Arriba (newspaper)
Encyclopedia
Arriba was a Spanish
daily newspaper. It was founded in Madrid
21 March 1935 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera
as the official weekly newspaper of the Spanish Falange
. On 5 March 1936 it was suspended by the government of the Second Spanish Republic
. The suspension continued through the Spanish Civil War
. After nearly three years of fighting, Madrid was captured by Nationalist troops under Francisco Franco
. The Falangists seized the facilities of the newspaper El Sol
and, beginning 29 March 1939, published a revived Arriba as the daily newspaper of the Movimiento Nacional
. It soon became the official newspaper of the Spanish State
under Franco.
During the Spanish transition to democracy
after Franco's death, on 15 June 1979, the Spanish Council of Ministers
ordered the closure of Arriba. Its final issue was published the following day.
, Freemasons
and Communists
were conspiring to destroy Christianity
in general and Spain in particular. Franco's Antisemitism was not racialised, as was that of the Nazis: it was more along the lines of historic Catholic
anti-Judaism. Arriba' s Antisemitism, in line with Franco's own, was virulent, and was followed in some cases by incidents of anti-Jewish violence.
(Sociedad Española de Precios Únicos), Spain's first department store
, was founded in Barcelona
on 9 January 1934 by Swiss
citizens of Jewish origin, Henry Reisembach and Edouard Wormsde, who also opened a second store in Madrid
. In the 1930s they were the subject of a vigorous campaign on the part of the Falange. Arriba directly accused the company of exploiting its employees while taking advantage of links to political power:
This campaign, began with the first issue of the newspaper and was systematic. It was contemporaneous with, and inspired by, the Nazi assaults on Jewish-owned businesses in Germany
. In 1935 the Madrid branch was assaulted by Falangist militants; the store's windows were broken on several different occasions. That same year, Arriba wrote:
Jakin Boor. The articles rant against Freemasonry, Communism, Jews, and (later in the series) the State of Israel
. Israel had voted against admitting Spain into the United Nations
and accused Franco's government of being complicit with and supportive of the former Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler
in Germany and the former Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini
in Italy
. On 9 August 1949 Franco wrote an article in Arriba entitled "Alta masonería" ("High Masonry"):
On 11 December 1949 he wrote:
The articles by Franco also made reference to criminal rituals and to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
daily newspaper. It was founded in Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
21 March 1935 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquis of Estella , was a Spanish lawyer, nobleman, politician, and founder of the Falange Española...
as the official weekly newspaper of the Spanish Falange
Falange
The Spanish Phalanx of the Assemblies of the National Syndicalist Offensive , known simply as the Falange, is the name assigned to several political movements and parties dating from the 1930s, most particularly the original fascist movement in Spain. The word means phalanx formation in Spanish....
. On 5 March 1936 it was suspended by the government of the Second Spanish Republic
Second Spanish Republic
The Second Spanish Republic was the government of Spain between April 14 1931, and its destruction by a military rebellion, led by General Francisco Franco....
. The suspension continued through the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
. After nearly three years of fighting, Madrid was captured by Nationalist troops under Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
. The Falangists seized the facilities of the newspaper El Sol
El Sol (Madrid)
El Sol was a Spanish newspaper printed in Madrid. It was founded the December 1, 1917 by Nicolás María de Urgoiti. Edited by Manuel Aznar Zubigaray, its writers included Julio Álvarez del Vayo and Ernesto Giménez Caballero....
and, beginning 29 March 1939, published a revived Arriba as the daily newspaper of the Movimiento Nacional
Movimiento Nacional
The Movimiento Nacional was the name given to the nationalist inspired mechanism during Francoist rule in Spain, which purported to be the only channel of participation to Spanish public life...
. It soon became the official newspaper of the Spanish State
Spanish State
Francoist Spain refers to a period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975 when Spain was under the authoritarian dictatorship of Francisco Franco....
under Franco.
During the Spanish transition to democracy
Spanish transition to democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. The transition is usually said to have begun with Franco’s death on 20 November 1975, while its completion has been variously said to be marked by the Spanish...
after Franco's death, on 15 June 1979, the Spanish Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers of Spain
The Cabinet of Spain is a collegiate body composed of the President of the Government , Vice Presidents when existing and the Ministers, and any other member required by law, and in some cases Secretaries of State...
ordered the closure of Arriba. Its final issue was published the following day.
Antisemitism, anti-Freemasonry, and anti-Communism
Franco believed in the international Judeo-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory. He believed that JewsJews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
, Freemasons
Freemasonry
Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from obscure origins in the late 16th to early 17th century. Freemasonry now exists in various forms all over the world, with a membership estimated at around six million, including approximately 150,000 under the jurisdictions of the Grand Lodge...
and Communists
Communism
Communism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...
were conspiring to destroy Christianity
Christianity
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
in general and Spain in particular. Franco's Antisemitism was not racialised, as was that of the Nazis: it was more along the lines of historic Catholic
Catholicism
Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole....
anti-Judaism. Arriba
The campaign against Sepu
SepuSEPU
SEPU or Sepu was Spain's first department store. SEPU was founded in Barcelona 9 January 1934 by Swiss citizens of Jewish origins, Henry Reisembach and Edouard Worms; it later opened branches in Madrid and Zaragoza...
(Sociedad Española de Precios Únicos), Spain's first department store
Department store
A department store is a retail establishment which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential durable goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise lines, at variable price points, in all product categories...
, was founded in Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
on 9 January 1934 by Swiss
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
citizens of Jewish origin, Henry Reisembach and Edouard Wormsde, who also opened a second store in Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
. In the 1930s they were the subject of a vigorous campaign on the part of the Falange. Arriba directly accused the company of exploiting its employees while taking advantage of links to political power:
These Jews of SEPU provide grounds to deal with them daily, by their relations with the employees they exploit. If their mere presence suffices to produce indignation, if the outrages committed by their staff suffice to rouse the most tranquil. We ask, does SEPU enjoy carte blanche? Who covers for SEPU? Does the director of [the Ministry of] Labor know the cases of SEPU?
This campaign, began with the first issue of the newspaper and was systematic. It was contemporaneous with, and inspired by, the Nazi assaults on Jewish-owned businesses in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
. In 1935 the Madrid branch was assaulted by Falangist militants; the store's windows were broken on several different occasions. That same year, Arriba wrote:
The international Jewish-Masonic conspiracy is the creator of the great evils that have arrived for humanity: such are capitalismCapitalismCapitalism is an economic system that became dominant in the Western world following the demise of feudalism. There is no consensus on the precise definition nor on how the term should be used as a historical category...
and MarxismMarxismMarxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...
.
Franco's articles
Arriba carried a series of articles by Franco himself (compiled in 1952 under the title Masonería, "(Free)Masonry"). The series began on 14 December 1946 and was signed with the pseudonymPseudonym
A pseudonym is a name that a person assumes for a particular purpose and that differs from his or her original orthonym...
Jakin Boor. The articles rant against Freemasonry, Communism, Jews, and (later in the series) the State of Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
. Israel had voted against admitting Spain into the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
and accused Franco's government of being complicit with and supportive of the former Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
in Germany and the former Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. On 9 August 1949 Franco wrote an article in Arriba entitled "Alta masonería" ("High Masonry"):
The recognition of Israel, its entry into the UN, the hypocritical and unjust conduct toward Spain, the enmity against Argentina, the systematic opposition in the government of the state, the great decisions about the national order, obey exclusively the dictates of (Free)Masonry.
On 11 December 1949 he wrote:
To so extend (Free)Masonry through various nations faced with a people deeply entrenched in the society we live, who see an ideal field for machinations in the sect that comes dragging a secular complex of inferiority and of rancor from their dispersion: they are the Jews of the world, the army of speculators accustomed to break or skirt the law, which benefits the sect to be considered powerful. Judaism, atheism and Catholic dissidence feed thence the continental lodges.
The articles by Franco also made reference to criminal rituals and to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.