Archbishop of St Andrews - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Bishop of St. Andrews was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of St Andrews and then, as Archbishop of St Andrews , the Archdiocese of St Andrews

Archdiocese of St Andrews

The Diocese or Archdiocese of St Andrews was a territorial episcopal jurisdiction in early modern and medieval Scotland. It was the largest, most populous and wealthiest diocese of the medieval Scottish church, with territory in eastern Scotland stretching from Berwickshire and the Anglo-Scottish...

.

The name St Andrews is not the town or church's original name. Originally it was Cellrígmonaid ("church of the king's mounth

Mounth

The Mounth is the range of hills on the southern edge of Strathdee in northeast Scotland. It was usually referred to with the article, i.e. "the Mounth". The name is a corruption of the Scottish Gaelic monadh which in turn is akin to the Welsh mynydd, and may be of Pictish origin...

" hence Cill Rìmhinn) located at Cennrígmonaid ("head of the king's mounth"); hence the town became Kilrymont (i.e. Cellrígmonaid) in the non-Gaelic orthography of the High Middle Ages

Scotland in the High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages of Scotland encompass Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III in 1286...

). Today St Andrews

St Andrews

St Andrews is a university town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.St Andrews has a population of 16,680, making this the fifth largest settlement in Fife....

has replaced both Kilrymont (and variants) as well as the older English term Anderston as the name of the town and bishopric

Diocese

A diocese is the district or see under the supervision of a bishop. It is divided into parishes.An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese. An archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or had importance due to size or historical significance...

.

The bishopric itself appears to originate in the period 700-900. By the 11th century, it is clear that it is the most important bishopric in Scotland.

List of known abbots

There had been a monastery there since the 8th century. It was probably taken over by Céli Dé monks in the 9th or 10th centuries, and these survive into the 14th century. It is the Gaelic abbey

Abbey

An abbey is a Catholic monastery or convent, under the authority of an Abbot or an Abbess, who serves as the spiritual father or mother of the community.The term can also refer to an establishment which has long ceased to function as an abbey,...

, rather than the continental priory

Priory

A priory is a house of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. Priories may be houses of mendicant friars or religious sisters , or monasteries of monks or nuns .The Benedictines and their offshoots , the Premonstratensians, and the...

, that the abbot

Abbot

The word abbot, meaning father, is a title given to the head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not actually the head of a monastery...

was in charge of; the importance of the Céli Dé abbey has come down into the modern era in the street names of St. Andrews.

Only a few abbots are known. It is often thought that the position of Abbot and Bishop were the same until the Norman era, although that can never be proved for certain.

Incumbent	Dates	Notes
Túathalán Túathalán Túathalán was an 8th century abbot of Cennrigmonaid. He is known only from his obituary in the Annals of Ulster. Cennrigmonaid, literally "head of the king's pastureland", is a site associated with later St. Andrews, and is probably that site's former name...	d. 747	His death in the Annals of Ulster Annals of Ulster The Annals of Ulster are annals of medieval Ireland. The entries span the years between AD 431 to AD 1540. The entries up to AD 1489 were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, under his patron Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa on the island of Belle Isle on Lough Erne in the... constitutes our first literary evidence of any religious establishment at St. Andrews (then called by the Scoto-Pictish name Cennrigmonaid).
Unknown number of unnamed abbots		Probably all the bishops before Fothad II, and perhaps before Turgot, were also abbots of the Céli Dé community.
Gille Críst	fl. 1172-1178	That he is called abbot is the proof that the Céli Dé community were maintaining their independence from the priory in the period.

List of known bishops

The pre-11th century "bishop of the Scots" may have had no fixed seat before finally settling at St Andrews.

Incumbent	Dates	Notes
Cellach I	fl. 878-906	Bishop during the reign of Giric Giric of Scotland Giric mac Dúngail was a king of the Picts or the king of Alba. The Irish annals record nothing of Giric's reign, nor do Anglo-Saxon writings add anything, and the meagre information which survives is contradictory... , and was still bishop in 906.
Fothad I	d. 963	Bishop during the reign of King Idulb Indulf of Scotland Ildulb mac Causantín, anglicised as Indulf, nicknamed An Ionsaighthigh, "the Aggressor" was king of Scots from 954. He was the son of Constantine II ; his mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadulf I of Bernicia, who was an exile in Scotland.John of Fordun and others supposed that Indulf had... . The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba Chronicle of the Kings of Alba The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, or Scottish Chronicle, is a short written chronicle of the Kings of Alba, covering the period from the time of Kenneth MacAlpin until the reign of Kenneth II . W.F... has his death in the period 962-966. According to the Annals of the Four Masters Annals of the Four Masters The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland or the Annals of the Four Masters are a chronicle of medieval Irish history... , he died in 963.
Máel Ísu I	955/6-963/4	According to Bower, he reigned for 8 years.
Cellach II	fl. 966-971	According to Bower, he reigned for 25 years.
Máel Muire	fl. late-10th century
Máel Ísu II	fl. late 10th century/early 11th century
Ailín	fl. early 11th century
Máel Dúin	d. 1055	The Annals of Tigernach Annals of Tigernach The Annals of Tigernach is a chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. The language is a mixture of Latin and Old and Middle Irish.... place his death at 1055.
Túathal	1055-59	The Annals of Tigernach Annals of Tigernach The Annals of Tigernach is a chronicle probably originating in Clonmacnoise, Ireland. The language is a mixture of Latin and Old and Middle Irish.... place his predecessor's death at 1055, and Bower tells us he was bishop for 4 years, which makes a bishopric of 1055-59 likely, although it is possible that he did not succeed immediately.
Fothad II	1059?-1093	He performed the marriage of King Malcolm III of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Máel Coluim mac Donnchada , was King of Scots... to Margaret Saint Margaret of Scotland Saint Margaret of Scotland , also known as Margaret of Wessex and Queen Margaret of Scotland, was an English princess of the House of Wessex. Born in exile in Hungary, she was the sister of Edgar Ætheling, the short-ruling and uncrowned Anglo-Saxon King of England... (c. 1070). According to the Annals of Ulster Annals of Ulster The Annals of Ulster are annals of medieval Ireland. The entries span the years between AD 431 to AD 1540. The entries up to AD 1489 were compiled in the late 15th century by the scribe Ruaidhrí Ó Luinín, under his patron Cathal Óg Mac Maghnusa on the island of Belle Isle on Lough Erne in the... , died in 1093.
Giric	1093–1107	He appears in Version A of the Foundation Legend of St. Andrews. He is almost certainly the Gregorius mentioned by Bower.
Cathróe	1093–1107	He is one of four bishops-elect listed by Bower (Giric, Cathróe, Eadmer and Godric). As the list is in chronological order, only Cathróe can have been bishop elect before Turgot, Eadmer being bishop-elect in 1120, after the death of Turgot.
Turgot of Durham	1107–1115
Eadmer Eadmer Eadmer, or Edmer , was an English historian, theologian, and ecclesiastic. He is known for being a contemporary biographer of his contemporary archbishop and companion, Saint Anselm, in his Vita Anselmi, and for his Historia novorum in Anglia, which presents the public face of Anselm...	el. 1120-1121	Never consecrated.
Robert of Scone Robert of Scone Robert of Scone was a 12th century bishop of Cell Rígmonaid . Robert's exact origins are unclear. He was an Augustinian canon at the Priory of St. Oswalds, at Nostell...	1123/24-1159	Previously Prior of Scone.
Ernald Ernald Ernald was the second Abbot of Kelso before becoming Bishop of Cell Rígmonaid , the highest ranking Scottish see in the period. He was elected to the see on Sunday, St. Brice's Day 1160, and was consecrated at Dunfermline in the presence of King Máel Coluim IV the following Sunday by William,...	1160–1162	Abbot Waltheof of Melrose Melrose Abbey Melrose Abbey is a Gothic-style abbey in Melrose, Scotland. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland. It was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland... was offered the position before Ernald, but refused it.
Richard the Chaplain Richard the Chaplain Richard the Chaplain was the Chaplain of King Máel Coluim IV before becoming Bishop of Cell Rígmonaid , the highest ranking Scottish see of the period. He came from a well connected Anglo-Norman Lothian-based family, and was the nephew of Alwin, Abbot of Holyrood...	1163–1178
Hugh the Chaplain Hugh the Chaplain Hugh the Chaplain was the royal Chaplain of King William I of Scotland before becoming Bishop of Cell Rígmonaid , the highest ranking Scottish see of the period. After the death of Bishop Richard, King William selected Hugh to succeed to the bishopric in 1178...	1178–1188	Opposed by John the Scot
*John Scotus*	1178–1188	Opposed to Bishop Hugh. Never took possession of the see.
Roger de Beaumont Roger de Beaumont (bishop) Roger de Beaumont was Bishop of St Andrews .-Life:He was the son of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester. Roger's position as a younger son of the Earl of Leicester meant that Roger had to seek a fortune elsewhere, and did so withiin the church...	1189–1202
*Geoffrey de Liberatione*	postulated 1202	Bishop of Dunkeld Bishop of Dunkeld The Bishop of Dunkeld is the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Dunkeld, one of the largest and more important of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics, whose first recorded bishop is an early 12th century cleric named Cormac... , his postulation was rejected by the Pope, so he remained at Dunkeld.
William de Malveisin William de Malveisin Guillaume or William de Malveisin was Chancellor of Scotland, Bishop of Glasgow and then Bishop of St. Andrews .William Malveisin was probably born in France...	1202–1238	Previously Bishop of Glasgow.
David de Bernham David de Bernham David de Bernham was Chamberlain of King Alexander II of Scotland and subsequently, Bishop of St. Andrews. He was elected to the see in June 1239, and finally consecrated, after some difficulties, in January, 1240. He died in 1253, and was buried at Nenthorn, near Kelso.-References:*Dowden, John,...	1239–1253
Robert de Stuteville Robert de Stuteville Robert de Stuteville was Bishop-elect of St Andrews and Bishop of Dunkeld. Robert was dean of Dunkeld as early as 1253, when he was elected to the bishopric of St Andrews on 28 June that year. Unfortunately for Robert, his election was opposed by the king, at the time, Alexander III, and by the...	el. 1253	not consecrated; never took possession of the see.
Abel de Gullane	1254
Gamelin Gamelin (bishop) Gamelin was a 13th century Bishop of St Andrews. He had previously been the chancellor to King Alexander III of Scotland, as well as Papal chaplain. He was postulated to the see in Lent, 1255, and confirmed by Pope Alexander IV on 1 July 1255, who also agreed to overlook Gamelin's apparent "defect...	1255–1271
William Wishart William Wishart William Wishart was a 13th century Bishop of St. Andrews. He was postulated to the see of St. Andrews while holding the position as Bishop-elect of Glasgow, which he resigned when, on 2 June 1271, he was elected to that vacant see. He was succeeded at Glasgow by his cousin , Robert Wishart...	1271–1279
William Fraser William Fraser (bishop) William Fraser was a late 13th century Bishop of St Andrews and Guardian of the Kingdom of Scotland. Before election to the bishopric, he had been and Royal Chancellor of King Alexander III of Scotland and dean of Glasgow...	1279–1297
William de Lamberton William de Lamberton William de Lamberton, sometimes modernized as William Lamberton, was Bishop of St Andrews from 1297 until his death. Lamberton is renowned for his influential role during the Scottish Wars of Independence. He campaigned for the national cause under William Wallace and later Robert the Bruce...	1297–1328
*Alexander de Kininmund*	el. 1328	Appears to have been elected but was superseded by John Bane.
James Bane James Bane James Bane was Bishop of St. Andrews for a brief period in the early 14th century. In his earlier career, James had been a canon of Aberdeen and prebendary of Cruden....	1328–1332
William Bell William Bell (bishop) William Bell was a 14th century Bishop of St Andrews. His origins are not clear, but he was holding a canonry in the diocese of Glasgow by 20 January 1312. He was a commissary of Bishop William de Lamberton in a case between Dunfermline Abbey and one of the abbey's vicars in early 1312. He was...	el. 1332-1342	bishop-elect, spent ten years at the papal court, probably without obtaining confirmation
William de Landallis William de Landallis William de Landallis was a 14th century Bishop of St. Andrews. Like his predecessor, James Bane, he was a native of Aberdeenshire, serving as rector of Kinkell before being appointed by Pope Benedict XII as the successor of James at St. Andrews...	1342–1385
During the Great Schism Western Schism The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance . The simultaneous claims to the papal chair... (1378–1417), Scotland recognized the Pope at Avignon Avignon Papacy The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon, in modern-day France. This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.... , who recognized the following bishops:
Stephen de Pa Stephen de Pa Stephen de Pa was Prior and, briefly, Bishop-elect of St. Andrews. He was elected to succeed William de Landallis after the latter's death on September 23, 1385...	1385–1386	Not consecrated; never took possession of the see. Was captured by pirates on his way to continental Europe, and kept prisoner in England.
Walter Trail Walter Trail Walter Trail was a late 14th century Bishop of St. Andrews. He appears as an official in the Bishopric of Glasgow in 1378, as a Magister Artium and a Licentiate in Canon and civil law. In 1380, he is a doctor in Canon and Civil Law, as well as a Papal chaplain and auditor. In this year, Pope...	1385–1401
Thomas Stewart Thomas Stewart Thomas Stewart was an illegitimate son of King Robert II of Scotland. In 1380, Avignon Pope Clement VII provided Thomas with the Archdeaconry of the Bishopric of St. Andrews, as well as the canonry of Stobo in the Bishopric of Glasgow...	el. 1401-1402	Never consecrated. He was the bastard son of King Robert II of Scotland Robert II of Scotland Robert II became King of Scots in 1371 as the first monarch of the House of Stewart. He was the son of Walter Stewart, hereditary High Steward of Scotland and of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert I and of his first wife Isabella of Mar... , and renounced his rights soon after his election.
*Walter de Danielston*	el. 1402	Not consecrated.
Gilbert de Greenlaw Gilbert de Greenlaw Gilbert de Greenlaw was a medieval Bishop of Aberdeen and Bishop-elect of St. Andrews. He was a Licentiate in the Arts, and had been a canon of Bishopric of Moray by the late 1370s, before being provided by Avignon Pope Clement VII the church of Liston in the Bishopric of St. Andrews in 1379. By...	postulated 1403	Not consecrated. He had been Bishop of Aberdeen Bishop of Aberdeen The Bishop of Aberdeen was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Aberdeen, one of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics, whose first recorded bishop is an early 12th century cleric named Nechtan... , but Pope Benedict XIII refused to confirm his postulation, and instead appointed Henry Wardlaw.
Henry Wardlaw Henry Wardlaw Henry Wardlaw was a Scottish church leader, Bishop of St Andrews and founder of the University of St Andrews.He was a son of II Laird of Wilton Henry Wardlaw who was b. 1318, and a nephew of Walter Wardlaw Henry Wardlaw (died 6 April 1440) was a Scottish church leader, Bishop of St Andrews and...	1403–1440
In opposition, the Pope at Rome, appointed the following Bishops, neither of which took possession of their See.
Alexander Neville Alexander Neville Alexander Neville was a late medieval prelate who served as Archbishop of York from 1374 to 1388.-Life:Born in about 1340, he was a younger son of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and Alice de Audley...	trans. 1388-1392	Exiled Archbishop of York Archbishop of York The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and metropolitan of the Province of York, which covers the northern portion of England as well as the Isle of Man... , Pope Urban VI Pope Urban VI Pope Urban VI , born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.-Biography:Born in Itri, he was a devout monk and learned casuist, trained at Avignon. On March 21, 1364, he was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom of Naples... appointed him to St. Andrews. Died in 1392.
Thomas Arundel Thomas Arundel Thomas Arundel was Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397 and from 1399 until his death, an outspoken opponent of the Lollards.-Family background:...	trans. 1398-1399	Exiled Archbishop of Canterbury Archbishop of Canterbury The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion, and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. In his role as head of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop leads the third largest group... , Pope Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX Pope Boniface IX , born Piero Tomacelli, was the second Roman Pope of the Western Schism from November 2, 1389, until October 1, 1404... appointed him to St. Andrews before being restored to Canterbury the next year.
John Trevor	trans. 1408-1410	Formerly Bishop of St. Asaph Bishop of St Asaph The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph.The diocese covers the counties of Conwy and Flintshire, Wrexham county borough, the eastern part of Merioneth in Gwynedd and part of northern Powys. The Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of St Asaph in the town of... . Died in 1410.
After the conclusion of the Schism, the Pope recognized the following Bishops.
James Kennedy	1440–1465
Patrick Graham	1465-1472/8	Elevated to Archbishop in 1472.

List of archbishops

The bishopric of St Andrews was elevated into an Archbishopric in 1472 by Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV

Pope Sixtus IV , born Francesco della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484. His accomplishments as Pope included the establishment of the Sistine Chapel; the group of artists that he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age,...

. The Scottish church broke with Rome in the Scottish Reformation

Scottish Reformation

The Scottish Reformation was Scotland's formal break with the Papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. It was part of the wider European Protestant Reformation; and in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the re-establishment of the church along Reformed lines, and politically in...

of 1560.

Incumbent	Dates	Notes
Patrick Graham	1472–1478	Deposed for corruption and insanity in 1478.
William Scheves William Scheves William Scheves was the second Archbishop of St. Andrews. In his earlier ecclesiastical career, he had been clericus regiae and Master of the hospital of Brechin. In 1474 he was provided unsuccessful to the Archdeaconry of Dunblane, but by the beginning of 1477 he was Archdeacon of St Andrews...	1478–1497	Co-adjutor since 1476.
James Stewart, Duke of Ross James Stewart, Duke of Ross James Stewart, Duke of Ross was the son of King James III of Scotland and Margaret of Denmark.-Titles and Offices:He was made Marquess of Ormond at his baptism...	1497–1504
Alexander Stewart Alexander Stewart (Archbishop of St Andrews) Alexander Stewart was an illegitimate son of King James IV of Scotland and his mistress Marion Boyd. He was the eldest illegitimate child of King James IV of Scotland his mistress Marion Boyd...	1504–1513
*John Hepburn*	el. 1513	Elect, not accepted by the Pope.
Cardinal Innocenzo Cybo Innocenzo Cybo Innocenzo Cybo was an Italian cardinal and archbishop.-Family and education:From the Genoese family Cibo or Cybo, in 1488 the Cybo family purchased Florentine citizenship for a considerable sum of money Innocenzo was born in Florence on 25 August 1491 to Franceschetto Cybo and...	1513–1514	He was the nephew of Pope Leo X Pope Leo X Pope Leo X , born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was the Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known for granting indulgences for those who donated to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses... , and appointed by the Pope instead of John Hepburn. Owing to lack of support in Scotland, and exchange was made with Archbishop Forman of Bourges.
William Elphinstone William Elphinstone William Elphinstone was a Scottish statesman, Bishop of Aberdeen and founder of the University of Aberdeen.He was born in Glasgow, and educated at the University of Glasgow, taking the degree of M.A. in 1452. After practising for a short time as a lawyer in the church courts, he was ordained a...	1513–1514	Received crown nomination and chapter postulation for translation from bishopric of Aberdeen Bishop of Aberdeen The Bishop of Aberdeen was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Aberdeen, one of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics, whose first recorded bishop is an early 12th century cleric named Nechtan... but died without possession on 25 October 1514. It is not known whether or not the Pope would have accepted his translation.
Gavin Douglas Gavin Douglas Gavin Douglas was a Scottish bishop, makar and translator. Although he had an important political career, it is for his poetry that he is now chiefly remembered. His principal pioneering achievement was the Eneados, a full and faithful vernacular translation of the Aeneid of Virgil and the first...	1513–1514	Received crown nomination after death of Elphinstone; was not accepted by the Pope and became Bishop of Dunkeld instead.
Andrew Forman Andrew Forman Andrew Forman was a Scottish diplomat and prelate who became Bishop of Moray in 1501, Archbishop of Bourges in France, in 1513, Archbishop of St Andrews in 1514 as well as the headship of several monasteries....	1514–1521	Bishop of Moray Bishop of Moray The Bishop of Moray or Bishop of Elgin was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese of Moray in northern Scotland, one of Scotland's 13 medieval bishoprics... , Archbishop of Bourges, obtained St Andrews through exchange with Cibo.
James Beaton James Beaton Dr. James Beaton was a Scottish church leader, the uncle of Dr. David Cardinal Beaton and the Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland....	1522–1539
David Cardinal Beaton David Beaton The Most Rev. Dr. David Cardinal Beaton was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish Cardinal prior to the Reformation.-Career:...	1539–1546	Co-adjutor since 1537.
John Hamilton	1547–1571
Gavin Hamilton	1571	Co-adjutor since 1551.
John Douglas	1571–1574
Patrick Adamson Patrick Adamson Patrick Adamson , Scottish divine, Archbishop of St Andrews, was born at Perth, Scotland, where his father, Patrick Adamson, was Dean of the Merchant Guildry. He studied Philosophy, and took the degree of M.A...	1575–1592
George Gledstanes George Gledstanes George Gledstanes was an Archbishop of St Andrews during the seventeenth century.-Early life:George Gledstanes was a son of Herbert Gladstanes, clerk of Dundee, and one of the bailies of that town. He was born there between 1560 and 1565, and after spending some time at Dundee Grammar School went...	1604–1615
John Spottiswoode John Spottiswoode John Spottiswoode was an Archbishop of St Andrews, Primate of All Scotland and historian of Scotland.-Life:...	1615–1638
Abolition of Episcopacy 1638-1661
James Sharp	1661–1679	First Archbishop of the Restoration Episcopacy.
Alexander Burnet Alexander Burnet Alexander Burnet was a 17th century Scottish prelate. Born in the summer of 1615 to James Burnet and Christian née Dundas, he gained an MA from the University of Edinburgh in 1633. He chose to follow the career of his father, who had been minister of Lauder, by becoming a churchman himself...	1679–1684
Arthur Rose Arthur Rose Arthur Rose was a seventeenth century Scottish priest, Archbishop of St Andrews, and Episcopal Primate of Scotland.-Life:The younger son of Elizabeth Wood and her husband, John Rose, minister of Birse, he was born in 1634...	1684-1689 (1704)
In 1689, episcopacy was declared abolished in the Church of Scotland Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland, known informally by its Scots language name, the Kirk, is a Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation.... , but continued in the Scottish Episcopal Church Scottish Episcopal Church The Scottish Episcopal Church is a Christian church in Scotland, consisting of seven dioceses. Since the 17th century, it has had an identity distinct from the presbyterian Church of Scotland.... .

List of known abbots

List of known bishops

List of archbishops

See also