Junta Militar

Term of office:	August 31, 1969 – October 30, 1969
Predecessor:	Artur da Costa e Silva Artur da Costa e Silva Artur da Costa e Silva was a Brazilian Army General, the second President of Brazil during the military regime set up by the 1964 coup d'état; he was born only a month before the coup that overthrow Dom Pedro II. He was married to Iolanda Barbosa Costa e Silva, the daughter of a soldier...
Successor:	Emílio Garrastazú Médici Emílio Garrastazu Médici Emílio Garrastazu Médici, was a Brazilian military leader and politician. His rightist rule from 1969 to 1974, marked the apex of military governments in Brazil.-Early life:...
Composition:	General Aurélio de Lyra Tavares Aurélio de Lyra Tavares Aurélio de Lira Tavares was a general in the Brazilian Army. He was one of the military in the joint military board that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969 and the investiture ceremony of Emílio Garrastazú Médici in October of that same year.See also: List of...
	Admiral Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grunewald Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald was an admiral in the Brazilian navy. Grünewald was one of the military in the Military Junta that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969 and the investiture ceremony of Emílio Garrastazú Médici in October of that same year,...
	Brigadier Márcio de Souza e Mello Márcio de Souza e Mello Márcio de Sousa e Melo Márcio de Sousa e Melo Márcio de Sousa e Melo (May 26, 1906, Florianópolis - January 31, 1991 was a general with the Brazilian air force. Melo was one of the military in the joint military board that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969...

A Military Junta or Junta Militar ruled Brazil

Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

 from August 31 to October 30, 1969, between the sudden illness of President Artur da Costa e Silva

Artur da Costa e Silva

Artur da Costa e Silva was a Brazilian Army General, the second President of Brazil during the military regime set up by the 1964 coup d'état; he was born only a month before the coup that overthrow Dom Pedro II. He was married to Iolanda Barbosa Costa e Silva, the daughter of a soldier...

 and the swearing-in of Emílio Garrastazu Médici

Emílio Garrastazu Médici

Emílio Garrastazu Médici, was a Brazilian military leader and politician. His rightist rule from 1969 to 1974, marked the apex of military governments in Brazil.-Early life:...

 as his successor.

At that time, Brazil was in the peak of a dictatorship

Dictatorship

A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the dictator. It has three possible meanings:...

, and the military was unwilling to allow civilians to have any real share of power. Pedro Aleixo

Pedro Aleixo

Pedro Aleixo served as President of the Chamber of Deputies in 1937 and as Vice-President of Brazil from March 15, 1967 to October 14, 1969....

, Costa e Silva's civilian vice-president, was prevented from becoming acting president. The Junta was composed of the three armed forces ministers: Army Minister General Aurélio de Lyra Tavares

Aurélio de Lyra Tavares

Aurélio de Lira Tavares was a general in the Brazilian Army. He was one of the military in the joint military board that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969 and the investiture ceremony of Emílio Garrastazú Médici in October of that same year.See also: List of...

, Navy Minister Admiral Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grunewald

Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald

Augusto Hamann Rademaker Grünewald was an admiral in the Brazilian navy. Grünewald was one of the military in the Military Junta that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969 and the investiture ceremony of Emílio Garrastazú Médici in October of that same year,...

 and Air Force Minister Brigadier Márcio de Souza e Mello

Márcio de Souza e Mello

Márcio de Sousa e Melo Márcio de Sousa e Melo Márcio de Sousa e Melo (May 26, 1906, Florianópolis - January 31, 1991 was a general with the Brazilian air force. Melo was one of the military in the joint military board that ruled Brazil between the illness of Artur da Costa e Silva in August 1969...

. They ruled under the provisions of the highly repressive Fifth Institutional Act (AI-5)

AI-5

The Ato Institucional Número Cinco – AI-5 was the fifth of seventeen major decrees issued by the military dictatorship in the years following the 1964 coup d'état in Brazil...

.

History

In August 1969, Marshall Arthur da Costa e Silva, the President of the Republic, suffered a debilitating episode of cerebral thrombosis. The president's condition was hidden from the Vice-President, from the press and from the Brazilian people for a few days, as the ruling upper echelons of the Armed Forces decided what to do about the crisis. On August 31, 1969, the Military Ministers in charge of the three brances of the Armed Forces seized executive power, with the approval of the rest of the military elite, and issued the Institutional Act number 12 (AI-12), to formalize the establishment of a Military Junta.

The operative text of AI-12 was preceded by a proclamation to the Brazilian people, and in this document the Military Ministers announced that the President was gravely ill, and that the High Command of the Armed Forces considered that the situation of the country (especially in view of the recess of the National Congress and other measures imposed by AI-5) was incompatible with the transfer of executive authority to a civilian, and that accordingly the leadership of the Government and the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces should be discharged by the Military Ministers themselves, jointly, until the recovery of the President. Accordingly, the AI-12 declared the President under "temporary impediment" and established that, during that impediment, the Military Ministers would jointly discharge all the powers and duties of the presidency.

Therefore, during the initial stage of the existence of the Military Junta, Marshall Arthur da Costa e Silva, although incapacitated and relieved of the powers and duties of the office (that were transferred to the Junta), remained the President of the Republic. This solution, however, was criticized even by civilian supporters of the regime, and the existance of a triumvirate was deemed potentially unstable. Also, the physicians attending the incapacitated President were of the opinion that his condition was irreversible, that he would not regain the use of reason and that accordingly he would never be able to resume the powers and duties of the office. It was also claimed that the incapacitated President, during intervals of lucidity, had manifested to Military personnel and to members of his family the desire to be replaced in the presidency of the Republic. The High Command of the Armed Forces also considered that a permanent replacement of the President and of the Vice-President (who had been prevented from becoming Acting President) was in the interests of the regime.

Those factors led the Military Junta to issue on October 14, 1969, the Institutional Act number 16 (AI-16). By that Act, President Costa e Silva was removed from office. The office of Vice-President of the Republic was also declared vacant, and Vice-President Pedro Aleixo was thus finally removed from office. The National Congress was called out of its forced recess, and charged with the task of electing a new President and a new Vice-President. In reallity, the role of the Legislature (from which several members of the opposition had been removed by the Executive Branch under the provisions of AI-5) was merely that of rubber-stamping the names chosen by the Military elites that controlled the regime. The elections were set to take place on October 25. AI-16 also established that the new President and Vice-President would be inaugurated on October 30, 1969, and that their term of office would last until March 1974. AI-16 also decreed that, until the election and inauguration of the new President and Vice-President, the Military Junta would remain in place discharging the fullness of the authority of the presidency of the Republic.

Accordingly, the Military Junta remained in existance until the inauguration of General Emílio Médici as President of the Republic on October 30, 1969.

There was no chairman of the junta, and all official acts of the Junta were jointly signed by its three members. While General Lyra Tavares, as representative of the Army

Brazilian Army

The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Military. The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America and during the 19th century, such as the Brazilian War of Independence , Argentina-Brazil War , War of the Farrapos , Platine War , Uruguayan War ...

, the most powerful branch of the Armed Forces in the operation of the regime, is believed to have been the main decisionmaker within the Junta, no formal precedence was assigned to its members, so as to preserve the principle of equality of the branches of the Military. In official documents of the Junta, its members were always mentioned in the order of antiquity of each branch of the Armed Forces. Thus, the representative of the Navy

Brazilian Navy

The Brazilian Navy is a branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces responsible for conducting naval operations. It is the largest navy in Latin America...

 was always mentioned first, followed by that of the Army, and then by that of the Air Force

Brazilian Air Force

The Brazilian Air Force is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces"...

, which led some to believe that Admiral Rademaker was first among equals in the workings of the Junta.

The junta's most important achievement was a series of amendments to the 1967 Constitution which made it even more authoritarian

Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is usually opposed to individualism and democracy...

than before.