Borden Formation
Encyclopedia
The Mississippian Borden Formation is a mapped bedrock
unit in Kentucky
, Indiana
, Illinois
, Ohio
, West Virginia
, and Tennessee
. It has many members, which has led some geologists to consider it a group
(for example in Indiana) rather than a formation (for example in Kentucky).
A rare soft-bodied fossil that was recovered from the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in northeastern Kentucky was interpreted as a chondrophorine
float (an internal anatomical feature).
is present in the turbidites of the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky.
Bedrock
In stratigraphy, bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet, usually the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered unconsolidated rock in the basal subsoil...
unit in Kentucky
Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state, more specifically in the East South Central region. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth...
, Indiana
Indiana
Indiana is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the Midwestern United States and Great Lakes Region. With 6,483,802 residents, the state is ranked 15th in population and 16th in population density. Indiana is ranked 38th in land area and is...
, Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...
, Ohio
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
, West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian and Southeastern regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east...
, and Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
. It has many members, which has led some geologists to consider it a group
Group (stratigraphy)
A group in stratigraphy is a lithostratigraphic unit, a part of the geologic record or rock column that consists of defined rock strata. Groups are divided into formations and are sometimes themselves grouped into "supergroups"....
(for example in Indiana) rather than a formation (for example in Kentucky).
Fossils
- CoralCoralCorals are marine animals in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps". The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.A coral "head" is a colony of...
s: Cornularia sp. (from Borden Formation), Paracornularia sp. (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale) - Hexactinellid Sponges (from Muldraugh Formation)
- BrachiopodBrachiopodBrachiopods are a phylum of marine animals that have hard "valves" on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, while the front can be opened for feeding or closed for protection...
s: Orthotetes keokuk (from Borden Formation), Orbiculoidea (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale) - TrilobiteTrilobiteTrilobites are a well-known fossil group of extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the Atdabanian stage of the Early Cambrian period , and they flourished throughout the lower Paleozoic era before...
: Phillibole conkini (Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group) - CephalopodCephalopodA cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda . These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot...
s: Cantabricanites greenei, Polaricyclus ballardensis, Winchelloceras knappi (all from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group), Muenstroceras oweni, M. parallelum, Kazakhstania colubrella, Imitoceras ixion, Masonoceras kentuckiense, Merocanites drostei, Dzhaprakoceras sp., Polaricyclus bordenensis, Winchelloceras allei (all from Nada and Cowbell Members) - CrinoidCrinoidCrinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms . Crinoidea comes from the Greek word krinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6,000 meters. Sea lilies refer to the crinoids which, in their adult form, are...
s: Pachyocrinus aequalis (from Muldraugh Mbr.), Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis (from Muldraugh Mbr.), Rhodocrinites barrisi divergens, Gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus, Gilbertsocrinus typus, Actinocrinites eximius, Actinocrinites scitulus, Blairocrinus protuberatus, Steganocrinus, Uperocrinus pyriformis, Uperocrinus acuminatus, Eretmocrinus cloelia, Macrocrinus konincki, Dorycrinus quinquelobus, Aorocrinus nodulus, Agaricocrinus planoconvexus, Agaricocrinus inflatus, Dichocrinuspocillum Dichocrinus, Paradichocrinus liratus, Platycrinites glyptus, Platycrinites planus, Platycrinities spinifer, Cyathocrinites iowensis, Barycrinus spurious, Costalocrinus cornutus, Meniscocrinus, Pellecrinus obuncus, Atelestocrinus kentuckyensis, Holcocrinus spinobrachiatus, Blothrocrinus swallovi, Coeliocrinus subspinosus, Decadocrinus scalaris, Taxocrinus, Synbathocrinus dentatus, Halysiocrinus dactylus (from Nada Mbr.). - BlastoidBlastoidBlastoids are an extinct type of stemmed echinoderm. Often called sea buds, blastoid fossils look like small hickory nuts. They originated, along with many other echinoderm classes, in the Ordovician period and reached their greatest diversity in the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous...
s: Granatocrinus kentuckyensis (from New Providence Shale)
A rare soft-bodied fossil that was recovered from the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in northeastern Kentucky was interpreted as a chondrophorine
Chondrophore
The chondrophores or porpitids are a small and very unusual group of hydrozoans today classified as family Porpitidae. Though it derives from an outdated name for this lineage , some still find the term "chondrophore" useful as a synonym to "porpitid" in discussions of the three genera contained...
float (an internal anatomical feature).
Trace Fossils
ZoophycosZoophycos
Zoophycos is an ichnogenus thought to be produced by feeding worms.-Occurrence:Zoophycos is found in deep marine muds and sands, often between turbidite beds. It is known from both the fossil record and deep sea sediment cores....
is present in the turbidites of the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky.
External links
- Upper Devonian—Lower Mississippian clastic rocks in northeastern Kentucky: Evidence for Acadian alpine glaciation and models for source-rock and reservoir-rock development in the eastern United States, Ettensohn, F.R., Lierman, R.T., and Mason, C.E., 2009, American Institute of Professional Geologists, Kentucky Section, Spring Field Trip, April 18, 2009
- Matchen, D.L. and T.W. Kammer. 1994. Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGY, 34:25-41. PDF