Bishopric of Reval
Encyclopedia
The Bishopric of Reval was created in Duchy of Estonia by Valdemar II of Denmark
in 1240. Contradictory to canon law
Valdemar II reserved the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successor kings of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate the holy see of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During the era, the election of bishops was never established in Reval and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops was even included in the treaty when the territories of the Duchy of Estonia were sold to Teutonic Order in 1346.
Until 1374 the see was suffragan to the Archbishop of Lund
after which it was transferred to the Archbishopric of Riga.
The Bishopric of Reval came to an end during the Protestant Reformation
in the Livonian Confederation
. The last titular bishop of the see was Magnus, Duke of Holstein younger brother of Frederick II of Denmark
who had bought Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
on the eve of the Livonian War
. Magnus landed on Ösel (Saaremaa
) in 1560 and soon after the bishop of Reval also resigned his bishopric to Magnus' hands. Magnus' attempt to gain control of the Toompea Castle in Reval was prevented by Gotthard Kettler
, the master of Livonian Order
. In 1561 Eric XIV of Sweden
took control over Reval and after the Livonian war it became the capital city of Swedish Estonia
.
Valdemar II of Denmark
Valdemar II , called Valdemar the Victorious or Valdemar the Conqueror , was the King of Denmark from 1202 until his death in 1241. The nickname Sejr is a later invention and was not used during the King's own lifetime...
in 1240. Contradictory to canon law
Canon law
Canon law is the body of laws & regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church , the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of...
Valdemar II reserved the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successor kings of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate the holy see of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During the era, the election of bishops was never established in Reval and the royal rights to the bishopric and to nominate the bishops was even included in the treaty when the territories of the Duchy of Estonia were sold to Teutonic Order in 1346.
Until 1374 the see was suffragan to the Archbishop of Lund
Diocese of Lund
-External links:* from Nordisk Familjebok, in Swedish...
after which it was transferred to the Archbishopric of Riga.
The Bishopric of Reval came to an end during the Protestant Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
in the Livonian Confederation
Livonian Confederation
Terra Mariana was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia...
. The last titular bishop of the see was Magnus, Duke of Holstein younger brother of Frederick II of Denmark
Frederick II of Denmark
Frederick II was King of Denmark and Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 until his death.-King of Denmark:Frederick II was the son of King Christian III of Denmark and Norway and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. Frederick II stands as the typical renaissance ruler of Denmark. Unlike his father, he...
who had bought Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
The Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek was a semi-independent Roman Catholic prince-bishopric in what is now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia.The bishopric was created as a state of Holy Roman Empire on 1 October 1228, by Henry, King of the Romans...
on the eve of the Livonian War
Livonian War
The Livonian War was fought for control of Old Livonia in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.During the period 1558–1578,...
. Magnus landed on Ösel (Saaremaa
Saaremaa
Saaremaa is the largest island in Estonia, measuring 2,673 km². The main island of Saare County, it is located in the Baltic Sea, south of Hiiumaa island, and belongs to the West Estonian Archipelago...
) in 1560 and soon after the bishop of Reval also resigned his bishopric to Magnus' hands. Magnus' attempt to gain control of the Toompea Castle in Reval was prevented by Gotthard Kettler
Gotthard Kettler
Gotthard von Kettler was the last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia....
, the master of Livonian Order
Livonian Order
The Livonian Order was an autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1435–1561. After being defeated by Samogitians in the 1236 Battle of Schaulen , the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights...
. In 1561 Eric XIV of Sweden
Eric XIV of Sweden
-Family and descendants:Eric XIV had several relationships before his marriage. With Agda Persdotter he had four daughters:#Margareta Eriksdotter , married 1592 to Olov Simonsson, vicar of Horn....
took control over Reval and after the Livonian war it became the capital city of Swedish Estonia
Swedish Estonia
The Duchy of Estonia , also known as Swedish Estonia, was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation in the Great Northern War. The dominion arose when the northern parts of present-day Estonia were united...
.
Kingdom of Denmark
- Wesselin (1219–1227)
- Thorkill (1238/40-1260)
- Thrugot (1260/63-1279)
- Johannes (1280–1294)
- Heinrich, OFM (1298–1318)
- Olav von Roskilde, OFM (1323–1350)
Ordensstaat
- Ludwig von Münster alias Ludovicus de Monasterio (1352–1389)
- Johannes Rekeling (1390–1403)
- Dietrich Theodor Tolke (1403–1405)
- Johannes von Aken-Achmann (Ochmann) (1405–1418)
- Arnold Stoltevoet (1418–1419)
- Heinrich Uexküll (1419–1456)
- Everhard Kalle (Call) (1457–1475)
- Iwan Stoltevoet (1475–1477)
- Simon von der Borch (1477–1492)
- Nikolaus Roddendorp (1493–1509)
- Gottschalk Hagen (1509–1513)
- Christian Czernekow (1513–1514)
- Johannes Blankenfeld (1514–1524) (also the Bischof von DorpatBishopric of DorpatThe Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval principality and a catholic diocese which existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. The Bishopric was part of Livonian Confederation...
and Erzbischof von Riga) - Georg von Tiesenhausen (1525–1530)
- Johannes Roterd (1531–1536)
- Arnold Annebat (1536–1551)
- Friedrich von Ampten (1551–1557)
- Moritz (Mauritius) von Wrangel (1558–1560)
See also
- Archbishopric of Riga
- Bishopric of CourlandBishopric of CourlandThe Bishopric of Courland was the second smallest ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade...
- Bishopric of DorpatBishopric of DorpatThe Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval principality and a catholic diocese which existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. The Bishopric was part of Livonian Confederation...
- Bishopric of Ösel-WiekBishopric of Ösel-WiekThe Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek was a semi-independent Roman Catholic prince-bishopric in what is now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia.The bishopric was created as a state of Holy Roman Empire on 1 October 1228, by Henry, King of the Romans...
- Livonian OrderLivonian OrderThe Livonian Order was an autonomous Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and a member of the Livonian Confederation from 1435–1561. After being defeated by Samogitians in the 1236 Battle of Schaulen , the remnants of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights...