Animal Drug Availability Act 1996
Encyclopedia
The Animal Drug Availability Act 1996 ADAA is a United States federal law. President Clinton
signed the ADAA in October 1996. While still obligated to public health
concerns; the act intends more rapid drug
and medicated feed approval to assist the animal health
industry .
CVM but remains strict on proof of efficacy, defines adequate and well controlled more explicitly in regard to conducting field trial
s, supporting labeling focused on the range of recommended or acceptable dosages, and creating veterinary feed directive drugs as a new category of animal drugs
.
use was once common practice before this statute approved antibacterial feed. For 1985 the estimated annual antibiotic use in the U.S.
are as follows. Cows were given 1 million pounds of antibiotics, .55 million pounds for swine, and .67 million pounds for poultry
as therapeutic use, constituting legitimate bacterial infection treatment . Quantities for subtherapuetic use specified as; increase the daily body weight
gain, improve the food-to-weight gain
ratio, and increase the voluntary intake of food equals 3.1 million pounds in cows, feeding swine with 11 million pounds, and poultry with 2 million pounds . For each of these livestock
species the subtherapuetic use is substantially higher, this contributes without necessity to possible microbial resistance. Those quantities preceded the ADAA, so approving veterinary feed including antibiotics for market contributed to progressing livestock medication. In 2003 the over 24 million pounds of antibiotics used for subtherapuetic use were distributed as follows, 10.3 million pounds for swine, 10.5 million pounds fed to poultry, and 3.7 million pounds given to cows . The Union of Concerned Scientist estimate healthy hog
s receive 5 million pounds of two tetracycline antibiotics
, this is 60% greater than the total volume of antibiotics given to sick humans . Medical doctors advise appropriate use of antibiotics, specifically finishing the full antibiotic regimen with consequence of the strongest survivors recuperating and worsening the infection. Antibiotics develop an environment appropriate for evolving a resistant
strain, when faced with death any survivors have become more appropriately adapted, these are the same principles of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory. Resistant bacteria strains have developed and antibiotic uses can be blamed because resistance to the drugs were previously unobserved.
The World Health Organization
states: “Shortly after the licensing and use in livestock of fluoroquinolone, a powerful new class of antimicrobial
s, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella
and Campylobacter
isolations from animals, and humans increased.” . Most production for fast food
incorporates antibiotics, but there has been a push by major companies including McDonald's
, Subway and Carl's Jr.
to discontinues fluoroquinolone use in associated feedlots . The VRE
infection has been positively correlated to Avoparcin use; around the time of Americas ADAA in 1996 Denmark
banned this specific growth promoter and found the flocks at slaughter
had a decreased occurrence of VRE to 12% in 1998 from 82% in 1995 .
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation...
signed the ADAA in October 1996. While still obligated to public health
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health...
concerns; the act intends more rapid drug
Drug
A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage.In pharmacology, a...
and medicated feed approval to assist the animal health
Animal Health
Animal Health is the UK government's executive agency primarily responsible for ensuring that farmed animals in Great Britain are healthy, disease-free and well looked after....
industry .
Overview
The Act specifies the only conditions in which the secretary can refuse the application of a new drug. The possibility of an unconsidered hazard doesn’t legally provide the capacity to refuse an application. The main implications include: strict requirement elimination for field studies unless requested and justified by the Center for Veterinary MedicineCenter for Veterinary Medicine
The Center for Veterinary Medicine is a branch of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that regulates the manufacture and distribution of food, food additives, and drugs that will be given to animals. These include animals from which human foods are derived, as well as food additives and drugs...
CVM but remains strict on proof of efficacy, defines adequate and well controlled more explicitly in regard to conducting field trial
Field trial
A field trial is a competitive event at which hunting dogs compete against one another. There are field trials for retrievers, pointing dogs and flushing dogs. Field trials are usually organized by kennel clubs or other gun dog organizations...
s, supporting labeling focused on the range of recommended or acceptable dosages, and creating veterinary feed directive drugs as a new category of animal drugs
Animal drugs
The term animal drugs refers to drugs intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in animals.-United States:...
.
Details
AntibioticAntibiotic
An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of...
use was once common practice before this statute approved antibacterial feed. For 1985 the estimated annual antibiotic use in the U.S.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
are as follows. Cows were given 1 million pounds of antibiotics, .55 million pounds for swine, and .67 million pounds for poultry
Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of producing eggs, meat, and/or feathers. These most typically are members of the superorder Galloanserae , especially the order Galliformes and the family Anatidae , commonly known as "waterfowl"...
as therapeutic use, constituting legitimate bacterial infection treatment . Quantities for subtherapuetic use specified as; increase the daily body weight
Body weight
The term body weight is used in daily English speech as well as in the contexts of biological and medical sciences to describe the mass of an organism's body. Body weight is measured in kilograms throughout the world, although in some countries it is still measured in pounds or stones and pounds...
gain, improve the food-to-weight gain
Weight gain
Weight gain is an increase in body weight. This can be either an increase in muscle mass, fat deposits, or excess fluids such as water.-Description:...
ratio, and increase the voluntary intake of food equals 3.1 million pounds in cows, feeding swine with 11 million pounds, and poultry with 2 million pounds . For each of these livestock
Livestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
species the subtherapuetic use is substantially higher, this contributes without necessity to possible microbial resistance. Those quantities preceded the ADAA, so approving veterinary feed including antibiotics for market contributed to progressing livestock medication. In 2003 the over 24 million pounds of antibiotics used for subtherapuetic use were distributed as follows, 10.3 million pounds for swine, 10.5 million pounds fed to poultry, and 3.7 million pounds given to cows . The Union of Concerned Scientist estimate healthy hog
Domestic pig
The domestic pig is a domesticated animal that traces its ancestry to the wild boar, and is considered a subspecies of the wild boar or a distinct species in its own right. It is likely the wild boar was domesticated as early as 13,000 BC in the Tigris River basin...
s receive 5 million pounds of two tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics whose general usefulness has been reduced with the onset of bacterial resistance. Despite this, they remain the treatment of choice for some specific indications....
, this is 60% greater than the total volume of antibiotics given to sick humans . Medical doctors advise appropriate use of antibiotics, specifically finishing the full antibiotic regimen with consequence of the strongest survivors recuperating and worsening the infection. Antibiotics develop an environment appropriate for evolving a resistant
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic. While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in bacteria may confer resistance to antimicrobial drugs, genes that confer resistance can be transferred between bacteria in a...
strain, when faced with death any survivors have become more appropriately adapted, these are the same principles of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory. Resistant bacteria strains have developed and antibiotic uses can be blamed because resistance to the drugs were previously unobserved.
The World Health Organization
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...
states: “Shortly after the licensing and use in livestock of fluoroquinolone, a powerful new class of antimicrobial
Antimicrobial
An anti-microbial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes...
s, fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella
Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm, and flagella which grade in all directions . They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction...
and Campylobacter
Campylobacter
Campylobacter is a genus of bacteria that are Gram-negative, spiral, and microaerophilic. Motile, with either unipolar or bipolar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance and are oxidase-positive. Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as one of the main causes...
isolations from animals, and humans increased.” . Most production for fast food
Fast food
Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a...
incorporates antibiotics, but there has been a push by major companies including McDonald's
McDonald's
McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 64 million customers daily in 119 countries. Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by the eponymous Richard and Maurice McDonald; in 1948...
, Subway and Carl's Jr.
Carl's Jr.
Carl's Jr. is an American fast-food restaurant chain located mostly in the Western and Southwestern United States. The first store has opened in Canada in Kelowna, BC. They are in the process of expanding to Mexico, Malaysia, Denmark, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, Russia, Vietnam,...
to discontinues fluoroquinolone use in associated feedlots . The VRE
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, or vancomycin-resistant enterococci , are bacterial strains of the genus Enterococcus that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin. To become VRE, vancomycin-sensitive enterococci typically obtain new DNA in the form of plasmids or transposons which encode...
infection has been positively correlated to Avoparcin use; around the time of Americas ADAA in 1996 Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
banned this specific growth promoter and found the flocks at slaughter
Animal slaughter
Slaughter is the term used to describe the killing and butchering of animals, usually for food. Commonly it refers to killing and butchering of domestic livestock ....
had a decreased occurrence of VRE to 12% in 1998 from 82% in 1995 .