, so aristocrats would travel to Andong specially for the salted fish.
Sikhye
is a fermented rice punch served across Korea. The Andong variety, however, is particularly spicy, made with powdered red pepper, ginger, and radish. Sikhye contains lactobacillus
, a benign strain of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract, and often used as a digestive aid in dishes including kimchi
, yogurt, and sauerkraut, among others.
as a World Heritage site with Yangdong Folk Village in 2010.
Andong is also a home of Confucian studies and academies during the Joseon Dynasty
. The notable examples of seowon
, or Confucian academy are Dosan Seowon
that enshrines Yi Hwang
, Byeongsan Seowon
for Yu Seong-ryong
, Imcheon Seowon
for Kim Seong-il, Gosan Seowon
, Hwacheon Seowon and others. Other notable visitor destinations are Sisadan, Jirye Artists' Colony, Bongjeongsa
temple and Andong Icheondong Seokbulsang aka Jebiwon Stone Buddha.
Partnership of kindness with:
Administrative divisions of South Korea
||South Korea is divided into 8 provinces , 1 special autonomous province , 6 metropolitan cities , and 1 special city...
in Gyeongsangbuk-do
Gyeongsangbuk-do
Gyeongsangbuk-do or shortly Gyeongbuk is a province in eastern South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Gyeongsang province, remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.The Gyeongsangbuk-do Office is...
Province, South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
. It is the largest city in the northern part of the province with a population of 167,821 in October 2010. The Nakdong River
Nakdong River
The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan.-Geography:...
flows through the city. Andong is a market centre for the surrounding agricultural areas.
Since the 1970s Andong has developed rapidly, although the population has fallen by nearly seventy thousand as people have moved away to Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...
and other urban centers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s it became a tourism and cultural centre.
Andong is known as a centre of culture and folk traditions. The surrounding area maintains many ancient traditions, so in mid October the Andong Folk Festival is held every year. One of the most famous aspects of these cultural festivities are the Andong mask
Mask
A mask is an article normally worn on the face, typically for protection, disguise, performance or entertainment. Masks have been used since antiquity for both ceremonial and practical purposes...
s.
Andong National University
Andong National University
Andong National University is a government-operated university in Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It enrolls roughly 6500 students. It contains undergraduate colleges of Humanities, Social Sciences, Education, Natural Sciences, Engineering, Human Ecology, and Arts and...
, specialising in education and Korean folklore has grown rapidly since the 1970s. Other tertiary institutions include Andong Institute of Information Technology
Andong Institute of Information Technology
Andong Institute of Information Technology, sometimes called Andong Info Tech or AIT, is a small technical college located in Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It offers degree programs in fields such architecture, animation, herbal medicine, and civil engineering...
, Andong Science College
Andong Science College
Andong Science College is a small technical college in Seohu-myeon, Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It employs about 75 full-time instructors. Academic departments include: nursing, public health administration, cyber-terror defense, physical therapy, dental hygiene,...
, and Catholic Sangji College
Catholic Sangji College
Catholic Sangji College is a private 2-year college affiliated with the South Korean Roman Catholic church. It is located in the city center of Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. The president is Yu Gang-ha...
.
History
Jinhan confederacy
Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province. Jinhan was one of the Samhan , along with Byeonhan and Mahan...
people, and it was known as Gochang. During the Three Kingdoms period
Three Kingdoms of Korea
The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium...
, the area was controlled by the Silla
Silla
Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the longest sustained dynasties in...
kingdom. The Battle of Gochang in 930 was fought here between Hubaekje
Hubaekje
Hubaekje, or Later Baekje, was one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Hugoguryeo and Silla. It was officially founded by the disaffected Silla general Gyeon Hwon in 900, and fell to Wanggeon's Goryeo army in 936. Its capital was at Jeonju, in present-day North Jeolla province...
forces and the Goryeo
Goryeo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a Korean dynasty established in 918 by Emperor Taejo. Korea gets its name from this kingdom which came to be pronounced Korea. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
army led by Wanggeon
Taejo of Goryeo
Taejo of Goryeo was the founder of the Goryeo Dynasty, which ruled Korea from the 10th to the 14th century. Taejo ruled from 918 to 943.-Background:...
, who won control of the city and renamed it Andong.
After the ascent of the Joseon dynasty
Joseon Dynasty
Joseon , was a Korean state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo at what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul...
to the throne of Korea, Andong became a centre of Confucianism
Confucianism
Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . Confucianism originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han...
. The area was extremely conservative for a long time and produced many leading confucian scholars. Toe-gye Yi Hwang
Yi Hwang
Yi Hwang is one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his younger contemporary Yi I . A key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Dosan Seowon, a private Confucian academy. Yi Hwang is often...
(1501–70), one of the most prominent of all Korean scholars, came from Andong. Yi Hwang retired back to his homeland late in life and started the establishment of the great Confucian academy Dosan Seowon
Dosan Seowon
Dosan Seowon was established in 1574 in what is present day Andong, South Korea, in memory of and four years after the death of Korean Confucian scholar Yi Hwang by some of his disciples and other Korean Confucian authorities...
there, which was finished after his death. During this period Andong and its principal families were influential within Korean political circles, including, but not limited to, Andong Kim, Andong Jo, Andong Kwon and Andong's Pungsan Hong clans.
After the 16th century Andong became less influential until the early 19th century, when a marriage of the local Kim family resulted in strong influence on the royal family.
Andong was the site of intense fighting during the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
in the early 1950s, the Battle of Andong
Battle of Andong
The Battle of Andong was a fight between North Korean and South Korean units in late July, 1950. It was an early maneuver of the Korean War.The North Korean 12th Division attempted to advance through this city on its way to the Pusan Perimeter, but on the way it was opposed by the South Korean 8th...
. Although the city was almost destroyed, it was quickly rebuilt. In 1976 the Andong Dam
Andong Dam
The Andong Dam is an embankment dam on the Nakdong River, east of Andong in Gyeongsangbuk-do province, South Korea. The purpose of the dam is flood control, water supply and hydroelectric power generation. Construction on the dam began in 1971 and was complete in 1976...
was built, providing the city with a reliable source of electricity.
In 1999, Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
celebrated her 73rd birthday
Birthday
A birthday is a day or anniversary where a person celebrates his or her date of birth. Birthdays are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with a gift, party or rite of passage. Although the major religions celebrate the birth of their founders , Christmas – which is celebrated widely by...
in the city. There is an exhibit dedicated to this historic visit at Hahoe folk village museum . Andong Soju is made using traditional methods that are centuries old unlike its popular modern counterparts. It is protected by government regulation to preserve authenticity and commands a steep premium in the marketplace.
Local specialty foods
Heotjesabap
Heotjesa bap , a traditional Korean dish, is a variety of bibimbap, served with soy sauce instead of the gochujang that is more commonly used. Hutjesa bab consists of mainly several types of namul over white rice...
, Andong jjimdak
Andong jjimdak
Andong jjimdak is a variety of jjim , which originated in the city of Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do Province and is made with chicken, various vegetables marinated in a ganjang based sauce. The name literally means "steamed chicken of Andong."-Origin:There are many speculations on the origin of the dish...
, Andong soju
Soju
Soju is a distilled beverage native to Korea. Its taste is comparable to vodka, though often slightly sweeter due to sugars added in the manufacturing process, and more commonly consumed neat.Most brands of soju are made in South Korea...
(a rice wine), Andong sikhye
Sikhye
Sikhye is a traditional sweet Korean rice beverage, usually served as a dessert...
(a punch), Geonjin guksu
Korean noodles
Korean noodles are noodles or noodle dishes in Korean cuisine and are collectively referred to as "guksu" in native Korean or "myeon" in hanja. Preparations and cooking with noodles are relatively simple, so the history is longer than that of bread, dating back around BCE 6000 to BCE 5000 in China...
(a noodle dish), and salted mackerel
Mackerel
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They may be found in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel , enter bays and can be...
.
Heotjesabap is a variety of bibimbap
Bibimbap
Bibimbap is a signature Korean dish. The word literally means "mixed meal." Bibimbap is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with namul and gochujang . A raw or fried egg and sliced meat are common additions. The ingredients are stirred together thoroughly just before eating...
, served with soy sauce
Soy sauce
Soy sauce is a condiment produced by fermenting soybeans with Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds, along with water and salt...
(ganjang) instead of the gochujang
Gochujang
Gochujang is a savory and pungent fermented Korean condiment. Traditionally, it has been naturally fermented over years in large earthen pots outdoors, more often on an elevated stone platform, called jangdokdae in the backyard...
(hot pepper paste) that is more commonly used. Heotjesa bab consists mainly of several types of namul
Namul
Namul is a general term for a Korean seasoned vegetable dish. The name of the dish may vary slightly depending on what vegetables are used and how they are prepared, but they will nonetheless still be a type of namul....
(young sprouted vegetables) over white rice. It is also served with grilled fish, shark, and jeon
Jeon
Jeon may refers to* Jeon , a Korean surname.* Jen, common of Jeon, Jun, Jurn* Jen, surname of Shaoxing, Minnan, Taiwan* Zhen, surname, word of china-Korea* Jeon , a Korean pancake....
(Korean pancake). The dish originated in Andong. The term, Heotjesa bap literally means "dishes for fake jesa" that are ceremonies for death anniversary
Death anniversary
A death anniversary is a custom observed in several Asian cultures including China, Pakistan, Israel, Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Russia and Vietnam, as well as in other nations with significant overseas Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Jewish, and Vietnamese populations...
and ancestor veneration held in Korea. The reason it is considered fake is that it is not covered in incense ash, as would happen to any food sacrificed in a jesa ritual.
Andong jjimdak is a variety of jjim
Jjim
Jjim is a Korean cuisine term referring to dishes made by steaming or boiling meat, chicken, fish, or shellfish which have been marinated in a sauce or soup. The cooking technique originally referred to dishes cooked in a siru by steaming...
(a Korean steamed or braised dish), made with chicken, cellophane noodles
Cellophane noodles
Cellophane noodles are a type of transparent noodle made from starch , and water.They are generally sold in dried form, boiled to reconstitute, then used in soups, stir fried dishes,...
, and various vegetables marinated
Marination
Marination is the process of soaking foods in a seasoned, often acidic, liquid before cooking. The origins of the word allude to the use of brine in the pickling process, which led to the technique of adding flavor by immersion in liquid...
in a ganjang (Korean soy sauce) based sauce. The name literally means "steamed chicken of Andong." There are many speculations on the origins of the dish. One is that the it is a specialty food of the inner rich village of Andong during the Joseon period, prepared and eaten for special occasions. The more likely explanation is that during the 1980s in the Dak golmok (닭골목, literally "chicken alley") of the "Andong Old Market," restaurant owners there made a dish including ingredients that regulars demanded, which became the current Andong jjimdak. Restauranteurs in the area claim it was invented by five local old women who had limited chicken supplies and wanted to stretch it out. The most plausible speculation among existing assumptions is that merchants of the Dak golmok at the market created the dish to keep their position against the rapid expansion of Western fried chicken shops.
Andong Soju is a specialty of the region. It is made with natural ingredients, unlike mass-produced brands, Historically it was historically used for medicinal purposes, and was developed during the Silla dynasty. The traditions of Andong Soju were almost lost during the '60s and '70s due to government legislation, but they were brought back by Cho Ok-hwa, the current skillholder. Andong soju was traditionally made by the wife of a household, and she passed down the secrets to her daughters-in-law.
Mackerel
Mackerel
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They may be found in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel , enter bays and can be...
is another popular local delicacy. Caught downstream where the Nakdong River
Nakdong River
The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan.-Geography:...
meets the sea, in ancient times the fish would spoil before being brought further inland. Using special salting techniques, Andong was the furthest inland the fish could be brought, so aristocrats would travel to Andong specially for the salted fish.
Sikhye
Sikhye
Sikhye is a traditional sweet Korean rice beverage, usually served as a dessert...
is a fermented rice punch served across Korea. The Andong variety, however, is particularly spicy, made with powdered red pepper, ginger, and radish. Sikhye contains lactobacillus
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic rod-shaped bacteria. They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group, named as such because most of its members convert lactose and other sugars to lactic acid. They are common and usually benign...
, a benign strain of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract, and often used as a digestive aid in dishes including kimchi
Kimchi
Kimchi , also spelled gimchi, kimchee, or kim chee, is a traditional fermented Korean dish made of vegetables with varied seasonings. There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made with a main vegetable ingredient such as napa cabbage, radish, green onions or cucumber. It is the most common...
, yogurt, and sauerkraut, among others.
Visitor attractions in Andong
The Hahoe Folk Village is perhaps the most notable folk village in South Korea. This village is listed by the South Korean government with UNESCOUNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
as a World Heritage site with Yangdong Folk Village in 2010.
Andong is also a home of Confucian studies and academies during the Joseon Dynasty
Joseon Dynasty
Joseon , was a Korean state founded by Taejo Yi Seong-gye that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded in the aftermath of the overthrow of the Goryeo at what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul...
. The notable examples of seowon
Seowon
Seowon were the most common educational institution of Korea during the mid- to late Joseon Dynasty. They were private institutions, and combined the functions of a Confucian shrine and a preparatory school. In educational terms, the seowon were primarily occupied with preparing students for the...
, or Confucian academy are Dosan Seowon
Dosan Seowon
Dosan Seowon was established in 1574 in what is present day Andong, South Korea, in memory of and four years after the death of Korean Confucian scholar Yi Hwang by some of his disciples and other Korean Confucian authorities...
that enshrines Yi Hwang
Yi Hwang
Yi Hwang is one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his younger contemporary Yi I . A key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Dosan Seowon, a private Confucian academy. Yi Hwang is often...
, Byeongsan Seowon
Byeongsan Seowon
The Byeongsan Seowon is a seowon located in the neighborhood of Byeongsan-dong, Yecheon-myeon in the city of Andong, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. Seowon is a type of local academy during the Joseon Dynasty...
for Yu Seong-ryong
Yu Seong-ryong
Yu Seong-ryong , also often spelled Ryu Seong-ryong, was a scholar-official and Prime minister of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea...
, Imcheon Seowon
Imcheon Seowon
Imcheon Seowon may refer to*Imcheon Seowon, Andong in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea*Imcheon Seowon, Jinju in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea...
for Kim Seong-il, Gosan Seowon
Gosan Seowon
Gosan Seowon may refer to*Gosan Seowon, Andong*Gosan Seowon, Yeocheon*Gosan Seowon, Uljin*Gosan Seowon, Daegu*Gosan Seowon, Yeoju...
, Hwacheon Seowon and others. Other notable visitor destinations are Sisadan, Jirye Artists' Colony, Bongjeongsa
Bongjeongsa
Bongjeongsa is a Korean Buddhist temple on the slopes of Mount Cheondeung in Andong city, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is a subsidiary temple of Gounsa, the head temple of the 16th branch of Jogye Order....
temple and Andong Icheondong Seokbulsang aka Jebiwon Stone Buddha.
Climate
Sister cities
- See also: Town twinningTown twinningTwin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
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, PhilippinesPhilippinesThe Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
Sagae, JapanJapanJapan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
PingdingshanPingdingshanPingdingshan , also known as the Eagle City, with approximately 5.2 million inhabitants is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, People's Republic of China.-Geography:...
, ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
QufuQufuQufu is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about south of the provincial capital Jinan and northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining...
, ChinaChinaChinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
SingarajaSingarajaSingaraja is the regency seat of Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia. The name is Indonesian for "Lion King". It is on the north coast just east of Lovina...
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Partnership of kindness with:
- Holon, Israel
IsraelThe State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...