Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern
Encyclopedia
Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern
Founded
1988
Disbanded
2012
Nation
State
 Kingdom of Bavaria
Region
Regierungsbezirk
In Germany, a Government District, in German: Regierungsbezirk – is a subdivision of certain federal states .They are above the Kreise, Landkreise, and kreisfreie Städte...

Upper Bavaria
Upper Bavaria
Upper Bavaria is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany.- Geography :Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered around the city of Munich. It is subdivided into four regions : Ingolstadt, Munich, Bayerisches Oberland , and Südostoberbayern...

Promotion To
Landesliga Bayern-Süd
Landesliga Bayern-Süd
The Landesliga Bayern-Süd is currently the 6th tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga it was the 5th tier of the league system....

Relegation To
Bezirksliga Nord
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Nord
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Nord is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

Bezirksliga Süd
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

Bezirksliga Ost
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Ost
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Ost is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

Number of Teams
16
Level on Pyramid
Level 7
German football league system
The German football league system, or league pyramid, refers to a series of hierarchically interconnected leagues for association football clubs in Germany that consists of over 2,300 men's divisions, in which all leagues are bound together by the principle of promotion and relegation...

Current Champions 2010-11
TSV Eching
TSV Eching
TSV Eching is a German association football club from the municipality of Eching, located north of Munich, Bavaria. Established in 1947 as a football team , TSV today includes a winter sports department.-History:...



The Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern is currently the 7th tier of the German football league system
German football league system
The German football league system, or league pyramid, refers to a series of hierarchically interconnected leagues for association football clubs in Germany that consists of over 2,300 men's divisions, in which all leagues are bound together by the principle of promotion and relegation...

 in the Bavarian
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...

 Regierungsbezirk
Regierungsbezirk
In Germany, a Government District, in German: Regierungsbezirk – is a subdivision of certain federal states .They are above the Kreise, Landkreise, and kreisfreie Städte...

of Upper Bavaria
Upper Bavaria
Upper Bavaria is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany.- Geography :Upper Bavaria is located in the southern portion of Bavaria, and is centered around the city of Munich. It is subdivided into four regions : Ingolstadt, Munich, Bayerisches Oberland , and Südostoberbayern...

 . Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga
3rd Liga
The 3rd Liga is the third division of football in Germany. The league started with the beginning of the 2008–09 season, when it replaced the Regionalliga as the third tier football league in Germany. In the German football league system, it is positioned between the 2...

 in 2008 it was the 6th tier of the league system.

The league, in its current, single division format will be disbanded in 2012, when major changes to the Bavarian football league system
Bavarian football league system
The Bavarian football league system of the Bavarian Football Association ranks within the German football league system. Its highest division, the Fussball-Bayernliga, is currently the 5th tier of German football. Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga in 2008 it was the 4th tier of the league system...

 are carried out. Above the current Bezirksoberliga, the Landesligas will be expanded in number from three to five divisions and the Bezirke will have two to three regional leagues as its highest level again, similar to the system in place until 1988.

Overview

The Bezirksoberligas
Bezirksoberligen Bayern
The seven Bezirksoberligas Bayern are the third highest level of the Bavarian football league system, below Oberliga and Landesliga. They are the 7th tier of the German football league system.-Overview:...

 in Bavaria
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...

 were introduced in 1988 to create a highest single-division playing level for each of the seven Regierungsbezirk. The term Bezirksoberliga translates roughly into County Premier League, a Regierungsbezirk being a similar administrative entity to a County
County
A county is a jurisdiction of local government in certain modern nations. Historically in mainland Europe, the original French term, comté, and its equivalents in other languages denoted a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count A county is a jurisdiction of local government in certain...

.

Before the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas, the Bezirksliga
Bezirksklasse
The Bezirksliga, Bezirksklasse or Landesklasse is the 8th tier of football in Germany. The Bezirksliga exists in all regions of German football. Below the Bezirksliga usually ranks the Kreisliga...

 was the level of play below the Landesliga. The Bezirksligas Oberbayern-Nord
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Nord
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Nord is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

, Oberbayern-Süd
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Süd is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

 and Oberbayern-Ost
Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Ost
The Bezirksliga Oberbayern-Ost is currently the 8th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Upper Bavaria...

 fed the Landesliga Bayern-Süd as they now feed the Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern.

The winner of the Bezirksoberliga Oberbayern, like the winner of the Bezirksoberliga Schwaben
Bezirksoberliga Schwaben
The Bezirksoberliga Schwaben is currently the 7th tier of the German football league system in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Swabia . Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga in 2008 it was the 6th tier of the league system....

, is directly promoted to the Landesliga Bayern-Süd
Landesliga Bayern-Süd
The Landesliga Bayern-Süd is currently the 6th tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga it was the 5th tier of the league system....

. The two second placed teams out of those leagues play-off for another promotion spot. The winner goes to Landesliga
Landesliga
The Landesliga is the 7th tier of football in most of Germany, one division below the Verbandsliga. In Bavaria, Sachsen, Thüringen, Bremen, Lower Saxony and Hamburg the Landesligas are set right below the Oberliga and therefore are the 6th tier...

, the loser faces the 15th placed team out of the Landesliga for the last spot there.However, in some years additional promotion places are available in the Landesliga.

The three bottom teams of the Bezirksoberliga are relegated to the Bezirksliga, the team just above those faces a play-off against the second placed Bezirksliga teams.

Some of the clubs in the west of Oberbayern actually play in the Schwaben football league system
Schwaben football league system
The Schwaben football league system is a league system operating in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk of Swabia .-Overview:...

. This is mostly because before the border reform in the 1970s some actually had belonged to Schwaben. Being geographically closer to Augsburg
Augsburg
Augsburg is a city in the south-west of Bavaria, Germany. It is a university town and home of the Regierungsbezirk Schwaben and the Bezirk Schwaben. Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is, as of 2008, the third-largest city in Bavaria with a...

 then Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...

 also makes a difference.

Oberbayern is the only one of the seven Bezirke to have three Bezirksligas below the Bezirksoberliga. The reason for this is the fact that it is the most populous. The Bavarian FA actually regulates, how many Bezirksligas a Bezirk needs to have, based on the number of clubs in the region.

With the league reform at the end of the 2011-12 season, which includes an expansion of the number of Landesligas from three to five, the Bezirksoberligas are scheduled to be disbanded. Instead, the Beirksligas will take the place of the Bezirksoberligas once more below the Landesligas.

The clubs from the current Bezirksoberliga would join the following leagues:
  • Champions : Promotion round to the Bayernliga, winners to the Bayernliga, losers to the Landesliga.
  • Teams placed 2nd to 6th: Directly qualified to the Landesliga.
  • Teams placed 7th to 12th: Six additional Landesliga places to be determined in a play-off round with the Bezirksliga champions, losers enter Bezirksliga.
  • Teams placed 13th to 16th: Directly relegated to Bezirksliga.

Top-three of the Bezirksoberliga

The top-three finishers in the league since its interception:
Season Champions Runners-up Third
1988-89 BSG Himolla Taufkirchen MSV München ESV Freilassing
1989-90 FSV München ESV Freilassing VfR Neuburg
1990-91 ESV Ingolstadt
ESV Ingolstadt
The ESV Ingolstadt is a general sports club in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, formed on 15 February 1919.Until 2004, the club operated a football department but after a merger with local rival MTV Ingolstadt to form FC Ingolstadt 04 the footballers left for the new club.The club has over 1,600 members in 21...

1. FC Miesbach + TSV 1860 München II +
1991-92 BSC Sendling FSV München ESV Neuaubing
1992-93 1. FC Miesbach SC Fürstenfeldbruck
SC Fürstenfeldbruck
SC Fürstenfeldbruck is a German association football club from Fürstenfeldbruck, Bavaria.-History:The club was established in 1919 as Fußball Club Fürstenfeldbruck...

TuS Geretsried
1993-94 TSV Großhadern TuS Geretsried + ASV Dachau +
1994-95 ESV Freilassing TSV 1860 München II
TSV 1860 München II
The TSV 1860 München II is the reserve team of German football club TSV 1860 München, from the city of Munich, Bavaria.Until 2005, the team played under the name of TSV 1860 München Amateure...

ASV Dachau
1995-96 FC Garmisch-Partenkirchen FC Ismaning
FC Ismaning
FC Ismaning is a German association football club based in the district of Ismaning in Munich, Bavaria.-History:The 700 member club was founded in March 1921 and played in lower tier competition until the mid-90s when the footballers advanced for the first time to the Landesliga Bayern-Süd...

1. FC Traunstein
1996-97 TSV Ampfing
TSV Ampfing
TSV Ampfing is a German football club from the city of Ampfing, Bavaria.-History:The club was established 19 May 1927 as the gymnastics club Turn- und Sportverein Ampfing and first formed a football department in 1931...

FSV München + SpVgg Feldmoching +
1997-98 SC Eintracht Freising TuS Geretsried SpVgg Unterhaching II
1998-99 SpVgg Unterhaching II
SpVgg Unterhaching II
The SpVgg Unterhaching II is the reserve team of German football club SpVgg Unterhaching, from the Unterhaching suburb of the city of Munich, Bavaria....

TSV München-Grünwald Falke Markt Schwaben
1999-2000 TSV Ebersberg Falke Markt Schwaben
Falke Markt Schwaben
Falke Markt Schwaben is a German association football club from the city of Markt Schwaben, Bavaria. Falke is the German word for falcon, with the animal being depicted in the Coats of arms of Markt Schwaben.-History:...

1. FC Traunstein
2000-01 SV Gendorf-Burgkirchen Wacker Burghausen II ESV Ingolstadt
2001-02 BCF Wolfratshausen
BCF Wolfratshausen
The BCF Wolfratshausen is a German association football club from the city of Wolfratshausen, Bavaria.-History:The club was formed in 1957 as BC Farchet, named after a suburb of Wolfratshausen. The club was not a football club as such in its origins but rather its activities took part in the local...

SV Raisting ESV Ingolstadt
2002-03 FT Starnberg 09
FT Starnberg 09
The FT Starnberg 09 is a German association football club from the town of Starnberg, Bavaria. Apart from football, the club also offers other sports like tennis and volleyball....

SV Heimstetten
SV Heimstetten
SV Heimstetten is a German association football club based in the Kirchheim district of Munich, Bavaria.-History:The club was founded in 1967 and in addition to a football team has departments for basketball, gymnastics, Judo, table tennis, tennis, and volleyball.The footballers played in lower...

ESV Ingolstadt
2003-04 TSV Buchbach
TSV Buchbach
TSV Buchbach is a German association football club from the village of Buchbach, Bavaria. The team is part of a larger sports club that also has departments for curling, gymnastics, skiing, and tennis...

SC Fürstenfeldbruck II TSV Ampfing
2004-05 TSV Großhadern SK Srbija München FC Unterföhring
2005-06 TSV München-Grünwald + FC Ingolstadt 04 II
FC Ingolstadt 04 II
The FC Ingolstadt 04 II is a German association football club from the city of Ingolstadt, Bavaria.It is the reserve team of FC Ingolstadt 04.-History:...

+
SV Pullach
2006-07 SV Raisting SB/DJK Rosenheim
SB/DJK Rosenheim
The SB/DJK Rosenheim is a German association football club from the city of Rosenheim, Bavaria. Apart from football, the club also offers other sports like tennis, basketball and American football, the latter in the form of the Rosenheim Rebels....

VfB Eichstätt
2007-08 SV Pullach FC Unterföhring VfB Eichstätt
2008-09 VfB Eichstätt TSV Eching
TSV Eching
TSV Eching is a German association football club from the municipality of Eching, located north of Munich, Bavaria. Established in 1947 as a football team , TSV today includes a winter sports department.-History:...

SC Eintracht Freising
2009-10 FC Unterföhring FC Gerolfing SpVgg Feldmoching
2010-11 TSV Eching SV Kirchanschöring + VfR Garching +
2011-12
  • Promoted teams in bold.
  • + Teams finished on equal points, decider needed to determine final position.

Multiple winners

Only one club has won the league more then once:
Club Wins Years
TSV Großhadern 2 1994, 2005

League placings

The final placings in the league since its interception:
Club S 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
TSV 1860 München II
TSV 1860 München II
The TSV 1860 München II is the reserve team of German football club TSV 1860 München, from the city of Munich, Bavaria.Until 2005, the team played under the name of TSV 1860 München Amateure...

5 3 10 4 4 2 L B R R R R B B B R R R R R R R R
FC Ismaning
FC Ismaning
FC Ismaning is a German association football club based in the district of Ismaning in Munich, Bavaria.-History:The 700 member club was founded in March 1921 and played in lower tier competition until the mid-90s when the footballers advanced for the first time to the Landesliga Bayern-Süd...

2 4 2 L L L L B B B B B B B B B B B B
SpVgg Unterhaching II
SpVgg Unterhaching II
The SpVgg Unterhaching II is the reserve team of German football club SpVgg Unterhaching, from the Unterhaching suburb of the city of Munich, Bavaria....

3 8 3 1 L L B B B B B B B R B B B
SV Heimstetten
SV Heimstetten
SV Heimstetten is a German association football club based in the Kirchheim district of Munich, Bavaria.-History:The club was founded in 1967 and in addition to a football team has departments for basketball, gymnastics, Judo, table tennis, tennis, and volleyball.The footballers played in lower...

5 7 9 6 4 2 L L L B B L L B B
TSV Buchbach
TSV Buchbach
TSV Buchbach is a German association football club from the village of Buchbach, Bavaria. The team is part of a larger sports club that also has departments for curling, gymnastics, skiing, and tennis...

1 1 L L L L B B B B
FC Ingolstadt 04 II
FC Ingolstadt 04 II
The FC Ingolstadt 04 II is a German association football club from the city of Ingolstadt, Bavaria.It is the reserve team of FC Ingolstadt 04.-History:...

 1
2 5 2 L L B B B B
SB/DJK Rosenheim
SB/DJK Rosenheim
The SB/DJK Rosenheim is a German association football club from the city of Rosenheim, Bavaria. Apart from football, the club also offers other sports like tennis, basketball and American football, the latter in the form of the Rosenheim Rebels....

11 5 10 5 16 14 15 11 6 13 6 2 L L L L B
SC Fürstenfeldbruck
SC Fürstenfeldbruck
SC Fürstenfeldbruck is a German association football club from Fürstenfeldbruck, Bavaria.-History:The club was established in 1919 as Fußball Club Fürstenfeldbruck...

4 L 12 4 6 2 L L L L L L L L L B B B B B L L L L L
Wacker Burghausen II 2 5 2 L L L L B B L L L L L
BCF Wolfratshausen
BCF Wolfratshausen
The BCF Wolfratshausen is a German association football club from the city of Wolfratshausen, Bavaria.-History:The club was formed in 1957 as BC Farchet, named after a suburb of Wolfratshausen. The club was not a football club as such in its origins but rather its activities took part in the local...

1 1 L L B L L L L L L L
SV Pullach 10 10 9 4 12 13 4 16 3 4 1 L L L L
VfB Eichstätt 3 3 3 1 L L L
FC Unterföhring 6 3 10 8 2 6 1 L L
TSV Eching
TSV Eching
TSV Eching is a German association football club from the municipality of Eching, located north of Munich, Bavaria. Established in 1947 as a football team , TSV today includes a winter sports department.-History:...

4 L L B B B L L L L L L L L L L L L 8 15 2 L 1 L
SV Kirchanschöring 8 14 10 7 11 4 7 9 2 L
Falke Markt Schwaben
Falke Markt Schwaben
Falke Markt Schwaben is a German association football club from the city of Markt Schwaben, Bavaria. Falke is the German word for falcon, with the animal being depicted in the Coats of arms of Markt Schwaben.-History:...

10 9 12 11 5 10 4 4 3 2 L B B L L L L L L L L x
FC Gerolfing 2 2 L x
VfR Garching 7 4 8 13 14 4 3 x
TSV Ampfing
TSV Ampfing
TSV Ampfing is a German football club from the city of Ampfing, Bavaria.-History:The club was established 19 May 1927 as the gymnastics club Turn- und Sportverein Ampfing and first formed a football department in 1931...

8 B L L L L L L L 1 L L L L L 9 3 11 15 7 4 x
TuS Geretsried 6 3 2 L L L 2 L L L 17 5 x
FT Starnberg 09
FT Starnberg 09
The FT Starnberg 09 is a German association football club from the town of Starnberg, Bavaria. Apart from football, the club also offers other sports like tennis and volleyball....

 2
9 10 13 L 1 L L L 9 9 4 5 6 x
ASV Dachau 19 9 4 8 11 10 3 3 9 14 10 16 12 9 5 10 12 10 7 x
SC Eintracht Freising 6 1 L L L L L L L L L 7 3 11 8 x
FC Deisenhofen 5 15 10 8 9 x
SpVgg Feldmoching 14 4 16 3 7 15 7 7 12 7 11 5 3 10 x
SC Kirchheim 2 11 x
SC Baldham 7 4 5 12 13 14 12 x
SV Raisting 12 12 12 16 10 9 2 L 8 4 5 1 L L 14 x
1. FC Miesbach 11 6 2 L 1 L L L L L L L L 15 10 8 11 10 12 15 x
TuS Holzkirchen 2 13 x
SV Manching 1 x
SV Erlbach 5 12 6 13 6 13
Eintracht Karlsfeld 11 5 10 5 6 5 7 14 5 11 12 14
TSV Großhadern 6 L L L L L 1 L L L L L 8 5 14 1 L L L L L 15
BC Attaching 1 16
SC Olching 2 13 13
TSV Wasserburg 6 11 16 13 8 8 15
TSV Kösching 2 9 16
1. FC Traunstein 16 7 13 9 11 3 10 11 11 3 7 9 10 12 6 16 14
SC Gaißach 1 16
ESV Freilassing 9 3 2 L 8 5 8 1 L 6 15 14
TSV München-Grünwald 13 L L L L 9 10 9 6 13 2 L 8 6 6 5 9 1 L 15
SK Srbija München 4 11 2 L 6 16
SC Fürstenfeldbruck II 4 8 2 L 4 14
FC Perach 1 16
TSV Ottobrunn 8 15 6 13 8 9 5 14 14
Türk SV München 5 3 B B B B L L B B L L L L L L 13 9 15
MTV Berg 1 16
SV Gendorf 4 16 6 7 1 L L L
ESV Ingolstadt
ESV Ingolstadt
The ESV Ingolstadt is a general sports club in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, formed on 15 February 1919.Until 2004, the club operated a football department but after a merger with local rival MTV Ingolstadt to form FC Ingolstadt 04 the footballers left for the new club.The club has over 1,600 members in 21...

 1
6 L L 1 L L L 16 3 3 3 4
FC Neufahrn 6 13 11 11 8 7 14
FC Aschheim 2 5 15
TSV Reischach 2 10 15
SV Germering 6 6 5 13 10 11 16
VfR Neuburg 7 7 3 6 12 18 7 17
SV Lohhof
SV Lohhof
SV Lohhof is a German association football club from the Lohhof district of Unterschleißheim, Bavaria, north of Munich. The footballers are part of a sports club that includes departments for athletics, badminton, gymnastics, martial arts, swimming, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, as well as...

1 L L B B B B R B B B B R B L 18
TSV Ebersberg 4 8 8 1 L 12
FC Sportfreunde Eiting 1 16
VfL Waldkraiburg 1 13
TSV Forstenried 1 14
Gartenstadt Trudering 8 15 8 5 7 9 4 12 15
TSV Marktl 2 6 16
FC Emmering 8 8 7 7 14 5 12 12 15
TSV Milbertshofen
TSV Milbertshofen
TSV Milbertshofen is a sports club based in Milbertshofen a suburb in the north of Munich, Germany. The club, which can trace its history back to 1905, achieved its greatest successes in handball, volleyball, table tennis and football...

1 14
FC Garmisch 2 1 L L 13
SV Aubing 1 16
FSV München 3 6 L 1 L 2 7 15 4 2 L
FC Moosining 7 6 9 14 10 11 11 14
BSC Sendling 4 1 L 17 12 16
Himolla Taufkirchen 3 1 L L L L L L 7 15
FSV Pfaffenhofen 1 13
FC Croatia München 3 7 6 16
TSV Trudering 1 12
FC Wacker München 1 B L L L 14
SV Odelzhausen 1 16
ESV Neuabing 3 9 3 17
FC Penzberg
FC Penzberg
The FC Penzberg is a German association football club from the city of Penzberg, Bavaria.The club briefly managed to reach the second division of German league football, spending the 1955–56 season in the 2nd Oberliga Süd.-1920 to 1945:...

4 11 8 11 13
MSV München 3 2 L 12 15
SV Kranzberg 1 13
TSV Bad Endorf 2 11 15
TuS Raubling 2 12 14
SV Planegg-Krailling 1 15
TSV Allach 1 13
FC Schrobenhausen 3 1 14
SV Waldhausen 1 16

Key

Color Key
R Regionalliga Süd
Regionalliga Süd
The Regionalliga Süd is currently the fourth tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga in 2008, it was the third tier. It currently is the highest regional league for the southern part of Germany...

B Bayernliga
L Landesliga Süd
Landesliga Bayern-Süd
The Landesliga Bayern-Süd is currently the 6th tier of the German football league system. Until the introduction of the 3rd Liga it was the 5th tier of the league system....

1, 2, 3, ... Bezirksoberliga
1 League champions
Played at a league level below this league
  • S = No of seasons in league (as of 2011-12)

All-time table

As of 2011, the ASV Dachau leads the all-time table of this league, 74 points ahead of the 1. FC Traunstein, third placed is the TSV München-Grünwald. The SV Aubing holds the 83rd and last place with 11 points. For the 2011–12 season, only one club will be joining the league that has never done so before, the SV Manching.

Sources

  • Die Bayernliga 1945 - 1997, published by the DSFS
    Deutscher Sportclub für Fußballstatistiken
    The Deutscher Sportclub für Fußballstatistiken e.V., short DSFS is an association dedicated to collecting and publishing German football statistics, similar to the RSSSF, and is a member of the German Olympic Society.The club used to be best known for its annual publication, the Deutschlands...

    , 1998
  • 50 Jahre Bayrischer Fussball-Verband 50-year-anniversary book of the Bavarian FA, publisher: Vindelica Verlag, published: 1996

External links

Bayrischer Fussball Verband (Bavarian FA) Oberbayern branch of the Bavarian FA Das deutsche Fussball Archiv Historic German league tables Bavarian League tables and results Website with tables and results from the Bavarian Oberliga to Bezirksliga
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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